Identification of Stability Domains for Flow Parameters in Fused Filament Fabrication Using Acoustic Emission

In Fused Filament Fabrication(FFF),the state of material flow significantly influences printing outcomes.However,online monitoring of these micro-physical processes within the extruder remains challenging.The flow state is affected by multiple parameters,with temperature and volumetric flow rate(VFR)being the most critical.The study explores the stable extrusion of flow with a highly sensitive acoustic emission(AE)sensor so that AE signals generated by the friction in the annular region can reflect the flow state more effectively.Nevertheless,the large volume and broad frequency range of the data present processing challenges.This study proposes a method that initially selects short impact signals and then uses the Fast Kurtogram(FK)to identify the frequency with the highest kurtosis for signal filtration.The results indicate that this approach significantly enhances processing speed and improves feature extraction capabilities.By correlating AE characteristics under various parameters with the quality of extruded raster beads,AE can monitor the real-time state of material flow.This study offers a concise and efficient method for monitoring the state of raster beads and demonstrates the potential of online monitoring of the flow states.

Development and Evaluation of Recycled Polypropylene and Bean Pod Powder Composite Biomaterial for Fused Filament Fabrication

Approximately 450 million tons of plastic and agricultural waste are produced each year in the world. Only a small portion of this plastic waste is recycled, and a small portion of this agricultural waste is used as fuel or fertilizer, and the rest of this waste is left in the environment or is burned, resulting in environmental and air pollution. For proper disposal, plastic and agricultural waste can be used in the manufacture of composites as raw materials. In this study, we had evaluated the use of bean pod powder (BPp) was used as natural reinforcing filler in recycled polypropylene (rPP) based composites. BPp/rPP composite filaments were developed using the extrusion method and the samples were printed by Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Composites with rPP matrix containing different weight fractions of BPp (5%, 10% and 15%) were fabricated to observe and compare the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and compressive strength) of the filament composites. In addition, the filament surface was analyzed for roughness and particle size of bean pod powder. The results established that BPp/rPP composites exhibited better tensile, flexural, and compressive strength than rPP and pure PP. By adding 5 wt% BPp, the tensile strength of rPP increased from 20.4 MPa to 22.8 MPa. The highest flexural strength (15.05 MPa) was obtained at 5 wt% BPp among all composites and the highest compressive strength (24.5 MPa), was obtained at 10 wt% BPp. Therefore, it can be concluded that by carefully selecting the ratio of BPp to bean pod powder, it is therefore possible to positively influence the mechanical properties of the resulting composite.

Optimization of Extrusion Process Parameters of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene-Thermoplastic Starch Composite for Fused Filament Fabrication

High-density poly-ethylene (HDPE) is a nonbiodegradable recyclable plastic which is widely utilized in single use packaging applications. Consequently, it constitutes a significant amount of plastic waste found in landfills. From literature, it has been shown that parts produced using composites of HDPE with carbohydrate-based polymers, such as thermoplastic starch (TPS), experience mechanical degradation through hydrolytic degradation process. The possible utilization of recycled-HDPE (rHDPE) and TPS composite in nonconventional manufacturing processes such as Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has however not been explored. This study explores the potential application of rHDPE and TPS composites in FFF and optimizes the extrusion process parameters used in rHDPE-TPS filament production process. Taguchi method was utilized to analyze the extrusion process. The extrusion process parameters studied were the spooling speed, extrusion speed and the extrusion temperatures. The response variable studied was the filament diameter. In this research, the maximum TPS content achieved during filament production was 40 wt%. This filament was however challenging to use in FFF printers due to frequent nozzle clogging. Printing was therefore done with filaments that contained 0 - 30 wt% TPS. The experimental results showed that the most significant parameter in extrusion process was the spooling speed, followed by extrusion speed. Extrusion temperature had the least significant influence on the filament diameter. It was observed that increase in TPS content resulted in reduced warping and increased rate of hydrolytic degradation. Mechanical properties of printed parts were investigated and the results showed that increasing TPS content resulted in reduction in tensile strength, reduction in compression strength and increase in stiffness. The findings of this research provide valuable insights to plastic recycling industries and researchers regarding the utilization of recycled HDPE and TPS composites as substitute materials in FFF.

