AN EFFECTIVE METHOD TO IMPROVE THE WET STRENGTH OF POLY(DIALLYLDIMETHYL-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE)HYDROGELS

New IPN hydrogels composed of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and natural macromolecule, kappa-carrageenan (KC) were prepared by gamma irradiation and their properties were studied, The results show that both the gel strength and the swelling capacity of the IPN hydrogels were enhanced significantly as compared with those of the pure hydrogels of PDADMAC.

A review of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) technology applied in the characterization of polymer gels for petroleum reservoir conformance control

Polymer gel systems have been widely applied to control excessive water and improve oil recovery(IOR)in petroleum reservoirs.They are usually divided into two main types,in-situ cross-linked polymer gels,and pre-formed polymer gels.In recent years,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) technology has been gradually applied to the research of polymer gel systems due to its unique analysis advantages.This paper is intent to review these works systematically.For in-situ cross-linked polymer gel systems,NMR can be used to characterize the chemical structure changes of the polymer,the cross-linker,and the auxiliary agent in the formulation of the polymer gel systems.Moreover,the gelation time and the gel strength of the in-situ cross-linked polymer gel systems can also be measured by NMR.For pre-formed polymer gels,NMR can be employed to detect the chemical structure of the designed products.Last,the NMR method can evaluate the plugging,water control,and oil improvement performance of the polymer gels in porous media without using dopants.This review can help readers build a more systematic understanding of the application of NMR technology in polymer gel systems for IOR and help re searchers to more deeply study the performance of polymer gel systems.

Effect of nano TiO_(2) and SiO_(2) on gelation performance of HPAM/PEI gels for high-temperature reservoir conformance improvement

Nanoparticles have been widely used in polymer gel systems in recent years to improve gelation performance under high-temperature reservoir conditions. However, different types of nanoparticles have different effects on their gelation performance, which has been little researched. In this study, the high-temperature gelation performance, chemical structure, and microstructure of polymer gels prepared from two nanomaterials (i.e., nano-SiO_(2) and nano-TiO_(2)) were measured. The conventional HPAM/PEI polymer gel system was employed as the control sample. Results showed that the addition of nano-TiO_(2) could significantly enhance the gel strength of HPAM/PEI gel at 80 ℃. The gel strength of the enhanced HPAM/PEI gel with 0.1 wt% nano-TiO_(2) could reach grade I. The system also had excellent high-temperature stability at 150 ℃. The enhanced HPAM/PEI gel with 0.02 wt% nano-TiO_(2) reached the maximum gel strength at 150 ℃ with a storage modulus (G′) of 15 Pa, which can meet the need for efficient plugging. However, the nano-SiO_(2) enhanced HPAM/PEI polymer gel system showed weaker gel strength than that with nano-TiO_(2) at both 80 and 150 ℃ with G′ lower than 5 Pa. Microstructures showed that the nano-TiO_(2) enhanced HPAM/PEI gel had denser three-dimensional (3D) mesh structures, which makes the nano-TiO_(2) enhanced HPAM/PEI gel more firmly bound to water. The FT-IR results also confirmed that the chemical structure of the nano-TiO_(2) enhanced HPAM/PEI gel was more thermally stable than nano-SiO_(2) since there was a large amount of –OH groups on the structure surface. Therefore, nano-TiO_(2) was more suitable as the reinforcing material for HPAM/PEI gels for high-temperature petroleum reservoir conformance improvement.

Preparation of sol-gel derived microcrystalline corundum abrasives with hexagonal platelets

The effects of different additives on the mechanical properties, microstructures, and wear behavior of corundum abra- sives were investigated. When the number of additive phases increases, the sintering temperature and wear rate decrease, while the densification and mechanical properties increase. The additive SiO2 is responsible for the development of equiaxed grains, whereas both CaO and MgO promote the development of platelike grains. By controlling the molar ratio of additives, it is pos- sible to obtain different microstructures. With SiO2-MgO-CaO （molar ratio, 2：1：1） as the additives and nano a-Al203 powders as the seed, microcrystalline corundum abrasives with hexagonal platelets were obtained using sol-gel process by sintering at 1300℃ for 0.5 h. The average diameter and thickness of hexagonal platelets are 1.38 μm and 360 nm respectively, the sin- gle-particle compressive strength is 26.44 N, and the wear rate is （3.06±=0.21）× 10^-7 mm^3/（N.m）.

