盐胁迫对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗生长和离子分布的影响

盐胁迫环境抑制植物的生长,影响植物组织的离子分布,不同的盐分组成对植物的抑制伤害存在差异,为了研究上海市临港新城滨海盐渍土的生态恢复和重建,模拟该地区的盐分组成,进行了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗的盐胁迫试验。高羊茅种子在非盐胁迫条件下萌发,出苗5d后,进行了不同浓度NaCl:0、50、100、150、200、300、400mmol/L处理,15d后测定生长情况、组织含水量和Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等离子含量。研究结果表明:盐分对高羊茅幼苗的抑制作用随NaCl浓度增加而加剧,低盐胁迫环境下,幼苗地上部分和根系的鲜重、干重和含水量都与对照没有显著性差异,但是高盐环境严重影响了高羊茅幼苗的生长,而且对地上部分的抑制作用大于根部;盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布,Na+浓度持续增加,Ca2+和K+浓度下降,Mg2+含量的影响不大;各组织中K/Na、Ca/Na和Mg/Na随盐胁迫增加而下降。

高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)对土壤中菲和芘的修复作用研究

采用盆栽试验法，研究了高羊茅对污染土壤中菲、芘的去除效果与修复机制．结果显示：在试验浓度范围（0～322mg／kg）内，植物-微生物系统对土壤中芘、菲的去除效果明显．种植高羊茅60d后，土壤-高羊茅系统（TD3）对土壤中菲、芘去除率分别为52．82％～82．27％（m=67．96％）、47．27％～75．4％（m=60．06％）；平均去除率分别比对照组TD1（无植物，不加NaN3）高45．41％，41．63％，比对照组TD2（无植物，加0．1％NaN3）高62．89％，57．5％．高羊茅能吸收积累土壤中的菲和芘，根部和茎叶部菲、芘含量随土壤中菲、芘浓度的提高而增大；生物浓缩系数随土壤中菲、芘含量的增加而减小，且根部大于茎叶部、芘大于菲．修复过程中，非生物因子、植物积累对菲、芘的去除率分别只有5．07％，0．017％和2．56％，0．11％；微生物降解、高羊茅-微生物间的交互作用对菲、芘的平均去除率分别为19．21％，62．87％和15．87％，57．5％．说明微生物降解作用、植物-微生物交互作用是土壤中菲、芘去除的主要途径．

Cloning and Expression Analysis of FaSRP Gene in Festuca arundinacea under Abiotic Stresses

[Objective] This study aimed to study the structure and functions of SRP gene and variation in its expression under abiotic stresses. [Method] Using the SRP sequence obtained from transcriptome sequencing as the template, the full-length cDNA sequence of SRP gene in Festuca arundinacea was amplified using the 3＇RACE and 5＇RACE methods. [Result] The cDNA sequence of SRP gene has a full length of 1 165 bp, and it contains an open reading frame in full length of 855 bp. The encoded protein by SRP gene is composed of 284 amino acids, and contains a REF domain. The bioinformatic researches on structures and functions of SRPs show that the SRP gene in Festuca arundinacea （FaSRP） has relatively high ho- mologies with SRPs in monocots. Under low nitrogen, drought, high temperature and high salt stresses, the variations in expression of FaSRP gene were studied using fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that FaSRP gene makes responses to low nitrogen, drought and high temperature stresses, but the relevant response mechanisms are not the same, indicating different pathways regulating re- sistance of plants. The expression of FaSRP gene is insensitive to high salt stress. [Conclusion] This study will provide certain candidate gene and technical reserve for breeding of drought- and high temperature-tolerant, nutritious and highly efficient Festuca arundinacea cultivars.

热锻炼对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)抗高温能力的影响

夏季高温胁迫已成为限制冷季型草坪草生长和发育的一个主要问题。以两种耐热性不同的冷季型草坪草高羊茅和多年生黑麦草(前者较耐热)为材料,经过3d 30℃的热锻炼预处理后,分别在38、42、46℃的高温下处理14h。在这些高温条件下,研究了经过热锻炼预处理的高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化剂含量以及叶绿体超微结构的变化。结果表明:(1)热锻炼提高了高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐热性,显著缓减了高温条件下两种草坪草叶片膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,降低了叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O2.-)的产生速率。(2)高温条件下,热锻炼使高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片中抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量下降程度有所缓减。(3)热锻炼减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片叶绿体超微结构的损伤。这些结果说明热锻炼能够减轻高温对草坪草叶绿体的伤害可能与其在高温胁迫下和对照相比具有较高的抗氧化剂含量有关,这也可能是冷季型草坪草对高温的适应机制之一。

Effects of Microbial Inoculants from Sewage Sludge on Initial Growth of Festuca arundinacea L.