工艺参数对FFF制造碳纤维增强尼龙零件力学性能的影响与预测

以熔丝制造(FFF)技术加工了碳纤维增强尼龙零件,采用田口试验设计研究了填充图案类型、填充密度、层高和打印方向对零件拉伸强度的影响,利用径向基网络(RBF)预测了不同工艺条件下零件拉伸强度。基于信噪比分析发现,在研究的4个试验因素中,填充密度对零件拉伸强度的影响最显著,其他因素的影响有如下顺序:打印方向>层高>填充图案类型。熔丝制造最优参数水平组合为:填充密度100%,打印方向0°,层高0.1 mm,填充图案类型六边形,在最优参数组合下,零件拉伸强度试验值为114.09 MPa,高于方差分析的回归方程预测值(108.18 MPa)。当径向基网络中隐含层神经元个数为56时,预测零件拉伸强度的均方误差(MSE)最低,为0.003 2,预测最优参数组合下零件拉伸强度为113.24 MPa。径向基网络预测值与试验值的MSE为0.46,回归方程预测值与试验值的MSE则达到20.01,表明径向基网络预测熔丝制造技术加工的零件拉伸强度更准确。

利用不同振动加工对FFF薄板动力学特性的影响

熔丝成型(fused filament fabrication,FFF)是当今使用最为广泛的增材制造技术之一,能够直接生产出几乎任意复杂形状的零部件。利用振动进行FFF加工,并研究了不同振动(不同频率或幅值)对FFF薄板动力学特性的影响规律。首先,将普通FFF设备改装成振动式FFF设备;然后制备了利用不同振动加工的薄板样件,并完成锤击法模态试验,确定了样件的固有特性和振动响应;最后,对比分析试验结果,阐明了利用不同振动加工对FFF薄板动力学特性的影响规律。试验结果表明,利用的振动的频率或幅值增大时,样件的固有频率和振动响应会随之降低,而模态振型保持不变。

振动场下FFF热熔喷头内熔体表观黏度的理论研究

热熔喷头内部熔体的表观黏度是影响熔丝制造成型(FFF)产品机械性能的关键因素之一.本文首先提出利用振动改善FFF热熔喷头内部熔体表观黏度的方法,即对喷头施加纵向的正弦振动力场;然后针对施加振动后热熔喷头内部熔体的表观黏度进行了理论建模,并利用已有文献中的实验结果验证了理论模型的正确性;最后,利用所建模型探讨了施加不同频率振动后熔体表观黏度的变化规律,阐明了相应机理.研究表明:熔体表观黏度的理论与实验结果吻合度较好,理论模型正确;对热熔喷头施加振动场后,熔体表观黏度有效值随着振动频率的增大而逐渐降低.

利用振动改善FFF薄板抗拉性能的实验研究

熔丝制造成型(fused filament fabrication,简称FFF)技术因其操作简单、成本低廉且环境友好等特点,成为普及范围最广的一种快速成型技术,但由于逐层沉积的制造工艺,其产品质量很难与传统加工方式得到的零件相媲美。笔者将压电陶瓷片与FFF快速成型设备相结合,利用振动改善打印产品的机械性能。首先,利用压电陶瓷将普通FFF快速成型设备改装成振动式FFF设备;其次,制备施加振动前和不同形式振动后的拉伸样件,并完成拉伸实验;最后,通过对比不同样件的应力应变关系,分析了振动对FFF制品抗拉性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,利用振动能够显著提高FFF制品的抗拉强度和弹塑性能,并有效降低其各向异性特点。

Using fused filament fabrication to improve the tribocorrosion behaviour of 17-4 PH SS in comparison to other metal forming techniques

Fused filament fabrication(FFF)is one of the additive manufacturing processes which has gained more interest because of its simplicity and low-cost.This technology is similar to the conventional metal injection moulding(MIM)process,consisting of the feedstock preparation of metal powder and polymer binders,followed by layer-by-layer 3D printing(FFF)or injection(MIM)to create green parts and,finally,debinding and sintering.Moreover,both technologies provide near-dense parts.This work presents an in-depth study of the processing method’s influence.The porosity,microstructure,hardness,corrosion,and tribocorrosion behaviour are compared for 17-4 PH SS samples processed from powder by additive manufacturing using FFF and MIM,as well as conventional powder metallurgy(PM)samples.MIM samples exhibited the highest macro and microhardness,while corrosion behaviour was similar for both MIM and FFF samples,but superior in comparison to conventional PM samples.However,the FFF-as fabricated samples displayed a significant improvement in tribocorrosion resistance that could be explained by the higher proportion of delta ferrite and retained austenite in their microstructure.