Structure and properties of bone-like-nanohydroxyapatite/gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol composites

Bone-like nanohydroxyapatite powders (b-nanoHA) were synthesized in simulated body fluid (SBF). The b-nanoHA, gelatin (Gel) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) were used to prepare bone-like composites (b-nanoHA/ Gel/PVA) at room temperature. Characterizations of b-nanoHA powders and b-nanoHA/Gel/PVA composites were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Bending strength and compressive strength of the composite were tested. It was found that microstructure of the b-nanoHA powders was whisker shape and its crystalline degree was low similar to natural bone, bending strength and compressive strength of the b-nanoHA/Gel/PVA composite depended on the mixing ratio of HA, Gel and PVA, and also PVA could induce the network formation in the b-nanoHA/Gel/ PVA composite.

Preparation of Rare Earth Doped Alumina Siloxane Gel and Its ER Effect

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was used to wrap alumina siloxane sol through emulsion polymerization. A kind of suspensions with notable ER effect was produced by fully mixing the prepared microcapsule with silicon oil. Meanwhile a series of PMMA wrapped alumina-siloxane gel doped with rare earths was obtained and its ER effect was tested, like viscosity of different rare earth ion doped samples in different powder concentrations and at different temperatures, at the same time, leak current density and dielectric constant were measured. Results show that the ER effect of this suspension is remarkable, and its stability is much better. The condition of emulsion polymerization and the mechanism of effect are discussed.

EFFECTS OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF GEL-SPUN PVA FIBERS

Some noticeable effects of process conditions, such as coagulation bath, solvent extraction, drying shrinkage and ultra-drawing, on the structure and properties of gel-spun PVA fibers are studied and discussed. High strength and high modulus PVA fibers with tensile strength of 11.3 cN / dtex and initial modulus of 430 cN / dtex have been obtained.

蜂蜡添加量对鱼油凝胶宏观性质及微观结构的影响

鱼油富含高营养价值的ω-3型多不饱和脂肪酸,由于其容易氧化,因此不利于产品的生产和加工。油凝胶具有良好的氧化稳定性、保油性、低脂肪的特点,既满足了降低动物脂肪的需求,又提高了产品品质和营养价值,是高营养、低热量的脂肪替代物。以蜂蜡为凝胶剂,沙丁鱼油作为基础油料制备油凝胶,分析蜂蜡添加量对沙丁鱼鱼油凝胶的外观形态、保油率、质构特性、流变性质及微观结构的影响。结果表明:蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶为β′晶型,添加蜂蜡促使晶体结构的形成,也提高了蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶的保油率、硬度、凝胶强度,且蜂蜡添加量为8%及以上时保油率达到99%。G′不随频率的变化而发生改变,说明蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶是一种强凝胶,静态流变学图像显示该凝胶出现剪切稀化现象。蜂蜡添加量在6%~10%时,蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶与猪油的质构特性与流变行为相似,研究结果为鱼油凝胶替代猪油提供了理论支持。

三聚氰胺改性对木质素酚醛树脂胶合性能的影响

【目的】通过三聚氰胺对木质素酚醛树脂(LPF)改性,提高LPF的胶合性能,降低固化温度,为人造板的绿色生产和节能降耗提供新思路。【方法】对比三聚氰胺与(苯酚+木质素)、三聚氰胺/(苯酚+木质素)与甲醛不同摩尔比对三聚氰胺改性木质素酚醛树脂(MLPF)的性能影响,得到MLPF的最佳合成条件。并与相同酚醛比和木质素取代率的酚醛树脂(PF)和LPF进行性能对比,利用FTIR和DSC对PF、LPF和MLPF的结构和固化温度进行比较分析。【结果】当三聚氰胺与(苯酚+木质素)的摩尔比为4∶6、三聚氰胺/(苯酚+木质素)与甲醛的摩尔比为1∶2时,MLPF的凝胶时间最短,为318.62 s,所压制的MLPF胶合板干、湿胶合强度为2.04和1.43 MPa,甲醛释放量为0.088 mg/m^(3),且与PF和LPF胶合板相比MLPF的胶合强度更高,满足GB/T14732—2017和GB/T 9846—2015国家标准性能要求。FTIR结果显示,相较于PF和LPF,MLPF在3 327 cm^(-1)和3 214 cm^(-1)处拥有属于-OH和-N-H的双峰,在1 079 cm^(-1)和1 036 cm^(-1)处出现的N-C-N特征峰以及在809 cm^(-1)处属于三嗪环面外震动的吸收峰,都证明了三聚氰胺经过羟甲基化并参与到MLPF的合成中。DSC结果显示,经过三聚氰胺改性后的MLPF放热峰值温度出现在140℃,其固化温度相较于LPF和PF分别降低了17.16%和22.22%。【结论】三聚氰胺的加入使得MLPF的凝胶时间更短,固化温度更低,MLPF胶合板的性能相较于LPF无论是胶合强度还是耐水性均有明显提升。

