Experimental and numerical simulation study on the erosion behavior of the elbow of gathering pipeline in shale gas field

During the production period of shale gas, proppant particles and rock debris are produced together,which will seriously erode the elbows of gathering pipelines. In response to this problem, this paper takes the elbow of the gathering pipeline in the Changning Shale Gas Field as an example to test the erosion rate and material removal mechanism of the test piece at different angles of the elbow through experiments and compares the four erosion models with the experimental results. Through analysis, it is found that the best prediction model for quartz sand-carbon steel erosion is the Oka model. Based on the Oka model, FLUENT software was used to simulate and analyze the law of erosion of the elbow of the gas gathering pipeline under different gas flow velocities, gas gathering pressure, particle size, length of L1,and bending directions of the elbow. And a spiral pipeline structure is proposed to reduce the erosion rate of the elbow under the same working conditions. The results show that this structure can reduce erosion by 34%.

Analysis of sensitivity to hydrate blockage risk in natural gas gathering pipeline

During the operational process of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines,the formation of hydrates is highly probable,leading to uncontrolled movement and aggregation of hydrates.The continuous migration and accumulation of hydrates further contribute to the obstruction of natural gas pipelines,resulting in production reduction,shutdowns,and pressure build-ups.Consequently,a cascade of risks is prone to occur.To address this issue,this study focuses on the operational process of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines,where a comprehensive framework is established.This framework includes theoretical models for pipeline temperature distribution,pipeline pressure distribution,multiphase flow within the pipeline,hydrate blockage,and numerical solution methods.By analyzing the influence of inlet temperature,inlet pressure,and terminal pressure on hydrate formation within the pipeline,the sensitivity patterns of hydrate blockage risks are derived.The research indicates that reducing inlet pressure and terminal pressure could lead to a decreased maximum hydrate formation rate,potentially mitigating pipeline blockage during natural gas transportation.Furthermore,an increase in inlet temperature and terminal pressure,and a decrease in inlet pressure,results in a displacement of the most probable location for hydrate blockage towards the terminal station.However,it is crucial to note that operating under low-pressure conditions significantly elevates energy consumption within the gathering system,contradicting the operational goal of energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption.Consequently,for high-pressure gathering pipelines,measures such as raising the inlet temperature or employing inhibitors,electrical heat tracing,and thermal insulation should be adopted to prevent hydrate formation during natural gas transportation.Moreover,considering abnormal conditions such as gas well production and pipeline network shutdowns,which could potentially trigger hydrate formation,the installation of methanol injection connectors remains necessary to ensure production safety.

Research on a TOPSIS energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems based on a GA-BP neural network

As the main link of ground engineering,crude oil gathering and transportation systems require huge energy consumption and complex structures.It is necessary to establish an energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems and identify the energy efficiency gaps.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system in an oilfield in western China is established.Combined with the big data analysis method,the GA-BP neural network is used to establish the energy efficiency index prediction model for crude oil gathering and transportation systems.The comprehensive energy consumption,gas consumption,power consumption,energy utilization rate,heat utilization rate,and power utilization rate of crude oil gathering and transportation systems are predicted.Considering the efficiency and unit consumption index of the crude oil gathering and transportation system,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system is established based on a game theory combined weighting method and TOPSIS evaluation method,and the subjective weight is determined by the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.The entropy weight method determines the objective weight,and the combined weight of game theory combines subjectivity with objectivity to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive energy efficiency of crude oil gathering and transportation systems and their subsystems.Finally,the weak links in energy utilization are identified,and energy conservation and consumption reduction are improved.The above research provides technical support for the green,efficient and intelligent development of crude oil gathering and transportation systems.

Slow-gathering areas of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs: Definition, estimation, and restoration

Recently,humans have been facing serious water pollution problems that aggravate water resources shortages.By 2025,two-thirds of the world's population is likely to live in countries with moderate or severe water shortages(Azizullah et al.,2011).Rivers,lakes,and reservoirs are important sources of water.Globally,there are approximately 8.5 million rivers(Linke et al.,2019),21.15 million natural lakes,and 1.427 million large reservoirs(Messager et al.,2016).Many of them have been contaminated due to urbanization,industrialization,and agricultural activities.In particular,all rivers,lakes,and reservoirs have their own slow-gathering areas(SGAs)where the input contaminants are easily stopped and deposited due to their non-open morphologies and low flow speeds.