Recipe Development and Mechanical Characterization of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Recycled Polypropylene 3D Printing Filament

Recycled polypropylene filaments for fused filament fabrication were investigated with and without 14 wt% short fibre carbon reinforcements. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the filaments and 3D printed specimens were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and standard tensile testing. It was observed that recycled polypropylene filaments with 14 wt% short carbon fibre reinforcement contained pores that were dispersed throughout the microstructure of the filament. A two-stage filament extrusion process was observed to improve the spatial distribution of carbon fibre reinforcement but did not reduce the pores. Recycled polypropylene filaments without reinforcement extruded at high screw speeds above 20 rpm contained a centreline cavity but no spatially distributed pores. However, this cavity is eliminated when extrusion is carried out at screw speeds below 20 rpm. For 3D printed specimens, interlayer cavities were observed larger for specimens printed from 14 wt% carbon fibre reinforced recycled polypropylene than those printed from unreinforced filaments. The values of tensile strength for the filaments were 21.82 MPa and 24.22 MPa, which reduced to 19.72 MPa and 22.70 MPa, respectively, for 3D printed samples using the filaments. Likewise, the young’s modulus of the filaments was 1208.6 MPa and 1412.7 MPa, which reduced to 961.5 MPa and 1352.3 MPa, respectively, for the 3D printed samples. The percentage elongation at failure for the recycled polypropylene filament was 9.83% but reduced to 3.84% for the samples printed with 14 wt% carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene filaments whose elongation to failure was 6.58%. The SEM observations on the fractured tensile test samples showed interlayer gaps between the printed and the adjacent raster layers. These gaps accounted for the reduction in the mechanical properties of the printed parts.

熔丝制造3D打印CFRP层内损伤破坏机理与模型研究

为将3D打印技术应用到桥梁工程中,以熔丝制造3D打印碳纤维复合材料锚环为研究对象,开展了材料层内损伤失效机理的基础性研究工作.首先,对锚环进行了张拉锚固破坏试验,明晰材料的损伤失效模式.其次,测试分析了材料的弹性参数及强度参数值,供后续仿真分析使用.最后,通过VUMAT子程序构建了材料的损伤失效本构关系,利用ABAQUS仿真分析软件模拟熔丝制造3D打印碳纤维复合材料锚环的渐进损伤失效全过程,分析其层内损伤失效机理.结果表明:熔丝制造3D打印碳纤维复合材料具有显著的层内损伤现象;选用Hashin损伤起始判据与刚度瞬间退化模型作为熔丝制造3D打印碳纤维复合材料损伤力学模型偏于安全,具有一定的可行性;锚环在高度方向产生纵向裂纹是由纤维拉伸失效导致的.

层间熨平法增强熔丝制造CF/PEEK复合材料的力学性能

为减小熔丝制造(FFF)3D打印碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮(CF-PEEK)复合材料的孔隙率,提高其力学性能,提出一种层间熨平方法,即打印完一层后,喷嘴不挤出材料,并再次在这一层表面压过“熨平”。采用FFF工艺制备了CF/PEEK复合材料试样,通过单因素试验研究了扫描间距和层间熨平角度对CF/PEEK复合材料力学性能的影响。使用微米X射线三维成像系统对试样的内部孔隙缺陷进行表征。结果表明,当扫描间距为0.3 mm,纤维质量分数为10%时,无熨平CF/PEEK试样的孔隙率为1.91%,拉伸强度为78.5 MPa,弯曲强度为111.2 MPa。采用层间熨平法可以显著降低CF/PEEK复合材料试样的孔隙率,提高其力学性能。0°和90°熨平后,扫描间距为0.5 mm的CF/PEEK试样的孔隙率分别降低了74.08%和72.48%,拉伸强度分别提高了49.89%和41.98%,弯曲强度分别提高了20.66%和15.99%。当纤维质量分数为10%时,扫描间距0.3 mm的CF/PEEK试样的力学性能最佳,0°熨平的拉伸强度为90.9 MPa,90°熨平的弯曲强度为126.1 MPa。研究表明,层间熨平是一种降低孔隙率和提高力学性能的简单而有效的方式。

