Study on Control Effect of Invasive Banana Fusarium Disease(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense tropical race 4)by Different Varieties and Fertilization Treatments

[Objective]The paper was to understand the field resistance performance of different banana varieties and the prevention and control ef-fect of different fertilizers,so as to provide technical reference for the prevention and control of Fusarium wilt.[Method]Field trials were set up with three treatments:shrimp peptide organic fertilizer+shrimp peptide special protection+shrimp peptide fruit Yekang(simplified as shrimp peptide organic fertilizer treatment),conventional organic fertilizer+microbial preparations(simplified as microbial treatment),and conventional or-ganic fertilizer(simplified as control).Four different banana varieties of Brazilian banana,Guijiao No.1,Nantianhuang,and Yunjiao No.1 were se-lected for the field trial.The disease incidence of Fusarium wilt and the control effects of three fertilizers were investigated during four time periods.[Result]The disease incidence of four varieties in three treatments varied.The disease incidence of Nantianhuang and Yunjiao No.1 were signifi-cantly lower than that of other two varieties.There was also significant difference in disease incidence of three treatments.The disease incidence from high to low was control>shrimp peptide organic fertilizer treatment>microbial treatment.The average monthly TR4 pathogen content in heavily infected banana plantation was more than 2000 copies,while the highest one reached 15148.9 copies.[Conclusion]Microbial agents reduced the disease incidence of Fusarium wilt to some content.Nantianhuang and Yunjiao No.1 showed the highest disease resistance compared with other varieties.However,their resistance needs to be further improved before practical application.

DNA methylation patterns of banana leaves in response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4

Fusarium wilt of banana, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 （Foc TR4）, is a serious soil-borne fungal disease. Now, the epigenetic molecular pathogenic basis is elusive. In this study, with methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism （MSAP） technique, DNA methylation was compared between the leaves inoculated with Foc TR4 and the mock-inoculated leaves at different pathogenic stages. With 25 pairs of primers, 1 144 and 1 255 fragments were amplified from the infected and mock-inoculated leaves, respectively. DNA methylation was both changed and the average methylated CCGG sequences were 34.81 and 29.26% for the infected and the mock-inoculated leaves. And DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation were induced by pathogen infection during all pathogenic stages. Further, 69 polymorphic fragments were sequenced and 29 of them showed sequence similarity to genes with known functions. And RT-PCR results of four genes indicated that their expression patterns were consistent with their methylation patterns. Our results suggest that DNA methylation plays important roles in pathogenic response to Foc TR4 for banana.

Construction of PEG-mediated Genetic Transformation and Gene Knockout System in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.cubense Tropic Race 4

Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropic race 4(Foc TR4), is a typical vascular and soil-borne disease which has significantly threatened the sustainable development of banana industry. In order to reveal the infection process and pathogenesis of Foc TR4, the young mycelia(66.7 mg/ml) of wild-type strain of Foc TR4(WT-Foc TR4) cultured for 18-20 h were lysed with enzyme mixture for protoplast formation, which consisted of 25 mg/ml driselase, 0.4 mg/ml chitinase, 15 mg/ml lysing enzyme and 1.2 mol/L potassium chloride. The resulted protoplasts of 2×10~7 cells/ml were used to test the efficiency of transformation mediated by polyethylene glycol, and up to 9 transformants per microgram of DNA were obtained. AmCyan, RFP and YFP genes were stably transferred into the WT-Foc TR4, separately, using the protoplast transformation system. The gene FoOCH1 encoding α-1, 6-mannosyltransferase in the WT-Foc TR4 was knocked out using the split-marker recombination technology. The genetic transformation and gene knockout system in this pathogen lays a foundation for the study of functional genomics and plant-pathogen interactions.

