A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Modified Gastric Tube Length on Enteral Nutrition in Stroke Patients

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effect of modified length of gastric tube implantation in stroke patients.Methods:Randomized controlled studies on the effect of narrative therapy on negative emotions of malignant tumor patients were published in PubMed,EMbase,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,CNKY.Wanfang Data,VIP Database and CBM disc from database establishment to May 2021.RewMan 5.2 software was used for the meta-analysis.Results:Ten articles were included,involving 1140 patients in total.Results of meta-analysis showed that improved length of gastric tube implantation could reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia in stroke patients with enteral nutrition[OR=0.18,95%CI(0.10,0.31),P<0.00001],reduce gastroesophageal reflux rate[OR=0.13,95%CI(0.04,0.38),P<0.0002],the incidence of aspiration[OR=0.23,95%CI(0.11,0.38),P<0.00001],the incidence of abdominal distension and diarrhea[OR=0.13,95%CI(0.06,0.28),P<0.00001],the incidence of choking cough[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.07,0.61),P<0.005],but no difference between the two groups in terms of reducing gastric residual[OR=0.10,95%CI(2.40,2.60),P=0.94].Conclusions:The modified length of the gastric tube can replace the traditional length of the gastric tube in the application of stroke patients,can reduce the complications of enteral nutrition,is safe and feasible.However,due to the limitation of the quality and quantity of the included studies,we should be cautious about the results of this meta-analysis and expect to carry out more large-sample and high-quality randomized controlled trials for demonstration.

Clinical application of reserved gastric tube in neuroendoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary tumor

BACKGROUND The neuroendoscopic approach has the advantages of a clear operative field,convenient tumor removal,and less damage,and is the development direction of modern neurosurgery.At present,transnasal surgery for sphenoidal pituitary tumor is widely used.But it has been found in clinical practice that some patients with this type of surgery may experience post-operative nausea and vomiting and other discomforts.AIM To explore the effect of reserved gastric tube application in the neuroendoscopic endonasal resection of pituitary tumors.METHODS A total of 60 patients who underwent pituitary adenoma resection via the endoscopic endonasal approach were selected and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups,with 30 in each group.Experimental group:After anesthesia,a gastric tube was placed through the mouth under direct vision using a visual laryngoscope,and the fluid accumulated in the oropharynx was suctioned intermittently with low negative pressure throughout the whole process after nasal disinfection,during the operation,and when the patient recovered from anesthesia.Control group:Given the routine intraoperative care,no gastric tube was left.The number of cases of nausea/vomiting/aspiration within 24 h post-operation was counted and compared between the two groups;the scores of pharyngalgia after waking up,6 h post-operation,and 24 h postoperation.The frequency of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection were compared.The hospitalization days of the two groups were statistically compared.RESULTS The times of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the experimental group were lower than that in the control group,and the difference in the incidence of nausea was statistically significant(P<0.05).After the patient woke up,the scores of sore throat 6 h after the operation and 24 h after operation were lower than those in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The number of cases of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection was higher than that of the control group,but there was no statistically significant difference from the control group(P>0.05).The hospitalization days of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Reserving a gastric tube in the endoscopic endonasal resection of pituitary tumors,combined with intraoperative and postoperative gastrointestinal decompression,can effectively reduce the incidence of nausea,reduce the number of vomiting and aspiration in patients,and reduce the complications of sore throat The incidence rate shortened the hospitalization days of the patients.

Application of Modified Gastric Tube Placement in Patients with Indwelling Gastric Tube

Objective:To explore the effect of modified nasogastric tube placement and Rehabilitation New Liquid Spray in patients with indwelling gastric tube.Methods:Eighty-six cases with indwelling gastric tube in our hospital from January 2020 to May 2021 were randomly selected and divided into the reference group and the research group.The reference group was treated by modified gastric tube placement,and the research group was given the Rehabilitation New Liquid Spray intervention.The effect of the interventions on two groups was observed.Results:The incidence of nasal mucosal injury in the research group was lower than that in the reference group,and the incidence of pharyngeal mucosal injury in the research group was lower than that in the reference group(P<0.05).The pain score of the study group was lower than that of the reference group at 8 h,12 h and 24 h after replacement,and the incidence of hoarseness,swallowing discomfort and dry oropharynx was lower than that of the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The application of modified gastric tube placement and Rehabilitation New Liquid Spray intervention in patients with indwelling gastric tube can effectively reduce the nasopharyngeal injury and improve the pain of catheterization.