安全高效钻探用梯度结构金刚石复合片制备技术研究

在油气钻井、深部地层钻探中,聚晶金刚石钻头有着广泛的应用。聚晶金刚石复合片(PDC)由聚晶金刚石层与硬质合金基体所组成。由于聚晶金刚石层与硬质合金基体的热膨胀系数等性质差异,PDC在烧结冷却后内部会存在巨大的残余应力。为降低PDC内部的残余应力,本文提出了一种梯度结构金刚石复合片的制备技术。通过以熔融沉积成型加烧结的工艺方法,确定了梯度结构金刚石复合片的制备技术路线;对制备出的梯度结构金刚石复合片的微观形貌及残余应力的分布情况特征等进行分析;进行室内钻进试验验证了梯度结构金刚石复合片的钻进性能。结果表明,熔丝制造工艺制备的梯度结构金刚石复合片在聚晶金刚石层和梯度层界面处存在1.4 GPa的压应力,显著提高了层间结合能力,相比常规复合片钻进效率提升约36%且使用寿命更长。

Real-time monitoring of raster temperature distribution and width anomalies in fused filament fabrication process

The aim of this study is to monitor the raster temperature distribution and width anomalies in a fused filament fabrication(FFF)process by an infrared(IR)array sensor.To achieve this goal,two experiments were conducted on a desktop FFF machine.For the first experiment,three normal samples with different raster widths were fabricated,and thermal images of the newly deposited rasters were collected during the process.To process the low-resolution images,a segmentation-based image processing method was proposed.The temperature distributions along the horizontal direction of the raster section and along the raster length were obtained.The temperature features that could indicate the raster widths were extracted and then fed to recognition models for training and testing.The classification performance of the models were evaluated based on the F-score.The models with high F1-scores could be used to recognise width anomalies online.For the second experiment,an abnormal sample with raster width anomalies was fabricated.The temperature features were extracted from the collected experimental data.The obtained features were then fed to the built and evaluated models to recognise the width anomalies online.The effectiveness of the monitoring method was validated by comparing the recognition results with the actual optical images.The support vector machine(SVM)and k-nearest neighbour(KNN)were adopted to build the recognition models.The F1-score and online recognition results of the models were compared.The comparison study shows that SVM is more suitable for our situation than KNN.A method for monitoring the temperature distribution and width anomalies of the FFF raster is provided in this paper.To the best of the authors’knowledge,this is the first study to explore the actual temperature distribution along the horizontal direction of the raster section,and the first study to monitor the width anomalies of the raster in the FFF process.

Flexural strength of fused filament fabricated (FFF) PLA parts on an open-source 3D printer

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has been widely used to develop prototypes as well as functional parts owing to its capability for creating parts with complex geometries in a short time without the specific requirement of tooling. The mechanical properties of parts produced by FFF exhibit 70%-80% of the mechanical properties of parts produced by injection molding. The mechanical properties of FFF-produced parts are primarily dependent on the selection of various process variables. The mechanical properties of the part can be enhanced through the proper selection of process variables. In the present experimental investigation, the effects of the process variables, viz. raster angle, layer height, and raster width on the flexural properties of FFF-printed polylactic acid (PLA) is studied. The result shows that flexural strength is primarily influenced by layer height followed by raster angle. The sample printed with 100-μm layer height and 0° raster angle exhibits a higher tensile strength. Further, the microscopic examination of the deformed specimen is performed to understand the mode of failure. Specimens printed at different raster angles show different modes of failure.

