构建天地一体化的全球对地观测系统——三次国际地球观测峰会与GEOSS

为深入认识地球系统,提高国家、地区和全球应对突发事件的能力;为解决人类社会发展中所面临的资源环境危机,增进人类的健康、安全和福祉;通过广泛的国际合作,构建综合、协调、持续的全球对地观测系统是实现上述目标的有效途径且已成为国际社会共识。通过对近两年来3次国际对地观测峰会概况的介绍和分析,阐述了分布式全球对地观测系统(GEOSS)的目标、范围、社会效益、技术方法和运作机制等内容。强调GEOSS成功的关键因素之一取决于其参加者能否接受并执行系统的互操作规程与统一的数据标准,以实现全球范围的数据资源共享。

GEOSS条件下固体地球灾害的广义遥感监测

地质灾害、地震灾害与矿山灾害是中国的主要固体地球灾害,地壳运动变化与岩石受力灾变是固体地球灾害发生的根源。通过分析岩石受力灾变辐射异常实验研究及固体地球灾害遥感监测实践研究的国内外现状,提出了综合多种电磁与非电磁手段,构建全方位、多层次的卫星-航空-地表-地下四位一体、立体协同的广义遥感监测体系。论述了突破经典遥感信息融合的局限,从时间、空间和物理尺度研究和挖掘广义遥感信息中多种物理量之间及岩石灾变前兆之间的内在机理与关联规律的必要性。为提高固体地球灾害前兆识别的可行性与可靠性,分析了在GEOSS条件下构建固体地球灾害广义遥感监测体系的有利契机和若干前沿问题,包括广义遥感信息融合理论、固体地球灾害前兆识别模型等。

GEOSS Platform data content and use

The GEOSS Platform is a key contribution to the goal of building the Global Earth Observation System of Systems(GEOSS).It enables a harmonized discovery and access of Earth observation data,shared online by heterogeneous organizations worldwide.This work analyzes both what is made available in the GEOSS Platform by the data providers and how users are utilizing it including multiyear trends,updating a previous analysis published in 2017.The present statistics derive from a 2021 EOValue report funded by the European Commission.The offer of GEOSS Platform data has been the object of various analyses,including data provider characterization,data sharing trends,and data characterization(comprising metadata quality analysis,thematic analysis,responsible party identification,spatial–temporal coverage).GEOSS data demand has also been the object of several analyses,including data consumer characterization,utilization trends,and requested data characterization(comprising thematic analysis,spatial–temporal coverage,and popularity).Among thefindings,a large amount of shared data,mostly from satellite sources,emerges with an issue of low metadata quality and related discovery match.Moreover,the trend in usage is decreasing.Therefore,the progressive disconnection of the GEOSS platform from its data Providers and Users and other possible causes are also reported.

Publishing China satellite data on the GEOSS Platform

This paper is the first of a series that describes some of the main dataset resources presently shared through the GEOSS Platform.The GEOSS Platform has been created to provide the technological tool to implement the Global Earth Observation System of Systems(GEOSS);it is a brokering infrastructure that presently brokers more than 190 autonomous data catalogs and information systems.The paper analyses the China Satellite datasets and describes the data publishing process from China GEOSS Data Provider to the GEOSS Platform considering both administrative registration as well as the technical registration.The China Satellite datasets are considered as one of the most important satellite data shared by the GEOSS Platform.The analysis provides some insights as well about GEOSS user searches for China Satellite datasets.

Publishing NextGEOSS data on the GEOSS Platform

This paper is the second of a series that describes some of the main dataset resources presently shared through the GEOSS Platform. The GEOSS Platform was created as the technological tool to implement interoperability among the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS);it is a brokering infrastructure that presently brokers more than 190 autonomous data catalogs and information systems. This paper is focused on the analysis of the NextGEOSS datasets describing the data publishing process from NextGEOSS to the GEOSS platform. In particular, both the administrative registration and the technical registration were taken into consideration. One of the most important data shared by the GEOSS Platform are the NextGEOSS datasets: the present study provides some insights in terms of GEOSS user searches for NextGEOSS data.

Publishing Eurac Research data on the GEOSS Platform

This paper is the third of a series that introduces some of the main dataset resources presently shared through the GEOSS Platform. The GEOSS Platform is a brokering infrastructure that brokers more than 190 autonomous information systems and data catalogs;it was created to provide the technological tool to implement the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). This manuscript focuses on the analysis of Eurac Research datasets and illustrates the data publishing process to enroll the Eurac Research Data Provider to the GEOSS Platform through the administrative and technical registrations. The study provides an analysis of the GEOSS user searches for Eurac Research data in order to understand the main use of datasets of an important Data Provider.