Two-step method for creating a gastric tube during laparoscopic-thoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy

AIM To introduce a two-step method for creating a gastric tube during laparoscopic-thoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy and assess its clinical application.METHODS One hundred and twenty-two patients with middle or lower esophageal cancer who underwent laparoscopicthoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy at Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute from March 2014 to March 2016 were included in this study,and divided into two groups based on the procedure used for creating a gastric tube. One group used a two-step method for creating a gastric tube,and the other group used the conventional method. The two groups were compared regarding the operating time,surgical complications,and number of stapler cartridges used.RESULTS The mean operating time was significantly shorter in the two-step method group than in the conventional method group [238(179-293) min vs 272(189-347) min,P < 0.01]. No postoperative death occurred in either group. There was no significant difference in the rate of complications [14(21.9%) vs 13(22.4%),P= 0.55] or mean number of stapler cartridges used [5(4-6) vs 5.2(5-6),P = 0.007] between the two groups.CONCLUSION The two-step method for creating a gastric tube during laparoscopic-thoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy has the advantages of simple operation,minimal damage to the tubular stomach,and reduced use of stapler cartridges.

Distal gastric tube resection with vascular preservation for gastric tube cancer:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Survival rates in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy have improved,but the prevalence of gastric tube cancer(GTC)has also increased.Total resection of the gastric tube with lymph node dissection is considered a radical treatment,but GTC surgery is more invasive and involves a higher risk of severe complications or death,particularly in elderly patients.CASE SUMMARY We report an elderly patient with early GTC that had invaded the duodenum who was successfully treated with resection of the distal gastric tube and Roux-en-Y(R-Y)reconstruction.The tumor was a type 0-IIc lesion with ulcer scars surrounding the pyloric ring.Endoscopic submucosal resection was not indicated because the primary lesion was submucosally invasive,was undifferentiated type,surrounded the pyloric ring,and had invaded the duodenum.Resection of distal gastric tube with R-Y reconstruction was safely performed,with preservation of the right gastroepiploic artery(RGEA)and right gastric artery(RGA).CONCLUSION Distal resection of the gastric tube with preservation of the RGEA and RGA is a good treatment option for elderly patients with cT1bN0 GTC in the lower part of the gastric tube.

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric tube cancer:A multicenter retrospective study

BACKGROUND Recent improvements in the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer have led to the increased occurrence of gastric tube cancer(GTC)in the reconstructed gastric tube.However,there are few reports on the treatment results of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)for GTC.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ESD for GTC after esophagectomy in a multicenter trial.METHODS We retrospectively investigated 48 GTC lesions in 38 consecutive patients with GTC in the reconstructed gastric tube after esophagectomy who had undergone ESD between January 2005 and December 2019 at 8 institutions participating in the Okayama Gut Study group.The clinical indications of ESD for early gastric cancer were similarly applied for GTC after esophagectomy.ESD specimens were evaluated in 2-mm slices according to the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma with curability assessments divided into curative and non-curative resection based on the Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines.Patient characteristics,treatment results,clinical course,and treatment outcomes were analyzed.RESULTS The median age of patients was 71.5 years(range,57-84years),and there were 34 men and 4 women.The median observation period after ESD was 884 d(range,8-4040 d).The median procedure time was 81 min(range,29-334 min),the en bloc resection rate was 91.7%(44/48),and the curative resection rate was 79%(38/48).Complications during ESD were seen in 4%(2/48)of case,and those after ESD were seen in 10%(5/48)of case.The survival rate at 5 years was 59.5%.During the observation period after ESD,10 patients died of other diseases.Although there were differences in the procedure time between institutions,a multivariate analysis showed that tumor size was the only factor associated with prolonged procedure time.CONCLUSION ESD for GTC after esophagectomy was shown to be safe and effective.