基于水合物层骨架重构的低温早强胶凝材料

针对于天然气水合物能源试采过程中出砂导致试采作业被迫终止的问题,在水合物第2次试采工作经验和层内加固、防砂理论的基础上,进行了水合物层骨架重构的低温早强胶凝材料体系构建研究。该研究对比了嘉华G级、超细水泥和早强水泥的低温早期强度和长期长度、粒径分布,基于满足层内加固骨架重构孔隙尺寸,进行了低温早强胶凝材料组分设计,以水泥浆流动度、早强性及成本为目标,尽可能提高固结体的早期强度,为后续增渗提供更多强度下降空间。通过研究超细油井水泥与嘉华G级水泥的配比、早强剂优选及加量优化,构建出了低温早强胶凝材料体系,该体系在15℃水浴下24 h抗压强度可达到12.86 MPa,具有良好的流动性、稠化时间和失水可控性,相较于文献的低温早强水泥浆体系具有更好的增渗高强特性。该研究为后续研究水合物层内骨架重构高渗透、高强度的工作液体系奠定了材料基础。

溶胶-凝胶SiO_(2)减反膜的制备与光学性能研究

碱催化溶胶-凝胶多孔SiO_(2)减反膜具有优异的光学性能及抗激光损伤性能,是高功率激光装置中的重要组成部分,但其与光学元件之间的结合强度低,使得膜层易发生接触破坏。本研究以“神光II”高功率激光装置溶胶-凝胶多孔SiO_(2)减反膜为基础,通过提拉法在其表层涂覆致密的SiO_(2)薄层后得到机械强度提升的双层SiO_(2)减反膜(SiO_(2)-MTES),并与常用的单层氨固化SiO_(2)减反膜(SiO_(2)-HMDS)进行相关应用性能的综合比较。结果表明,涂覆SiO_(2)-MTES的熔石英在约800 nm处的峰值透过率大于99.6%,运用1-on-1激光损伤阈值测试方法测得该双层SiO_(2)减反膜的零几率激光损伤阈值为51.9 J/cm^(2)(1064 nm,9.1 ns),与涂覆SiO_(2)-HMDS的性能相当。同时,SiO_(2)-MTES膜层与水的接触角达到117.3°,且在相对湿度大于90%的高湿环境中膜层的透过率较稳定。多次擦拭实验结果表明SiO_(2)-MTES的耐摩擦机械强度明显优于SiO_(2)-HMDS,有效提升了膜层与光学元件之间的结合强度。

稠油热采用耐温高强度凝胶研制与性能评价

针对目前多轮次稠油热采油藏普遍存在井间汽窜的问题,制备了含有丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸钠(AANa)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(AMPSNa)结构单元的速溶耐盐聚合物。该聚合物与酚醛-有机铝复合交联剂发生交联反应,可形成耐温高强度凝胶,实现在稠油热采环境下对汽窜通道的长效封堵。主要利用流变学方法研究了不同交联剂体系对凝胶体系成胶的影响规律,并对现场适应性能进行了评价。结果表明,AM/AANa/AMPSNa聚合物在矿化度<25000 mg·L^(-1)的污水中30分钟完全溶解,无结块,具有良好的溶解性能;与酚醛-有机铝形成的耐温高强度凝胶体系可在油藏温度60~90℃下成胶,在温度150℃,矿化度<25000 mg·L^(-1)时,30天脱水率小于10%。该凝胶在现场应用中污水适应性好,表现出优异的长期稳定性。