中国综合地球观测系统的构成与实践研究

针对地球观测领域规模最大的政府间国际组织“地球观测组织(Group on Earth Observations)”提出的“全球综合地球观测系统”这一概念,梳理了其实现和建设的现状,分析了其具有供给导向、元数据质量不高、无法直接支撑决策和行动等局限性。结合我国参加地球观测组织的计划和成果,详细阐述了面向全球服务的中国综合地球观测系统的内涵,并基于全球综合地球观测系统的优势与不足,提出了中国综合地球观测系统平台的系统架构,另外就优质数据集研制、信息专题服务以及数据应急响应3个案例阐述了中国综合地球观测系统平台的实践及成效。

Approach and practice: integrating earth observation resources for data sharing in China GEOSS

Earth observation data sharing is an essential part of the data lifecycle and plays a critical role in Earth science research.Existing industry data sharing systems are affected by restrictions in distributed resource management and tightly coupled service interoperability.These systems currently offer no support for facilitating cross-disciplinary exploration and application.The lack of a national data sharing infrastructure has led to reduced international cooperation.These barriers are common and have hindered the development of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems(GEOSS).The China GEOSS Data Sharing Network(China GEOSS DSNet)has been proposed as a part of China’s Plan for Implementing GEOSS(2016–2025)to address the above issues.In this research,we designed a national GEOSS data sharing framework,including resource integration mechanism,sharing-oriented metadata standards,and lightweight interoperability service to coordinate various Earth observation resources.So far,more than 29 million archived satellite metadata records and 200 TB of high-quality satellite datasets have been integrated under this framework.The results were demonstrated in the following applications:domestic satellite archived metadata query service,international Earth observation resource sharing service,and disaster emergency response service.

生态系统观测研究网络在地球系统科学中的作用

地球系统科学是以地球系统为研究对象,重点研究各圈层、各要素以及自然和人为现象之间相互作用关系的科学,是在科学技术自身发展和社会需求共同推动下发展起来的新兴学科。地球系统科学概念的提出是为了解决全球性的资源和环境问题的需要,是地球科学向综合集成方向转变的重要阶段。目前在地球系统科学思想的指导下,在全球规模上已经组织了一系列重要国际联合研究计划,企图组织全球的科学家协作推动地球科学的发展。地球系统科学发展离不开对地球系统要素和圈层的物理、化学和生物过程的综合观测工作的支持。自20世纪80年代以来,一些国家、国际组织和国际合作项目都纷纷建立了国家、区域甚至全球尺度的观测、监测和信息共享网络。国际长期生态研究网络(ILTER)自20世纪80年代开始建设,其目的是对生态过程进行长期的监测,研究各种生态因子的相互作用及生态过程,从而揭示出生态系统和环境的长期变化,为生态系统评价及管理提供科学依据。中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)始建于1988年,在中国生态系统动态观测、科学研究和试验示范方面发挥了重要作用,2005年在CERN的基础上,由国家科技部组织开始建立中国国家生态系统观测研究网络(CNEN),目前已经遴选出了53个台站,开始对农田、森林、草地(含荒漠)和水体(湖泊和海湾)的动态进行观测研究,该网络必将成为全球地球观测系统(GEOSS)的重要组成部分,在我国地球系统科学发展的历程中发挥重要作用。本文主要从发展地球系统科学角度,讨论生态系统观测研究网络在地球系统科学中的作用。

未来对地观测协作与防灾减灾

介绍一种跨国家、跨组织的综合、持续、协同的分布式对地观测系统(GEOSS)和国际对地观测政府间协调组(GEO)的源起,以及GEO的组织机构、相关活动、《华盛顿宣言》、《GEOSS十年实施计划》、《GEOSS十年实施计划指南文本》、《GEO 2006年度工作计划》、《GEO UIC 2006年工作任务》等;分析GEOSS与防灾减灾的关系。最后介绍GEO成员国美国、欧盟、中国及国际组织WMO、IEEE在构建GEOSS方面所做的努力与成绩,并指出加强国内对地观测相关部门、单位与研究小组之间协作与数据共享对提高中国防灾减灾能力的重要性。

云技术支持下地理信息系统的发展(一)