Characterization of Fusarium Oxysporum Isolates Obtained from Wax Gourd and Chieh-qua in China by Pathogenicity, RAMs and Sequence Analysis of the rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS1 and ITS2)

Wax gourd (Benincasa hispida Thumb. Cogn) is called white gourd, winter melon, Chinese preserving melon, Chinese squash, and don kwa. It has been cultivated in China for over 2 300 years. It probably

Comparative study of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>f sp. <i>lycopersici</i>and <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>race-2 on plant growth parameters of tomato

Many species of soil-inhabiting fungus Fusarium, cause severe yield loss in many crops. Experiments were conducted in net house condition with complete randomized block design to determine the individual effect of different in-oculum levels of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, Race-2 and Fusarium oxysporum f sp. lycopersici on plant growth parameters viz., Plant length, fresh and dry weight and number of fruits of tomato var. P21. The experimental results showed that both the pathogens cause significant reduction in plant growth parameters. However, the fungus was not much effective on plant growth parameters in comparison to root-knot nematode. Greatest reduction in plant growth parameters was recorded in plants inoculated with 8000 J2/Kg soil of Meloidogyne in-cognita race 2. The threshold level of root-knot nematode was 1000 J2/kg soil while threshold level of Fusarium was @ 1 g/Kg soil. Inoculum level of Fusarium oxysporum f sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne in-cognita race-2 was pathogenic and caused significant reduction at and above 1 g/kg soil and 1000 J2/Kg soil respectively.

A study on the pathogen species and physiological races of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi,China

In order to clarify the main pathogens of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi Province, China, morphological identification, elongation factor 1 alpha （EF-1α） sequence analysis, specific primer amplification and pathogenicity tests were applied to study the isolates which were recovered from diseased plants collected from 17 different districts of Shanxi Province. The results were as follows： 1） Through morphological and molecular identification, the following 7 species of Fusarium were identified： F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. chlamydosporum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. semitectum; 2） 56 isolates of F. oxysporum were identified using specific primer amplification, among which, 29, 5 and 6 isolates were respectively identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici physiological race 1, race 2, and race 3; 3） pathogenicity test indicated the significant pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, and F. subglutinans to tomato plant. Therefore, among these 4 species confirmed as pathogenic to tomato in Shanxi, the highest isolation rate （53.3％） corresponded to F. oxysporum. Three physiological species, race 1, race 2, and race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici are detected in Shanxi, among which race 1 is the most widespread pathogen and is also considered as the predominant race.

Isolation and identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in Fujian Province, China

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. cubense(Foc), is the most serious disease affecting banana production.To clarify the distribution of the Foc races in Fujian Province of China, 79 soil samples were collected from four regions of Zhangzhou City, the primary banana production area in Fujian. We isolated and identified 12 Foc strains based on internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence analysis, PCR amplification by using Foc-specific primers and pathogenicity assays.Our analysis indicated that 11 isolates belong to Foc race 1, and 1 isolate belongs to the Foc tropical species race 4(TR4).Although TR4 has previously been reported to occur in primary banana-producing provinces, such as Hainan, Guangxi,and Guangdong of China, this is the first report of TR4 isolated from the soil in Fujian Province. Monitoring the presence of Foc, in particular, the TR4 strains in the soil, is the basic strategy to prevent and control Fusarium wilt.

Isolation and Identification of Shoot-Tip Associated Endophytic Bacteria from Banana cv. Grand Naine and Testing for Antagonistic Activity against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>f. sp. <i>cubense</i>

Endophytic bacteria colonizing the shoot-tips of banana cv. Grand Naine were isolated and tested for the antagonistic activity against the Panama wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Pre-isolation, the suckers were given extensive disinfection treatments and the homogenate from the excised shoot-tip portion was plated on nutrient agar (NA) and trypticase soy agar (TSA). This yielded altogether 47 isolates: 26 on NA and 21 on TSA, respectively, from the 10 suckers collected during August to February. The number of bacterial isolates obtained per sucker varied from one to 15 based on colony characteristics registering up to 10 distinct species per shoot-tip based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The 47 isolates belonged to 19 genera and 25 species under the phylogenetic classes of Actinobacteria, α- and γ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Actinobacteria constituted the predominant phylum (55% isolates) with the constituent genera of Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Curtobacterium, Kocuria, Kytococcus, Micrococcus, Naumanella, Rothia and Tessaracoccus spp. and an unidentified isolate belonging to the family Frankiaceae. Proteobacteria constituted the second major phylum (Brevundimonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Sphingomonas spp.) followed by Firmicutes (Bacillus and Staphylococcus spp.). Antagonistic activity of the endophytes against Foc was tested through agar plate assays (pit and spot applications on fungal lawn) employing potato dextrose agar and NA. Endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolate GNS.13.2a) which was associated with a single sucker showed significant growth inhibition effect on Foc while Klebsiella variicola (GNS.13.3a) and Enterobacter cloacae (GNS13.4a) exhibited moderate inhibition. The study brings out considerable sucker to sucker variation in the associated cultivable endophytic bacteria in “Grand Naine” banana and identifies a few bacterial endophytes with biocontrol potential against the devastating Foc pathogen.