Qualitative study on influencing factors of refusal of gastric tube placement in stroke patients with dysphagia

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of patients with dysphagia after stroke who refuse to accept gastric tube implantation,and to provide intervention basis for improving the compliance of patients with gastric tube implantation.Methods:Asemi-structured interview method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 11 patients who refused gastric tube placement,and the interview data were analyzed by Colaizzi analysis method.Results:The influencing factors of patients with dysphagia after stroke can be summarized into the following three themes:patient factors(patient's cognition of disease,patient's subjective pain perception and fear),family factors(patient's caregiver's cognition of disease,economic conditions)and medical factors(trust in medical staff,medical education methods).Conclusion:Medical staff should understand the influencing factors of dysphagia after stroke and take positive measures to improve the compliance of patients with gastric tube placement and ensure the treatment effect.

Clinical characteristics and management of gastric tube cancer with endoscopic submucosal dissection

AIM:To identify the characteristics of gastric tube cancer(GTC) and the complications associated with endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) for GTC.METHODS:Between 2007 and 2012,11 individualswith early gastric cancer in the reconstructed gastric tube after esophagectomy who underwent ESD in this hospital were studied.The characteristics of GTC were identified,and the complications of ESD for GTC were analyzed at three phases:preoperative,intraoperative,and postoperative.RESULTS:A total of 11 consecutive patients with 11 GTCs were selected for this study.All cases underwent en bloc resections by ESD.The median procedure time was 142 min.The average GTC diameter was 26.1 mm,and the average size of the resected lesions was 45.5 mm.The histopathological diagnosis in all cases was a differentiated adenocarcinoma.In the preoperative phase,anastomotic strictures(5/11,45%) and food residues(4/11,36.4%) in the gastric tube were the main complications.In the intraoperative phase,bleeding was observed in 5 cases(45%).The postoperative complications observed were delayed bleeding in 2 cases(18.2%) and stenosis in one case(9.1%).The case with stenosis was successfully treated using endoscopic balloon dilatation.CONCLUSION:Minor complications were frequently observed.However,all GTCs underwent en bloc resection with ESD without any serious complications.ESD is considered a useful treatment for GTC.

Pedunculated gastric tube interposition in an esophageal cancer patient with prepyloric adenocarcinoma

Gastric carcinoma is one of the malignancies that are most frequently associated with esophageal carcinoma.We describe herein our device for advanced esophageal cancer associated with early gastric cancer in the antrum.A 57-year-old man presenting with dysphagia and upper abdominal pain was admitted to our hospital.Preoperative examinations revealed locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the middle thoracic esophagus (T3N0M0 Stage ⅡA) and mucosal signetring cell carcinoma of the gastric antrum (T1N0M0 Stage ⅠA).Although the gastric tumor appeared to be an intramucosal carcinoma,its margin was obscure,so endoscopic en-bloc resection was considered inadequate.We chose surgical resection of the gastric tumor as well as the esophageal SCC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced esophageal cancer.Following transthoracic esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection,the gastric carcinoma was removed by gastric antrectomy,which preserved the right gastroepiploic vessels,and a pedunculated short gastric tube was used as the esophageal substitute.Twenty-eight months after the surgery,the patient is well with no evidence of cancer recurrence.Because it minimizes surgical stress and organ sacrifice,gastric tube interposition is a potentially useful technique for esophageal cancer associated with localized early gastric cancer.