网络的发展为GIS提供了机遇和挑战,它改变了GIS数据信息的获取、传输、发布、共享、应用及可视化等过程和方式,为GIS数据在WWW上提供了方便的信息发布与共享方式。随着Internet技术的不断发展和人们对地理信息系统(GIS)的需求,Web-GIS已经成为GIS发展的必然趋势。云计就是一个透过网络将庞大的待处理的程序自动分拆成无数个较小的子程序,再交由多部服务器所组成的庞大系统,经搜索、计算分析后将处理结果回传给用户的技术。随着云技术的出现,以及Internet在GIS领域的不断发展与应用,建立在云框架下的地理信息系统软件平台进入了我们的视野。云技术的出现为人类收集全球地理信息提供了强有力的支持,云在全球地球观测系统中的应用将促进该系统在全球范围内的发展,云技术与自发式地理信息系统的结合更是为地理信息的收集提供了一种崭新的途径。

云技术支持下地理信息系统的发展(二)

网络的发展为GIS提供了机遇和挑战,它改变了GIS数据信息的获取、传输、发布、共享、应用及可视化等过程和方式,为GIS数据在WWW上提供了方便的信息发布与共享方式。随着Internet技术的不断发展和人们对地理信息系统(GIS)的需求,Web-GIS已经成为GIS发展的必然趋势。云计就是一个透过网络将庞大的待处理的程序自动分拆成无数个较小的子程序,再交由多部服务器所组成的庞大系统,经搜索、计算分析后将处理结果回传给用户的技术。随着云技术的出现,以及Internet在GIS领域的不断发展与应用,建立在云框架下的地理信息系统软件平台进入了我们的视野。云技术的出现为人类收集全球地理信息提供了强有力的支持,云在全球地球观测系统中的应用将促进该系统在全球范围内的发展,云技术与自发式地理信息系统的结合更是为地理信息的收集提供了一种崭新的途径。

中国对全球地球观测系统的贡献(英文)

进一步认识地球、关注地球发展规律,保护人类共同家园已成为世界各国政府的共识。共同发展地球观测技术,提高对地观测能力成为新世纪世界各国的共同要求。2003年发起,2005年由欧盟组织的地球观测部长级峰会上通过了全球综合地球观测系统(Global Earth Observation System of Systems,GEOSS)十年执行计划,构成了世界范围内地球观测领域国际科技合作的主流。中国地球观测领域呈现出快速发展的趋势,并提出了该领域的全球性发展战略,预示着中国将在国际地球观测领域发挥越来越重要的作用。文章介绍了中国地球观测领域发展现状和趋势,在分析中国参与全球地球观测领域国际合作现状及目前存在问题的基础上,提出进一步促进中国参与该领域国际合作,为中国乃至国际社会发展做出重要贡献的建议。

基于全球综合对地观测系统通用基础设施的科学数据共享研究

全球综合对地观测系统旨在建立全球性的数据共享框架，为各国组织共享和使用对地观测资源提供技术解决方案。该系统的通用基础设施包括标准和互操作注册中心、组件和服务注册中心、分布式查询服务中心、资源门户4个部分。文章介绍各个组件的作用和相互间的关系，分析向全球综合对地观测系统提供共享资源的类型和技术流程，提出该系统对国内科学数据共享实践的启示。

The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Data Management System for the Arctic Sciences

The brokering approach can be successfully used to overcome the crucial question of searching among enormous amount of data （raw and/or processed） produced and stored in different information systems. In this paper, authors describe the Data Management System the DMS （Data Management System） developed by INGV （Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia） to support the brokering system GEOSS （Global Earth Observation System of Systems） adopted for the ARCA （Arctic Present Climate Change and Past Extreme Events） project. This DMS includes heterogeneous data that contributes to the ARCA objective （www.arcaproject.it） focusing on multi-parametric and multi-disciplinary studies on the mechanism （s） behind the release of large volumes of cold and fresh water from melting of ice caps. The DMS is accessible directly at the www.arca.rm.ingv.it, or through the IADC （Italian Arctic Data Center） at http：//arcticnode.dta.cnr.it/iadc/gi-portal/index.jsp that interoperates with the GEOSS brokering system （http：//www.geoportal.org0 making easy and fast the search of specific data set and its URL.