香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种的快速检测与鉴定

【目的】从香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种特有的基因序列入手,建立一种快速可靠的分子检测技术,为防止香蕉枯萎病的传播蔓延、尽早采取防治对策、指导香蕉生产进行品种配置提供理论依据。【方法】根据研究室已经筛选到的4号生理小种候选致病相关基因序列设计引物,分别以来自海南、广东和广西的6个香蕉枯萎病菌1号生理小种菌株、7个4号生理小种菌株、7个尖镰孢其它专化型菌株以及2个外围菌株DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,筛选香蕉枯萎病菌1号、4号生理小种特异性引物及尖镰孢菌的通用引物。【结果】筛选到的特异性引物不仅可用于香蕉枯萎病菌DNA的检测,还可直接用于对罹病香蕉组织和土壤中的香蕉枯萎病菌的检测;筛选到的尖镰孢菌通用引物,可作为内参照以检测DNA的质量,以避免假阴性情况的出现。【结论】所建立的三重PCR检测方法实现了在一次PCR反应中快速、准确地同步检测香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种,对检测香蕉苗是否感染枯萎病及蕉园土壤是否受到香蕉枯萎病菌的污染具有重要意义。

枯草芽孢杆菌TR21在香蕉体内及根际的定殖动态

为了解不同方式接种下枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)TR21在香蕉体内及根际的定殖情况,采用伤根、灌根和叶腋接种法,研究了TR21标记菌株在香蕉体内、根表和根际土壤中的定殖动态。结果表明,采用伤根和灌根法接种,根内最大定殖菌量分别为4.18×103cfu/g、2.28×103cfu/g,接种后1天,球茎中菌量分别为3.33×106cfu/g、6.5×102cfu/g,接种后15天,根表菌量分别为6.18×103cfu/g、5.53×103cfu/g,根际土壤中菌量分别为1.13×104cfu/g、1.04×104cfu/g;2种接种方法中,标记菌株在香蕉体内及根际的定殖动态总体呈下降趋势。采用叶腋法接种,标记菌株仅能在叶片中定殖,其定殖动态表现为"由升到降"趋势。因此,3种方式接种后TR21菌株均能够在香蕉体内定殖和传导,且在香蕉根表和根际土壤中有较好的定殖能力。

10种化合物对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑菌作用及对毒素钝化的效果

以香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)及其产生的毒素为供试材料,研究10种化合物在4种浓度下对香蕉枯萎病菌菌丝体生长、分生孢子萌发的抑制作用和对香蕉枯萎病菌毒素的钝化作用。结果表明,除NH4NO3外,供试化合物对香蕉枯萎病菌的菌丝体生长、分生孢子萌发及毒素均有不同程度的抑制作用,CuSO4在2～5g/L、FeSO4-7H2O在5g/L质量浓度范围内对菌丝的抑制效果最强,抑制率为100%。EDTA·Na2在5g/L质量浓度范围内对菌丝的抑制率为93.64%。FeSO4-7H2O、(NH4)2SO4-FeSO4-6H2O、KMnO4、CuSO4在0.5￣5g/L质量浓度范围内对分生孢子有明显的抑制效果,平均抑制率分别为97.73%、97.07%、90.98%、90.39%。CuSO4和KI在1￣5g/L的高质量浓度下均出现化合物中毒现象,在0.5g/L的质量浓度下钝化效果最好,分别达75%、67.05%。EDTA·Na2、Zn-SO4-7H2O和(NH4)2SO4-FeSO4-6H2O是在5g/L质量浓度下钝化效果最强,分别为100%,98%和93.99%。