Intraoperative Gastric Tube Intubation: A Summary of Case Studies and Review of the Literature

Study Objective: Establish complications and risk factors that are associated with blind tube insertion, evaluate the validity of correct placement verification methods, establish the rationales supporting its employment by anesthesia providers, and describe various deployment facilitators described in current literature. Measurements: An exhaustive literature review of the databases Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Collaboration, Scopus, and Google Scholar was performed applying the search terms “gastric tube”, “complications”, “decompression”, “blind insertion”, “perioperative”, “intraoperative” in various order sequences. A five-year limit was applied to limit the number and timeliness of articles selected. Main Results: Patients are exposed to potentially serious morbidity and mortality from blindly inserted gastric tubes. Risk factors associated with malposition include blind insertion, the presence of endotracheal tubes, altered sensorium, and previous tube misplacements. Pulmonary aspiration risk prevention remains the only indication for anesthesia-related intraoperative use. There are no singularly effective tools that predict or verify the proper placement of blindly inserted gastric tubes. Current placement facilitation techniques are perpetuated through anecdotal experience and technique variability warrants further study. Conclusion: In the absence of aspiration risk factors or the need for surgical decompression in ASA classification I & II patients, a moratorium should be instituted on the elective use of gastric tubes.

Bilateral Transcutaneous Electroacupuncture for Overdilation of Gastric Tube after Esophagectomy:Report of A Case

A gastric tube is the commonly used replacement of esophagus after esophagectomy.The mainly complications of this reconstruction method that are reported are tube necrosis,mediastinitis,bleeding,pneumonia,pneumothorax,subphrenic abscess,empyema,anastomotic fistula and atelectasis.~((1-3))Atelectasis induced by overdilation of gastric tube was

Safety of gastric lavage using nasogastric ryle’s tube in pesticide poisoning

Objective: Gastric lavage is mandatory irrespective of nature in all patients with acute poisoning in India. Present study was undertaken with aim whether lavage done using nasogastric Ryle’s tube and small aliquots of water or normal saline is safe. Patients and Methods: All the patients above 12 years of age admitted consecutively with pesticide ingestion or exposure between July 2004 to June 2005 were studied with respect to complications associated with lavage using Ryle’s tube. Forty five patients were admitted directly to our hospital and lavage was undertaken using Ryle’s tube (16F ) with 100 - 200 mL of aliquots till 1 - 1.5 liters of fluid was lavaged, with prophylactic endotracheal intubation in patients with Glasgow coma scale ( GCS) < 10 (group I). The incidence of complications related to lavage in group I was compared to that in 53 patients admitted during same period with pesticide poisoning but lavaged outside using nasogastric Ryle’s tube and referred to our institute (group II). Results: The significant complications observed in group I were significant drop in SaO2 (6 patients) laryngospasm, tachycardia, electrolyte imbalance and tube getting struck in throat (one each). In one patient in group I (had no prophylactic intubation though GCS 3) In group II, 7 had aspiration pneumonia (no prophylactic intubation). Other significant complication was drop in SaO2 during lavage. None of them had any serious life threatening complication. Conclusion: Gastric lavage carried out using nasogastric Ryle’s tube and small aliquots of water or normal saline is relatively safe in patients with pesticide poisoning when combined with prophylactic endotracheal intubation in patients with GCS < 10. In absence of prophylactic intubation, risk of aspiration is there. However aspiration pneumonia is generally mild and not life threatening.

神经重症患者留置双腔胃肠营养管护理专家共识

目的形成神经重症患者留置双腔胃肠营养管护理专家共识,推动护士规范、安全、有效地实施双腔胃肠营养管喂养,满足患者营养需求。方法检索、评价和汇总神经重症患者胃肠营养管护理的相关证据,提取相关的推荐意见,形成专家共识初稿,通过1轮专家函询和2轮专家论证会,结合专家意见修改、完善各条目内容,形成专家共识终稿。结果最终形成的专家共识包括神经重症患者双腔胃肠营养管喂养的操作性定义、置管适应证、置管禁忌证、置管及维护、拔管指征5个方面。结论形成的专家共识实用性较强,可为神经重症患者双腔胃肠营养管的临床护理实践和质量控制提供指导依据。