开放科学对全球综合地球观测系统建设影响分析

遥感应用已经成为众多行业必不可少的工作支撑,各国遥感系统发展风起云涌,可信遥感信息支持执法应用成为用户新的要求。针对地球观测组织在2019年堪培拉部长级峰会上提出的面向数字经济推动由开放数据向开放科学的转变,分析了地球观测系统需要研究新的互操作模式来指导知识枢纽建设,适应数字经济对于数据质量的要求,提升科学决策支撑能力。遥感信息独特优势吸引了国际数字技术大企业的关注和参与,讨论了新一代数字技术支持下遥感图像处理新的技术路线,依据遥感科学的概念顾及获取到信息整体链条进行全参数处理,通过构建检验、认证质量保证体系实现定量遥感、可信遥感。进一步分析了开放科学目标下全球综合地球观测系统建设需要在实现数据质量和结果复现下,运用云计算和大数据等技术整链条式处理信息,建立遥感系统之间新的互操作,实现各国用户执法应用的可信支持。

遥感与中国可持续发展:机遇和挑战

中国要实现可持续发展,必须积极应对资源短缺、环境恶化、海洋开发和气候变化等一系列重大资源环境问题;随着全球经济发展一体化进程加快,中国必须以全球视角研究和解决面临的资源环境问题。遥感在地球科学、环境科学、资源科学与全球变化研究中具有宏观动态的优点,是不可替代的全球观测手段,是实施可持续发展战略的基础性技术支撑。本文回顾了遥感科学技术进步的历程,总结了国际上围绕可持续发展所开展的全球遥感科学计划,分析了中国遥感现状和服务于可持续发展的前景,并结合国际上地球综合观测系统的发展态势,提出了中国遥感科学技术发展面临的挑战和机遇,进一步阐述了遥感发展面临的建立地球综合观测系统之系统、高精度遥感模型与参数反演、遥感产品真实性检验与遥感性能判据及测试系统、遥感数据与地球系统模式同化、遥感大数据与主动服务等前沿科学与技术问题。最后指出遥感要更好地服务于社会可持续发展,服务于国家的全球战略,服务于国民经济建设;必须创新遥感应用服务模式,加快遥感产业化和商业化进程;建议推进卫星观测系统的商业化,加快无人机遥感发展,促进遥感应用市场化。

Big Earth Data science:an information framework for a sustainable planet

The digital transformation of our society coupled with the increasing exploitation of natural resources makes sustainability challenges more complex and dynamic than ever before.These changes will unlikely stop or even decelerate in the near future.There is an urgent need for a new scientific approach and an advanced form of evidence-based decisionmaking towards the benefit of society,the economy,and the environment.To understand the impacts and interrelationships between humans as a society and natural Earth system processes,we propose a new engineering discipline,Big Earth Data science.This science is called to provide the methodologies and tools to generate knowledge from diverse,numerous,and complex data sources necessary to ensure a sustainable human society essential for the preservation of planet Earth.Big Earth Data science aims at utilizing data from Earth observation and social sensing and develop theories for understanding the mechanisms of how such a social-physical system operates and evolves.The manuscript introduces the universe of discourse characterizing this new science,its foundational paradigms and methodologies,and a possible technological framework to be implemented by applying an ecosystem approach.CASEarth and GEOSS are presented as examples of international implementation attempts.Conclusions discuss important challenges and collaboration opportunities.

Digital Earth 2020:towards the vision for the next decade

This position paper is the outcome of a brainstorming workshop organised by the International Society for Digital Earth(ISDE)in Beijing in March 2011.It argues that the vision of Digital Earth(DE)put forward by Vice-President Al Gore 13 years ago needs to be re-evaluated in the light of the many developments in the fields of information technology,data infrastructures and earth observation that have taken place since.The paper identifies the main policy,scientific and societal drivers for the development of DE and illustrates the multi-faceted nature of a new vision of DE grounding it with a few examples of potential applications.Because no single organisation can on its own develop all the aspects of DE,it is essential to develop a series of collaborations at the global level to turn the vision outlined in this paper into reality.

Towards a knowledge base to support global change policy goals

In 2015,it was adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to end poverty,protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.The year after,17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)officially came into force.In 2015,GEO(Group on Earth Observation)declared to support the implementation of SDGs.The GEO Global Earth Observation System of Systems(GEOSS)required a change of paradigm,moving from a data-centric approach to a more knowledge-driven one.To this end,the GEO System-of-Systems(SoS)framework may refer to the well-known Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom(DIKW)paradigm.In the context of an Earth Observation(EO)SoS,a set of main elements are recognized as connecting links for generating knowledge from EO and non-EO data–e.g.social and economic datasets.These elements are:Essential Variables(EVs),Indicators and Indexes,Goals and Targets.Their generation and use requires the development of a SoS KB whose management process has evolved the GEOSS Software Ecosystem into a GEOSS Social Ecosystem.This includes:collect,formalize,publish,access,use,and update knowledge.ConnectinGEO project analysed the knowledge necessary to recognize,formalize,access,and use EVs.The analysis recognized GEOSS gaps providing recommendations on supporting global decision-making within and across different domains.