利用ITS1和ITS4通用引物扩增香蕉枯萎病菌核酸片段鉴定其生理小种

利用真菌核糖体rDNA区通用引物ITS1和ITS4,扩增采集自香蕉的13株镰刀菌包括18S rDNA部分序列、ITS1-5.8S-ITS2全部序列和28S rDNA部分序列的片段,通过BLAST序列比对分析,确定13株菌为尖孢镰刀菌[Fusarium oxysporum]。采用最大简约法,以层出镰刀菌[F.proliferatum(EU151490)]和茄病镰刀菌[F.solani(GQ376116)]为外群,将13株菌的序列与BLAST检索获得的尖镰孢古巴专化型(F.oxysporum f.sp.Cubense)相应序列构建了系统发育树。系统发育分析结果显示,13株菌与NCBI登录的4个尖镰孢古巴专化型菌株一起被分成3个亚群,亚群聚类结果与回接鉴定结果及文献报道的生理小种结果完全一致。

海南省香蕉枯萎病病原菌的分离鉴定及1号、4号小种的生物学特性

香蕉枯萎病是目前国内和世界很多地区香蕉种植区的一种毁灭性病害,目前尚未找到有效的防治方法。本文采集了海南省不同地区香蕉枯萎病的病原菌,通过经典病理学与分子生物学的方法进行了鉴定,此外还优化了快速检测的方法。结果表明,通过接种巴西香蕉和粉蕉进行致病性检测以及分离菌rDNA-ITS测序结果,明确鉴定出供试的香蕉分离菌株为4号生理小种,粉蕉分离菌株为1号生理小种。为了对1号、4号生理小种有更多的了解,本文还对1号、4号小种菌株生物学特性进行了测定,确定了影响菌丝生长的最佳条件。结果显示,pH5时最适合1号、4号生理小种的菌丝生长,适合菌丝生长的温度为19～28℃之间,温度达到37℃时菌丝不能生长,碳源对菌丝的生长影响不大。这些方法和数据可以有利于田间香蕉枯萎病病害的检测和最终确定,生物学特性的测定可以为耕作技术的改进和农药的研发提供参考依据。

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型fgb1基因敲除突变体的构建与表型分析

为了研究尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型G蛋白β亚基编码基因fgb1的功能,构建fgb1基因敲除突变体,分析fgb1敲除突变体的表型。结果表明:敲除fgb1基因导致突变体菌落在PDA培养基上生长减慢,产孢量和菌丝分枝减少;致病性测定结果表明fgb1基因敲除突变体对巴西蕉的致病性减弱;用激光共聚焦显微镜观察感病香蕉根系,发现fgb1基因敲除突变体仍可在根系维管束中定殖。本研究结果为进一步研究G蛋白信号传导途径在尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型中的作用奠定了基础。

香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种致病相关基因foABC1的分离

通过对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种致病突变体B1233的进一步研究,分离了被突变的致病相关基因foABC1,同源性分析及保守结构预测该基因编码一类ABC转运蛋白,其功能可能同稻瘟病菌的ABC转运蛋白一样,负责真菌毒素的泵出,或是像其他真菌的ABC转运蛋白,在病原菌侵染寄主植物时能忍耐植物因防卫反应所释放的植保素或抗毒素类物质。