Microbial inoculants were isolated from sewage sludge and applied to turfgrass medium. Effects of microbial inoculants on seed germination and initial growth of Festuca arundinacea L. were analyzed to investigate the optimal proportion of compound microbial inoculants. Significant differences were found in various growth indices and chlorophyll content of F. arundinacea between microbial treatment and control The combination of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Trichoderma reesei exhibited the best results. Compared with the control, seed germination rate, seedling height, shoot dry weight, root weight, chlorophyll a content and chlorophyll b content of F. arundinacea treated with the combination of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Trichoderma reesei were improved by 11.60%, 43.47%, 148%, 159%, 144% and 136%, respectively. Based on comprehensive analysis of various indicators, the optimal proportion （V/V） of microbial combination was Pseudomonas stutzeri： Tfichoderma reesei = 1： 1, which was the most conducive to plant growth and development.

Advances in Breeding of Festuca arundinacea Schreb.

In this paper, domestic and foreign advances in breeding situation and conventional breeding methods of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and the applica- tion of modem biological techniques （ somaclonal variation, somatic cell hybridization, genetic map construction, genetic diversity, gene cloning and expression, ge- netic engineering） in breeding of new varieties of F. arundinacea were summarized, which proposed new ideas for the development of F. arundinacea breeding and provided reference for breeding of new varieties of F. arundinacea.

Study on Sterilization Method of Endophytic Fungi in Tall Fescue(Festuca arundinacea)and Ryegrass(Lolium perenne)Seeds

[Objectives]This study was conducted to obtain the best solution for sterilizing tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea)and ryegrass(Lolium perenne)seeds by heating in a water bath for a short time.[Methods]The tall fescue and ryegrass seeds infected with endophytic fungi were sterilized by heating in a water bath to compare seed germination and initial growth of turfgrass seedlings under different treatment time.[Results]Sterilization in a 60℃water bath for 20 and 30 min both inhibited the germination of tall fescue and ryegrass seeds,while the 20 min treatment did not significantly affect the lengths of stems,leaves and roots of seedlings.The 20 min water bath sterilization treatment had no effects on the plant heights and biomass of the two turfgrass seedlings and the tiller number of ryegrass,but sterilization for 30 min significantly reduced the aboveground and total biomass of seedlings and the tiller number of ryegrass.[Conclusions]Sterilization in a water bath at 60℃ for 20 min achieved rapid sterilization in a short time,without significantly negatively affecting the growth of seedlings.

Comparative Study on the Effects of Three Carbon Nanomaterials on the Growth of Festuca arundinacea in Compost Substrate

[Objectives] This study was conducted to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of municipal solid waste resources, the remediation of contaminated substrates and the ecological safety of urban lawn planting. [Methods] Graphene, multi-layer graphene oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were added to municipal solid waste(MSW) compost as turf substrate to determine the morphological indicators such as turfgrass biomass, chlorophyll contents and plant height. [Results] There were no significant differences in the plant height of Festuca arundinacea between different treatment groups in the first 30 d. The effects of adding different carbon nanomaterials on the fresh and dry weights of F. arundinacea were not significantly different. The aboveground biomass of F. arundinacea was the largest after adding graphene oxide, and the underground fresh weight decreased significantly in the hydroxyl multi-walled carbon nanotube treatment compared with the control. As to the chlorophyll content, the graphene oxide treatment was the highest, but there were no significant differences between all the treatment groups and the control group. [Conclusions] This study can provide data support for MSW compost substrate, lawn planting system and heavy metal pollutant passivating agents.

Physiological Response of Space Flight Mutation New Strains of Festuca arundinacea to High Temperature Stress and Comprehensive Evaluation

[Objective] The paper was to understand the physiological response of space flight mutation new strains of Festuca arundinacea to high temperature stress. [Method] The influence of high temperature stress on eco-physiological characteristics of 11 F. arundinacea materials was studied in a pot experiment.Physiological and biochemical indexes,including soluble protein content,superoxide dismutase( SOD),peroxidase( POD) and catalase( CAT) activities,were measured and analyzed once every 4 d for a total of three times. Subordinate function and grey rational analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the heat resistance of 11 materials. [Result] The soluble protein content decreased with the extension of heat resistance stress,while SOD,POD and CAT activities showed an upward trend. The high temperature resistance of 11 F. arundinacea materials was evaluated by subordinate function method. The resistance order was SP5-85> SP5-60 > SP5-71 > SP5-42 > SP5-94 > SP5-7 > SP5-88 > F. arundinacea cv Shuicheng > SP5-5 > SP5-89 = F. arundinacea cv Qiancao No. 1. The relational order of various heat resistance indexes and heat resistance obtained by grey rational analysis was SOD > CAT > POD > soluble protein content. [Conclusion]The result provides a theoretical basis for stress physiology and stress breeding of cold season grass in southwest region.

Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of FaPHYC Gene in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

The cDNA of PHYC gene of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) was cloned by RT-PCR,named FaPHYC.The sequence was analyzed by bioinformatic software,and the results showed that the full-length cDNA(3816 bp) was obtained with an open reading frame predicated to be 3 411 bp,which encoded 1 136 amino acids.By BLASTP analysis,the N-terminal of FaPHYC was composed of GAF and pPhytochrome domains,and its C-terminal included two repeated PAS domains,one histidine kinase A domain and one histidine kinase-like ATPase domain.The phylogenetic analysis showed that FaPHYC was closely related to PHYCs from other Gramineae plants.The qRT-PCR results showed that FaPHYC expression was regulated by drought stress,heat stress,salt stress and nitrogen stress.The real-time quantitative PCR assay showed the expression of FaPHYC in tall fescue seedlings was continuously up-regulated during the light period and down-regulated in the dark.The results suggest that FaPHYC is photoperiod sensitive and plays a functional role in flowering regulation by photoperiod in tall fescue.The FaPHYC gene was cloned and reported from tall fescue for the first time,which lays a foundation for the investigation of the stress mechanism of FaPHYC in tall fescue plant.

6个苇状羊茅(型)品种在成都平原区的生产性能评价

为筛选适宜成都平原推广利用的优异牧草品种,对6个苇状羊茅(型)品种进行了生育期、主要农艺性状、鲜(干)草产量及牧草营养成分等指标的测定,并运用灰色关联度分析进行综合评价。结果表明,‘特沃’和‘科瑞’的生育期最长,均达275 d。各参试品种平均再生速度依次为‘马胡丽娜’>‘科瑞’>‘都脉’>‘特沃’>‘K31’>‘福泰’。品种‘马胡丽娜’年平均干草产量最高,可达12790.99 kg·hm-2,分别较国审品种‘特沃’和‘都脉’显著增加14.62%和4.28%(P<0.05),表现出明显的产量优势。‘科瑞’干草产量较‘特沃’显著增加6.59%(P<0.05),且植株自然高度可达100.15 cm,高于‘特沃’和‘都脉’(P<0.05)。‘都脉’的分蘖数最大,为47.33个·株^(-1),显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),其次是‘科瑞’和‘马胡丽娜’,分别达37.50和37.00个·株^(-1),较品种‘特沃’多6.25和5.75个·株^(-1)。‘K31’茎叶比为0.96,高于其他参试品种。对6个参试品种的营养成分测定表明,‘特沃’的粗蛋白含量最高,可达18.60%,‘科瑞’的粗脂肪含量最高,可达5.41%。通过灰色关联度法综合比较分析,‘科瑞’表现最优,‘特沃’和‘马胡丽娜’综合性状表现较优,适宜在成都平原地区推广种植利用。

施钾对苇状羊茅生长、生理特性及钾吸收的影响

【目的】明确钾肥施用对苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)生长、生理特性的影响,确定苇状羊茅适宜的钾肥用量和钾营养诊断指标。【方法】通过盆栽试验,研究苇状羊茅地上部生长、生理和钾素养分吸收对不同钾肥用量(K_(2)O分别为0、18、36、54 g/m^(2))的响应。【结果】随钾肥用量的增加,苇状羊茅各生育阶段的株高和地上部干物质量均呈先升后降的变化趋势,钾肥用量36 g/m^(2)时达最大值;出苗后50~137 d和0~50 d植株株高增量和干物质累积速率较大。施用钾肥36 g/m^(2)有利于促进植株地上部钾的吸收,提高植株叶片的光合色素含量、抗氧化酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。增加钾肥用量提高了苇状羊茅栽培体系的钾素损失风险。适宜苇状羊茅生长的钾肥用量范围为K_(2)O 7.0~49.9 g/m^(2),获得80%最大地上部干物质量的地上部钾临界浓度为10.8 g/kg。【结论】钾肥施用对苇状羊茅生长和生理特性影响显著,钾肥用量7.0 g/m^(2)和地上部钾浓度10.8 g/kg可分别作为苇状养护管理的钾肥用量推荐和植株钾营养诊断参考。