课题研究型品管圈在早产儿经口胃管置入管理模式中的应用

目的探讨课题研究型品管圈活动在构建早产儿经口胃管置入管理模式中的应用价值。方法选取2020年1月至2022年12月该院需行经口胃管置入的280例早产儿,以品管圈活动前(2020年1月至2021年12月)收治的180例早产儿为对照组,实施品管圈活动后(2022年6-12月)收治的100例早产儿为观察组。比较2组胃管前端一次性到位率及恶心、呕吐发生率,分析品管圈活动前后圈员综合素质评分。结果2组胃管前端一次性到位率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而恶心、呕吐发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组品管圈活动目标达成率110.9%。品管圈活动后,圈员综合素质评分较活动前得到不同程度的提升,其中品管手法及创新精神能力评分得到明显提高。结论基于课题研究型品管圈活动构建的早产儿经口胃管置入管理模式,能够有效提高早产儿经口胃管前端一次性到位率,降低置管相关并发症发生率。

转头前倾法在脑卒中吞咽功能障碍患者留置胃管中的效果观察

目的研究转头前倾法在脑卒中吞咽功能障碍患者留置胃管中的作用。方法临床纳入2022年1月至2023年2月期间我院收治的84例脑卒中吞咽功能障碍患者作为研究对象,将患者分为两组各42例(随机数字表法),所有患者均需留置胃管。其中42例患者采用常规方法进行留置胃管作为对照组;另42例患者采用转头前倾法进行留置胃管作为观察组。观察两组患者置管成功率、不良反应发生率、生活质量以及护理人员对吞咽功能障碍摄食训练相关知识的知晓率情况。结果观察组一次置管成功率和再次置管成功率分别为92.86%、100.00%,均高于对照组的76.19%、30.00%,均有差异(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率明显低于对照组的不良反应发生率(4.76%vs 19.05%),有差异(P<0.05)。干预前两组患者生活质量各评分对比无差异(P>0.05);干预后观察组生活质量各评分均优于对照组,均有差异(P<0.05)。培训后护理人员对吞咽功能障碍摄食训练相关知识的知晓率为96.67%,明显高于培训前的53.33%,有差异(P<0.05)。结论转头前倾法能使护理人员更好掌握吞咽功能障碍摄食训练的相关知识,有效提高脑卒中吞咽功能障碍患者留置胃管的成功率,降低不良反应发生率,进一步提高患者生活质量,值得临床应用及推广。

外科手术患者术后院内获得性肺炎发生的影响因素

目的探讨外科手术患者术后院内获得性肺炎(HAP)发生的相关影响因素。方法回顾性选择2020年1月至2023年2月在九江市第一人民医院行外科手术治疗的2824例患者临床资料,按患者术后是否发生HAP分为HAP组(31例)和非HAP组(n=2793例),分析外科手术患者术后HAP发生的相关影响因素。结果单因素分析结果提示,不同年龄、手术性质、麻醉方式、合并糖尿病、吸烟史、气管切开、留置胃管、手术时间>3 h与患者术后HAP发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);性别、手术切口类型、术中出血量、合并高血压与外科手术患者术后HAP发生无关,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁(β=0.899,OR=2.458,95%CI=1.205~5.011)、急诊手术(β=1.985,OR=7.279,95%CI=3.488~15.188)、全麻(β=2.739,OR=15.464,95%CI=2.106~113.569)、合并糖尿病(β=0.983,OR=2.672,95%CI=1.310~5.450)、吸烟史(β=1.150,OR=3.157,95%CI=1.537~6.484)、气管切开(β=1.043,OR=2.837,95%CI=1.331~6.047)、留置胃管(β=0.753,OR=2.123,95%CI=1.035~4.355)、手术时间>3 h(β=2.198,OR=9.006,95%CI=4.384~18.501)是外科手术患者术后HAP发生的高危因素(P<0.05)。结论外科手术患者术后易发生HAP,其发生受多种因素共同影响,临床可针对各因素制定相应的防治对策,可减少HAP发生。