基于支持向量回归的熔丝制造3D打印能效优化模型

基于响应面法和支持向量回归模型对熔丝制造3D打印能效进行预测与优化。首先,利用田口方法设计六因素三水平正交试验,通过响应面法分析得出对加工能效影响较为显著的3个因素即层高、打印速度和热床温度;然后,通过支持向量回归方法建立加工能效预测模型,并与BP神经网络方法进行对比,结果表明支持向量回归方法建模预测性能更优;最后,建立以加工时间和能效为目标的优化模型,利用NSGA-Ⅱ、MOEA/D、SPEA2和MOPSO 4种算法分别对模型进行求解,分析比较4种算法的Pareto前沿,结果表明NSGA-Ⅱ算法在求解此问题时综合表现最佳,对比NGSA-Ⅱ算法求得的优化结果与试验结果可知,NSGA-Ⅱ算法具有有效性和合理性。

熔丝成型制品三维表面粗糙度的理论与实验研究

熔丝成型(fused filament fabrication,FFF)是通过挤出材料丝相互堆积、累加形成三维实体的一种增材制造技术,而逐层累加的制造工艺使得FFF制品的表面质量存在明显缺陷.为提出有效的改进措施,需明确FFF制品表面粗糙度的产生机理.基于结合颈成型过程,以材料丝表面轮廓为研究对象,创建了基于横、纵两向结合颈垂直/平行于纤维方向的表面粗糙度数学模型.制备FFF样件,利用激光显微镜获取样件表面粗糙度.理论与实验结果验证了模型的正确性,为FFF制品表面质量的改进与提高提供了理论依据和技术支持.

熔丝成型薄板表面粗糙度理论模型与实验验证

针对熔丝成型(fused filament fabrication,FFF)产品的表面质量缺陷问题,提出了一种FFF产品表面粗糙度的理论建模方法.以材料丝表面轮廓为研究对象,考虑样件表面的实际情况,分别建立了FFF产品垂直和平行于纤维方向的表面粗糙度理论模型;与此同时,利用激光显微镜完成了相关样件表面粗糙度的实验研究;通过对比理论分析与实验结果,验证了所建模型的正确性;理论模型的敏感性分析研究表明,增大挤出宽度或打印层厚度会增大FFF产品的表面粗糙度,而增大重叠区域宽度则会降低表面粗糙度.

熔丝加工成型薄板的动力学特性及响应

通过熔丝加工成型(fused filament fabrication,FFF)理论与实验相结合,研究了悬臂边界条件下FFF薄板的固有特性和振动响应.首先,针对FFF薄板的分层和正交各向异性等特点,基于正交多项式法对其进行理论建模.然后,通过Ritz法获取FFF薄板的固有特性,再利用频域振动方程解析研究薄板内任意一点的振动响应.最后,以聚乳酸(PLA)FFF薄板为例,实验研究了其固有特性和动态响应,以分析验证理论模型的正确性.结果表明:本文建立的FFF薄板理论模型,能够准确预测出薄板的固有特性和动态响应结果,理论模型可靠.

熔丝成型薄板拉伸性能的理论与实验研究

由于熔丝成型(fused filament fabrication, FFF)技术逐层沉积的制造工艺特点,其产品的拉伸性能存在着明显的局限性.为了能够提出切实有效的改进措施,需要明确FFF产品相应的机理,即建立本构关系理论模型.基于经典弹性力学理论,对FFF薄板试件的本构关系进行了理论建模,完成了试件拉伸性能的解析研究;然后利用拉伸实验机获得了试件拉伸性能的实验结果;最后,分别将X和Z方向打印试件的理论与实验的应力-应变曲线结果相对比,发现二者吻合度较好,验证了理论模型的正确性与准确性.

利用不同波形振动加工的熔丝成型制品表面质量研究

熔丝成型(fused filament fabrication,简称FFF)是目前应用最广泛的增材制造技术之一,能够制造几乎任意几何形状的实体模型。然而,逐层累加的制造工艺使得FFF制品的表面质量存在明显的局限性,为此提出利用不同波形振动改善FFF制品表面质量的方法。完成了振动式FFF设备的改装,并制备了利用不同形式的振动(正弦波、方形波和三角波)加工的制品样件。利用激光显微镜完成了FFF样件表面粗糙度的实验研究,确定了不同振动波形对表面粗糙度的影响规律。基于结合颈成型过程,建立了利用不同波形振动加工的FFF制品表面粗糙度理论模型。通过对比分析理论与实验结果,验证了所建模型的正确性,阐明了利用不同波形振动改善FFF制品表面质量的机理。