Deep Learning Based Face Mask Detection in Religious Mass Gathering During COVID-19 Pandemic

Notwithstanding the religious intention of billions of devotees,the religious mass gathering increased major public health concerns since it likely became a huge super spreading event for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Most attendees ignored preventive measures,namely maintaining physical distance,practising hand hygiene,and wearing facemasks.Wearing a face mask in public areas protects people from spreading COVID-19.Artificial intelligence(AI)based on deep learning(DL)and machine learning(ML)could assist in fighting covid-19 in several ways.This study introduces a new deep learning-based Face Mask Detection in Religious Mass Gathering(DLFMD-RMG)technique during the COVID-19 pandemic.The DLFMD-RMG technique focuses mainly on detecting face masks in a religious mass gathering.To accomplish this,the presented DLFMD-RMG technique undergoes two pre-processing levels:Bilateral Filtering(BF)and Contrast Enhancement.For face detection,the DLFMD-RMG technique uses YOLOv5 with a ResNet-50 detector.In addition,the face detection performance can be improved by the seeker optimization algorithm(SOA)for tuning the hyperparameter of the ResNet-50 module,showing the novelty of the work.At last,the faces with and without masks are classified using the Fuzzy Neural Network(FNN)model.The stimulation study of the DLFMD-RMG algorithm is examined on a benchmark dataset.The results highlighted the remarkable performance of the DLFMD-RMG model algorithm in other recent approaches.

Dataset of Large Gathering Images for Person Identification and Tracking

This paper presents a large gathering dataset of images extracted from publicly filmed videos by 24 cameras installed on the premises of Masjid Al-Nabvi,Madinah,Saudi Arabia.This dataset consists of raw and processed images reflecting a highly challenging and unconstraint environment.The methodology for building the dataset consists of four core phases;that include acquisition of videos,extraction of frames,localization of face regions,and cropping and resizing of detected face regions.The raw images in the dataset consist of a total of 4613 frames obtained fromvideo sequences.The processed images in the dataset consist of the face regions of 250 persons extracted from raw data images to ensure the authenticity of the presented data.The dataset further consists of 8 images corresponding to each of the 250 subjects(persons)for a total of 2000 images.It portrays a highly unconstrained and challenging environment with human faces of varying sizes and pixel quality(resolution).Since the face regions in video sequences are severely degraded due to various unavoidable factors,it can be used as a benchmark to test and evaluate face detection and recognition algorithms for research purposes.We have also gathered and displayed records of the presence of subjects who appear in presented frames;in a temporal context.This can also be used as a temporal benchmark for tracking,finding persons,activity monitoring,and crowd counting in large crowd scenarios.

Study on Influencing Factors and Mechanism of Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents Gathering in Zhejiang Province

This paper systematically studies the influencing factors and mechanism of the agglomeration of scientific and technological innovation talents in Zhejiang Province. The findings are as follows: Firstly, environmental factors such as marketization level, financial development, opening to the outside world, infrastructure construction, medical resources, educational resources, cultural resources and policy support have a positive impact on the agglomeration of scientific and technological talents in Zhejiang Province;Secondly, in the transmission mechanism of the influence of various environmental factors on the concentration of scientific and technological talents in Zhejiang, economic development plays an intermediary role, and the effect is obvious. Various environmental factors indirectly affect the concentration of scientific and technological talents in Zhejiang through economic development. Finally, although both the level and quality of economic development have significant effect on the total concentration of scientific and technological talents in Zhejiang, the mediating effect of economic development level is more significant. These studies are for Zhejiang Province. It provides a theoretical basis for cultivating high-end talents and realizing the agglomeration of scientific and technological innovation talents.

An optimization method for shale gas gathering system-Consideration of reliability enhancement under earthquake-related uncertainties

Shale gas gathering systems are of great importance in gas fields for the efficient and reliable transportation of gas.In traditional design methods,pipeline layouts are optimized only from an economic point of view,where reliability is evaluated after optimization.However,reliability can be enhanced by spare pipelines so that both economic and reliable aspects are evaluated simultaneously.Based on the idea of enhancing reliability,this research proposes a methodology for optimizing the pipeline layout problem including well clustering,stations site selecting,and piping.Different topology arrangements and spare pipelines are investigated to enhance the production efficiency and reliability of the pipeline network under earthquake-related uncertainties.Reliability evaluation is converted into an economic one so that the objective of this work is to minimize the total annual cost.To solve such a complex problem,genetic algorithm,K-means algorithm,Geo Steiner algorithm,Kruskal algorithm,linear programming and Monte Carlo simulations are combined.A real-world case study illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and shows a 36.53%reduction in the total annual cost compared with the initial scheme.

Energy-balanced clustering protocol for data gathering in wireless sensor networks with unbalanced traffic load

Energy-efficient data gathering in multi-hop wireless sensor networks was studied,considering that different node produces different amounts of data in realistic environments.A novel dominating set based clustering protocol (DSCP) was proposed to solve the data gathering problem in this scenario.In DSCP,a node evaluates the potential lifetime of the network (from its local point of view) assuming that it acts as the cluster head,and claims to be a tentative cluster head if it maximizes the potential lifetime.When evaluating the potential lifetime of the network,a node considers not only its remaining energy,but also other factors including its traffic load,the number of its neighbors,and the traffic loads of its neighbors.A tentative cluster head becomes a final cluster head with a probability inversely proportional to the number of tentative cluster heads that cover its neighbors.The protocol can terminate in O(n/lg n) steps,and its total message complexity is O(n2/lg n).Simulation results show that DSCP can effectively prolong the lifetime of the network in multi-hop networks with unbalanced traffic load.Compared with EECT,the network lifetime is prolonged by 56.6% in average.

Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks Via Regular Low Density Parity Check Matrix

A great challenge faced by wireless sensor networks(WSNs) is to reduce energy consumption of sensor nodes. Fortunately, the data gathering via random sensing can save energy of sensor nodes. Nevertheless, its randomness and density usually result in difficult implementations, high computation complexity and large storage spaces in practical settings. So the deterministic sparse sensing matrices are desired in some situations. However,it is difficult to guarantee the performance of deterministic sensing matrix by the acknowledged metrics. In this paper, we construct a class of deterministic sparse sensing matrices with statistical versions of restricted isometry property(St RIP) via regular low density parity check(RLDPC) matrices. The key idea of our construction is to achieve small mutual coherence of the matrices by confining the column weights of RLDPC matrices such that St RIP is satisfied. Besides, we prove that the constructed sensing matrices have the same scale of measurement numbers as the dense measurements. We also propose a data gathering method based on RLDPC matrix. Experimental results verify that the constructed sensing matrices have better reconstruction performance, compared to the Gaussian, Bernoulli, and CSLDPC matrices. And we also verify that the data gathering via RLDPC matrix can reduce energy consumption of WSNs.

Flow Characteristics of Crude Oil with High Water Fraction during Non-heating Gathering and Transportation

In order to ensure the safety of the non-heating gathering and transportation processes for high water fraction crude oil,the effect of temperature,water fraction,and flow rate on the flow characteristics of crude oil with high water fraction was studied in a flow experimental system of the X Oilfield.Four distinct flow patterns were identified by the photographic and local sampling techniques.Especially,three new flow patterns were found to occur below the pour point of crude oil,including EW/O&W stratified flow with gel deposition,EW/O&W intermittent flow with gel deposition,and water single-phase flow with gel deposition.Moreover,two characteristic temperatures,at which the change rate of pressure drop had changed obviously,were found during the change of pressure drop.The characteristic temperature of the first congestion of gel deposition in the pipeline was determined to be the safe temperature for the non-heating gathering and transportation of high water cut crude oil,while the pressure drop reached the peak at this temperature.An empirical formula for the safe temperature was established for oil-water flow with high water fraction/low fluid production rate.The results can serve as a guide for the safe operation of the non-heating gathering and transportation of crude oil in high water fraction oilfields.

Single Mobile Sink Based Energy Efficiency and Fast Data Gathering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently, the exponential rise in communication system demands has motivated global academia-industry to develop efficient communication technologies to fulfill energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) demands. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) being one of the most efficient technologies possesses immense potential to serve major communication purposes including civil, defense and industrial purposes etc. The inclusion of sensor-mobility with WSN has broadened application horizon. The effectiveness of WSNs can be characterized by its ability to perform efficient data gathering and transmission to the base station for decision process. Clustering based routing scheme has been one of the dominating techniques for WSN systems;however key issues like, cluster formation, selection of the number of clusters and cluster heads, and data transmission decision from sensors to the mobile sink have always been an open research area. In this paper, a robust and energy efficient single mobile sink based WSN data gathering protocol is proposed. Unlike existing approaches, an enhanced centralized clustering model is developed on the basis of expectation-maximization (EEM) concept. Further, it is strengthened by using an optimal cluster count estimation technique that ensures that the number of clusters in the network region doesn’t introduce unwanted energy exhaustion. Meanwhile, the relative distance between sensor node and cluster head as well as mobile sink is used to make transmission (path) decision. Results exhibit that the proposed EEM based clustering with optimal cluster selection and optimal dynamic transmission decision enables higher throughput, fast data gathering, minima delay and energy consumption, and higher

The Relationship between Forestland Soil Fertility and Gathering Firewood in the Zhuxi Watershed in the Red Soil Hilly Region of China