居家治疗场景下胃癌患者鼻肠管管饲支持系统设计

医疗资源紧张和新冠疫情背景下,胃癌患者居家治疗需求突出。本文旨在探索居家治疗场景下胃癌患者鼻肠管管饲支持系统设计模式。明确胃癌患者鼻肠管治疗护理需求,分析比较患者在医院和居家治疗场景下的护理流程,注重环境普适性,结合人性化设计理念,综合考虑患者及家属操作人机工学因素,建立鼻肠管营养支持系统整体架构,简化操作流程,减轻患者病痛,降低家属心理负担。为胃癌患者鼻肠管居家治疗提供新的研究思路。

新生儿肠内营养胃管留置管理的最佳证据总结

目的检索、评价并整合国内外新生儿肠内营养胃管留置管理的相关证据。方法系统检索英国医学杂志最佳临床实践网、Up To Date、CINAHL、加拿大医学会临床实践指南网、国际指南网、WHO指南网、美国国立指南库、医脉通、Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、维普等数据库等网站和数据库中关于新生儿肠内营养胃管留置管理的临床决策、推荐实践、证据总结、临床实践指南、技术报告、专家共识、系统评价,由2名研究者独立进行方法学质量评价后,根据主题对证据进行提取与汇总,检索时限为建库至2023年5月。结果共纳入14篇文献,包括指南2篇、证据总结1篇、系统评价5篇、专家共识3篇、最佳实践2篇、随机对照研究1篇。最后总结包括适应与禁忌、置管前的准备与评估、胃管位置验证、胃管固定、胃管维护5个方面的22条证据。结论本研究通过系统检索国内外高级别的循证资源,对新生儿肠内营养胃管留置的管理进行证据总结,所总结的新生儿肠内营养胃管留置管理证据全面、实用,可为规范新生儿胃管留置管理管理提供循证依据,保证新生儿肠内营养安全,提高新生儿护理质量。

胃管引导下经肛减压管置入在直肠癌肠梗阻患者中的应用

目的:探讨胃管引导下经肛减压管置入治疗直肠癌合并肠梗阻的可行性。方法:回顾分析2018年1月至2022年2月收治的55例直肠癌肠梗阻的患者资料,该55例患者采用胃管引导下经肛置入减压管,统计其成功率、肠梗阻的临床缓解率以及出血、穿孔等并发症的发生率,记录术后1年的随访情况。结果:55例患者有51例置管成功,技术成功率92.7%;临床完全缓解47例、临床部分缓解2例、临床无缓解2例,临床成功率96.1%;1例置管后3 d因不慎牵扯导致管道脱落,再重新成功置入;无出血、穿孔等并发症;1例置管失败和2例因置管后减压效果差患者行急诊开放手术;52例行择期手术,其中1例开放手术、51经腹腔镜辅助下手术;术后1年随访发现肝转移1例,其余54例无局部复发及远处转移,无死亡病例。结论:一次性胃管引导下可更加高效、安全地经肛置入减压管,有效地解除直肠癌导致的肠梗阻,适合在没有消化内镜设备的基层医疗单位推广使用。

普通胃管联合肠梗阻导管治疗复杂性肠梗阻的效果

目的探讨普通胃管联合肠梗阻导管治疗复杂性肠梗阻的临床应用效果。方法选取2020年12月至2023年6月郴州市第一人民医院胃肠外科收治的54例复杂性肠梗阻患者作为研究对象,根据采用干预措施的不同分为研究组30例和对照组24例,研究组采用普通胃管联合肠梗阻导管治疗,对照组采用肠梗阻导管治疗;比较两组患者肠梗阻缓解时间、中转手术率、并发症发生率、住院时间、住院费用。结果研究组患者治疗有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者的肠梗阻缓解时间、住院时间均短于对照组,住院费用少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者在中转手术率、并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论普通胃管联合肠梗阻导管治疗效果优于单纯肠梗阻导管治疗效果,可明显改善肠梗阻症状,缩短住院时间,降低住院费用,减轻患者经济负担。