高羊茅根际耐旱促生菌的分离鉴定及其促生作用

本研究从干旱处理的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)根际土壤中分离具有耐旱和促生性能的根际微生物,并结合植物接种试验探究其促生特性,为增强草坪草耐旱性提供优质菌种资源和理论基础。通过平板稀释法从其根际分离纯化出24株细菌,结合形态特征和16S rRNA序列分析对分离菌株进行鉴定,并对其进行促生性能鉴定和聚乙二醇6000(EG-6000)耐受性评价,在此基础上筛选出2株兼具有溶磷、解钾能力以及良好的PEG-6000耐受性的根际促生菌(PGPR)印度克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella indica)和弗氏志贺氏菌(Shigella flexneri)进行盆栽接种试验。接种结果表明,这两种促生菌能够促进干旱胁迫下高羊茅幼苗的生长,两种菌株1∶1混合后具有更好的促生效果;接种处理能够降低高羊茅品种‘宇宙星’的离体叶片失水率。在干旱胁迫下,印度克雷伯氏菌具有提高高羊茅幼苗脯氨酸含量的能力;而菌株弗氏志贺氏菌具有提高高羊茅种子发芽率且降低高羊茅电解质相对外渗率的能力。研究结果表明,两株根际促生菌有较好的耐旱促生性能,为进一步应用根际促生菌研制高效草坪草专用微生物菌肥提供了菌种资源。

镉镍胁迫对3种草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为评价和比较草本植物杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)、黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)的耐镉镍特性,丰富镉镍污染土壤修复的物种库。本研究以3种草本植物种子为试验材料,通过种子萌发试验,研究不同质量浓度的镉镍单一及复合胁迫对3种草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)低浓度的镉镍单一及复合胁迫对3种植物具有促进作用。与对照组(仅添加蒸馏水)相比,3种草本植物在单一镉浓度为10 mg·L^(−1)时发芽率达到峰值,单一镍浓度为10 mg·L^(−1)时活力指数达到峰值,当镉镍复合胁迫浓度为10 mg·L^(−1)时杂交狼尾草的活力指数、高羊茅的发芽指数和黄花草木樨的总干重与对照组相比均显著增加(P<0.05)。2)随镉镍单一及复合浓度增加,3种草本植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均受到抑制。当单一镉浓度为200 mg·L^(−1)、镍浓度为300 mg·L^(−1)以及两者复合胁迫时对3种植物生长抑制效果最显著(P<0.05),其中活力指数和根长的下降幅度最大。3)通过对3种草本植物耐镉镍胁迫能力进行隶属函数综合评价,表明3种植物对镉镍胁迫均具备一定耐受能力,其中杂交狼尾草的耐性最强,可选作镉镍污染土壤的种植植物。

盐胁迫下外源钙对高羊茅种子萌发和幼苗离子分布的影响

该文模拟了上海市临港新成陆地盐渍化土壤的盐分特点,并在100 mmol/L NaCl盐胁迫下,以常见牧草和草坪草高羊茅(Festucaarundinacea)为材料,在人工气候室可控制条件下,进行了盐胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗盆栽试验,用不同浓度的CaCl2(5、10、20、40、80 mmol/L)处理,研究高羊茅种子萌发和幼苗生长状况,重点研究了矿质元素Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+在植株地上部分和地下部分的分布。研究表明:适当浓度的外源CaCl2浸种处理能缓解高羊茅种子受到的盐胁迫伤害,促使种子提前萌发,20 mmol/L CaCl2浸种处理能显著提高种子萌发率,但高浓度(80 mmol/L)的外源钙处理对高羊茅种子萌发不利;适当浓度的CaCl2处理能促进幼苗地上部分生长,降低高羊茅根冠比、稳定植物细胞膜、维持离子平衡、提高植物耐盐性,但是高浓度(80 mmol/L)CaCl2处理会对植物幼苗生长造成伤害。