中粉1号粉蕉引种试验初报

【目的】针对广西粉蕉生产中品种单一、易感染1号生理小种(FOC1)引起的镰刀菌枯萎病问题,开展中粉1号粉蕉引种试验,为广西粉蕉生产提供耐病后备品种。【方法】在广西钦州市钦北区新植地、南宁市坛洛镇(枯萎病疫区)引种中粉1号粉蕉,钦州试验点采用水肥一体化喷灌,坛洛镇试验点采用沟渠灌溉和沟穴施有机肥两种不同的水肥管理模式,研究两种栽培模式下中粉1号的农艺性状、产量性状和对枯萎病的耐病性,以当地粉蕉品种为对照。【结果】钦州试验点、坛洛镇试验点的中粉1号农艺性状和对照粉蕉差异不大;钦州试验点中粉1号产量为41695.5kg/ha,比对照高32.9%;坛洛试验点中粉1号产量为26977.5kg/ha,比对照高15.2%;在新植地和枯萎病疫区,中粉1号枯萎病发病率仅4.49%和7.60%,对照粉蕉发病率分别高达29.00%和38.60%。【结论】中粉1号在广西试种表现良好,适应性强,镰刀菌枯萎病对1号生理小种的耐病性强于本地粉蕉,可在广西香蕉产区进一步示范推广。

香蕉枯萎病菌ste12基因的克隆与序列分析

为了解ste12基因在尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型侵染香蕉过程中的作用,及其与尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型1号和4号生理小种之间的致病力差异关系,采用PCR和RT-PCR方法扩增了2个生理小种的ste12基因,并对扩增产物进行了测序及相似序列搜索和比对,还对基因编码的蛋白进行了氨基酸序列比对和分析。研究结果表明,2个生理小种ste12基因开放阅读框均为2070 bp,存在7个碱基的差异,基因同源性为99.7%。编码689个氨基酸,氨基酸序列一个有差异。根据生物信息学软件预测编码蛋白没有信号肽,具有两个相同的功能位点,分子量和PI分别为75 ku和6.47。

18份广东香蕉种质对枯萎病的抗性评价

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是世界性的香蕉毁灭性病害,尚无有效药剂防控,筛选抗病品种是目前理想的防治方法。【方法】采用组培苗伤根接种法,研究了18份香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的抗性水平,并根据病情指数进行抗性分级。【结果】在供试的18份香蕉种质中,2份(东莞大蕉、抗枯5号)高抗,2份(碧盛、大丰)抗病,3份(抗枯1号、粉杂、农科1号)中抗,7份(粤优抗1号、广东-741、泰国B9、大蕉、台湾8号、海贡蕉、威廉斯8818)感病,4份(巴西、广东2号、广粉1号、粉蕉)高感。【结论与意义】不同香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的抗病性存在较大差异,本研究初步筛选出7份抗枯萎病的香蕉种质,为香蕉枯萎病抗病育种提供了依据,为病区种植香蕉品种提供了有效参考。

香蕉枯萎病菌SNF1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

为了解SNF1基因在香蕉枯萎病菌致病过程中的作用以及FOC1和FOC4两个生理小种之间的致病力差异关系,采用了PCR、RT-PCR的方法扩增了2个生理小种的SNF1基因,测序并采用生物信息学软件对相似序列进行搜索、比对,并对该基因编码的预测蛋白进行氨基酸序列比对和分析。研究结果显示,2个生理小种的SNF1基因的ORF分别为2 136、2 130 bp,二者相差6个碱基,同源性为99.5%。FOC1和FOC4的SNF1基因分别编码711、709个氨基酸,相差两个氨基酸,为丝氨酸(FOC1)和谷氨酰胺(FOC1)。生物信息学软件预测结果表明该蛋白N端不存在信号肽,但具有两个相同的功能结构域位点,分子量约为79 ku,pI为6.80。

拮抗香蕉枯萎病菌的海洋细菌TC-1发酵条件优化

通过对6种培养基进行筛选得到海洋拮抗细菌TC-1在BPDB培养基发酵的无菌发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)的抑菌活性最好。在BPDB培养基基础上,通过正交试验优化培养基成分及用量,得到最佳配方为马铃薯200 g,牛肉膏20 g,葡萄糖20 g,玉米粉7 g、蛋白胨7 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL,pH自然;通过正交试验对发酵条件的装瓶量、培养温度、初始pH、发酵时间和转速5个因素进行了优化,得到最优发酵条件为:装瓶量20%,培养温度27℃,初始pH自然,发酵时间72 h,摇床转速200 r/min;在最佳培养基和最佳发酵条件下,TC-1的无菌发酵液抑菌圈直径为24.3 mm,与优化前抑菌圈直径20.7 mm相比,抑菌活性提高了17.4%。