Declining soil fertility has become an increasingly urgent problem and gathering firewood is one of the important contributing factors.Due to the excessive exploitation of natural resources especially for firewood,the red soil hilly region has become one of the most vulnerable eco-environment regions in China.The pressure of gathering firewood on forestland soil fertility in forestland has been generally estimated by geographical information system and questionnaire method in this paper in the Zhuxi watershed of Changting County,Fujian Province,China,a typical representative in the red soil hilly region of China.The results of this study show that：i） Forestland soil fertility is negatively affected by gathering firewood,which is more intensive in the integrated buffer zone than out of zone.The forestland soil fertility grade,OM,total N,available N,total P,available P,total K,available K,pH and ＆lt;2μm clay content are lower and bulk density is higher in the integrated buffer zone than those out.ii） The forestland soil fertility grade,OM,total N,available N,total P,available P,total K,available K,pH and ＆lt;2μm clay content tend to be lower and bulk density tends to be higher in the village buffer zones than those out in Datian,Chenguang and Youfang respectively.iii） The population density,economic development and terrain might be the key driving forces contributing to the relationship between gathering firewood and forestland soil fertility.Higher population density leads to more massive firewood collection and imposes more pressure on forestland soil fertility.Decreasing the use of firewood stove may reduce firewood consumption and thus release the pressure of gathering firewood on forestland soil fertility.Terrain affects the accessibility to gathering firewood thus affects forestland soil fertility.Other driving forces influencing the relationship between gathering firewood and forestland soil fertility should also be taken into account in the further study.

FAILURE ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTIVE GATHERING TUBE UNDER HIGH PRESSURE

A numerical model on stress assessment of a defective elliptic gathering tubeused in the heat recovery boiler of a pyrolyzer is built up. The effect of local defects on thecarrying capacity of the tube is analyzed by using the MSC/NASTRAN finite element code, and thecritical size of defects is obtained. Then, two numerical models of damaged tube with local andintegral reinforcements, respectively, are also calculated. Stress classification and assessmentsare provided by applying the ASME and JB4732-1995 standard. Some guidance and suggestions about thetube reinforcements and the prediction of the remaining life of the structure for engineeringpractice are discussed.

A Power Graded Data Gathering Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks

The data gathering manner of wireless sensor networks, in which data is forwarded towards the sink node, would cause the nodes near the sink node to transmit more data than those far from it. Most data gathering mechanisms nowdo not do well in balancing the energy consumption among nodes with different distances to the sink, thus they can hardly avoid the problem that nodes near the sink consume energy more quickly, which may cause the network rupture from the sink node. This paper presents a data gathering mechanism called PODA, which grades the output power of nodes according to their distances from the sink node. PODA balances energy consumption by setting the nodes near the sink with lower output power and the nodes far from the sink with higher output power. Simulation results show that the PODA mechanism can achieve even energy consumption in the entire network, improve energy efficiency and prolong the network lifetime.

China to Host UN Ecological Gathering

China will host this year’s global World Environment Day celebrations on June 5 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, on the theme of air pollution. Joyce Msuya, acting director of the United Nations Environment Programme, welcomed China’s selection as host.“The country has demonstrated tremendous leadership in tackling air pollution domestically. It can now help spur the world to greater action.” With its growing green energy sector, China has emerged as a climate leader. The country owns half of the world’s electric cars and 99 percent of the world’s electric buses, according to UN.

Technical, Economic and Environmental Evaluation on Mechanical Rice Straw Gathering Method

Rice straw is a rice by-product, which is currently mostly wasted in Vietnam, in particular in the Mekong delta. At present, the cost of straw gathering is increasing because of the increased use of combine harvesters. High labor cost and lack of labor makes manual collection unfeasible. Farmers therefore often just burn it, which causes pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions and loss of opportunities to value add. An economic and environmental evaluation and technical field testing of a straw baler with 4 ha/day capacity was therefore conducted in Long An province. During the field testing data on the gathering capacity, fuel consumption, labor requirement and other cost items were collected. The test results showed that the baling cost is US$19.0 per ton of rice straw, the pay-back period of 2. 1 years and the internal rate of return of 38%. In addition to the baling cost, the transportation cost varies from US$24 for a distance of 100 km to US$32 for 150 km. The benefits of the machine are not only economical but also include the reduction of field burning.

Analysis of the Coupling and Coordination Degree between the Development of Marine Industry and the Gathering of Marine Talents

The development status of China's marine industry in recent years was qualitatively analyzed,and it is found that the scale of China's marine economy continued to expand,and the industrial structure has been continuously optimized.Then,the coupling and coordination degree between the development of marine industry and the gathering of marine talents were analyzed quantitatively,and it is found that the development of marine industry generally promoted the gathering of marine talents,but the promotion of each industry was weak.The influence of the development of marine industry on the gathering of marine talents should be strengthened.It is proposed that the development of marine industry should be promoted from the aspects of strengthening the planning level of industrial development,improving the efficiency of resource allocation,promoting the innovation and development of marine industry,and strengthening the management of marine talents,so as to enhance the influence of marine industry on the gathering of marine talents and form a benign interaction between talents and industry.

A Grand Gathering of Economic & Trade Cooperation—An Impression of the Fifth Asian-Pacific International Trade Fair

In 1985, the Fourth Asian-Pacific International Trade Fair cosponsored by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN), was held in the newly completed China International Exhibition Centre in Beijing with a great success. Nine