高羊茅和黑麦草对污染土壤Cd，Pb，Zn的富集特征

以潮褐土为供试土壤,通过模拟试验研究了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和黑麦草(Lolium multif lorum)对复合污染土壤Cd,Pb,Zn的富集特点。结果表明,在土壤Cd,Pb,Zn复合污染处理条件下,高羊茅Cd,Pb,Zn的平均富集量,地上部分别为5.76,19.77,418.18 mg/kg,地下部分别为129.82,256.66,354.66 mg/kg;黑麦草Cd,Pb,Zn的平均富集量,地上部分别为5.57,26.13,467.18 mg/kg,地下部分别为114.53,155.98,513 48 mg/kg。通过方差分析,这两种草坪草的重金属富集量没有显著差异,并且富集规律呈现较为一致的特点。地上部的富集量和土壤重金属含量的离子冲量呈显著的线性相关。这两种草坪草对其重金属的富集能力顺序为:Zn>Cd>Pb,其中对Zn的吸收呈现富集植物的特性规律,当土壤Zn含量>400 mg/kg时,其转运系数>1,地上部对Zn的富集能力很强,可作为Zn污染土壤的修复植物。通过偏相关和多元回归分析表明,这两种草坪草在土壤Cd,Pb,Zn复合污染条件下均未产生复合效应。

污泥堆肥对园林植物生长及重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽土培试验的方法,研究了污泥堆肥土地利用对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schreb）和万寿菊（Tageteserecta）生长及重金属积累特性的影响.结果表明,施用污泥堆肥可显著提高土壤中Zn,Cu和Pb重金属的含量.高羊茅和万寿菊在污泥堆肥施用比例分别为0~10%和0~5%时,植物生物量、株高及总氮、总磷的吸收均随污泥堆肥施用比例的增加而增加.2种植物对Zn均表现出比Cu更强的富集能力,其次是Cr,Ni,而对Cd,Pb的富集能力最低.就不同植物对同种重金属吸收而言,高羊茅对Zn,Cu,Cr和Ni的富集能力显著高于万寿菊.综合分析认为,高羊茅和万寿菊在污泥堆肥施用比例分别为10%和5%时,对污泥混配土壤中的重金属尤其是Zn和Cu的去除效果最佳.

根癌农杆菌介导转化获得耐逆性增强的高羊茅转基因植株

为改良草坪型高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)的耐逆性,以成熟种子来源的胚性愈伤组织为受体材料,通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)耐逆相关CBF1基因导入4个供试品种的基因组,经GUS染色、PCR检测和Southern杂交分析验证,获得了112株转基因植株,转化频率为0.92%～2.87%,不同品种间存在差异.试验表明,在高盐与高渗胁迫下,转基因植株具有显著生长优势,存活率极显著高于非转化对照植株,经低温、高温、干旱和高盐等逆境胁迫处理后的叶片相对电导率平均较对照植株低25%～30%,证明转基因植株的耐逆性有所增强.考察发现,非胁迫条件下CBF1基因的组成型超表达使转基因植株的生长受到抑制.

盐胁迫对高羊茅生长及抗氧化系统的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl(0,50,100,200,300mmol/L)胁迫对高羊茅生长及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,中、低浓度(50,100mmol/L)盐胁迫下,高羊茅生物量和MDA含量与对照组相比没有显著变化;高浓度(200,300mmol/L)盐胁迫后,生物量明显降低,MDA含量显著升高。抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性随着盐胁迫时间的延长先上升后下降,盐浓度越高3种酶活性下降幅度越大。盐胁迫初期,除类胡萝卜素含量略有上升外,GSH和还原型AsA均有不同程度的下降,随着胁迫时间的延长,3种抗氧化物质含量逐渐降低,200,300mmol/L盐处理下降明显。

添加酶和乳酸菌制剂对西藏苇状羊茅和箭筈豌豆混合青贮发酵品质的影响

为评价添加酶、乳酸菌制剂和酶+乳酸菌制剂对苇状羊茅与箭筈豌豆(7∶3)混合青贮发酵品质的影响,试验设对照组(C)、酶制剂(E)、乳酸菌制剂(LAB)和酶+乳酸菌制剂(E+LAB)4个处理,3个重复,青贮后第7,24,60天开窖取样,测定青贮饲料发酵品质。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加酶或乳酸菌制剂能有效地改善混合青贮发酵品质,组合添加进一步提高了乳酸含量和降低了pH值。与对照组和单独添加乳酸菌组相比,在整个青贮过程中无论是酶单独添加还是组合添加都显示较高的乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量,最高的水溶性碳水化合物含量和最低的氨态氮/总氮。这说明酶和乳酸菌制剂组合添加对改善青贮发酵品质有叠加效应。综上所述,酶和乳酸菌制剂组合添加能更好的改善苇状羊茅和箭筈豌豆混合青贮的发酵品质。