低浓度乙醇对魔芋葡甘聚糖理化特性及其结构影响的研究

为探究在低浓度乙醇下魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjac glucomannan,KGM)的性能和结构变化,拓宽其在食品领域的应用,以粗制魔芋葡甘聚糖为对象,研究其在低浓度乙醇纯化下的凝胶强度、黏度和结构的变化。结果表明,随着乙醇浓度增加和洗脱时间的延长,凝胶强度和黏度都呈现先上升后降低的趋势;随着洗脱次数的增加,凝胶强度和黏度呈现上升趋势。乙醇浓度33%(体积分数)纯化粗制魔芋葡甘聚糖30 min,洗脱2次后,与未经纯化处理KGM相比,凝胶强度和黏度分别显著提升了28.6%和34.7%。根据结构表征可知,粗制魔芋葡甘聚糖经过低浓度乙醇处理后,分子间氢键作用力增强,相对结晶度增高,局部形成有序的短程结构;同时平均粒径变化幅度不大,大小约为270.4μm;且KGM表面所含杂质减少,呈现规则的层状和褶皱分布。因此,通过调控低浓度乙醇纯化条件,可制得适应不同加工需求的KGM。

离子强度对乳清蛋白-透明质酸乳液凝胶结构和流变性能的影响

文章旨在探究不同浓度Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)对于乳清分离蛋白-透明质酸乳液凝胶结构和流变性能的影响。制备乳清分离蛋白-透明质酸复合物溶液,向其中分别加入不同浓度(25、50、100、200 mmol/L)的NaCl、CaCl2制成乳液凝胶;利用粒径电位、内源荧光测定溶液性质。通过测定乳液凝胶质构、持水性、流变性,激光共聚焦显微镜观察乳液凝胶网络结构。结果表明,加入离子使乳液凝胶具有更好的质构、流变性能、持水性和更均匀更紧凑的网络结构,提高了乳液凝胶稳定性。Na^(+)浓度为50 mmol/L时,溶液电位绝对值最高,凝胶质构、流变性能、持水性较好,此时乳液凝胶有良好的网络结构。Ca^(2+)浓度为50 mmol/L时,乳液凝胶质构性能最好、保水能力最强,有良好的乳液凝胶网络结构。为乳清蛋白基乳液凝胶的凝胶特性调控提供了技术支撑。

超声、红外耦合热风干制可得然胶传质模型构建及品质分析

目的:采用超声、红外耦合热风干制可得然胶,探究多物理场下可得然胶干制机制和品质变化,开发可得然胶绿色干制技术。方法:以可得然胶湿胶为材料,采用单独热风、超声耦合热风、单独红外、红外耦合热风四种技术干制可得然胶,构建含温度变化的传质模型,分析理化品质。结果:单独热风干制可得然胶需40 min,超声耦合热风干制、单独红外干制以及红外耦合热风干制的时间分别缩短至36、26、22 min。构建耦合温度变化的传质模型可较准确预测干制过程中可得然胶内部水分变化,红外耦合热风处理下可得然胶内部水分扩散系数范围为9.79×10^(-9)~9.81×10^(-9) m^(2)/s,表面传质系数为4.69×10^(-2) kg water/(m^(2)·s),均高于其他处理组,其次为单独红外干制、超声耦合热风干制、单独热风干制。四种方法干制的可得然胶凝胶强度、葡萄糖含量、表面化学功能团、晶体结构、热稳定性接近。结论:综合考虑可得然胶干制效率、品质,与单独热风和超声耦合热风相比,红外干制是一种高效的可得然胶干制方法。

新型油井水泥用纳米基促凝早强剂

针对传统油井水泥促凝剂存在的腐蚀套管、增稠及早强作用较弱等问题,根据结构设计,通过溶液法合成了一种新型纳米基促凝早强剂A-1,并对其综合性能及作用机理进行了研究探讨。实验表明,该纳米基促凝早强剂在改善水泥浆流变的同时可显著缩短中低温下水泥浆的稠化时间,明显加快水泥石强度发展,稠化时间之比可达0.33,起强度时间可缩短50%,6 h抗压强度可达净浆的5倍以上,后期强度提高率仍可达29%。此外,该纳米基促凝早强剂还可明显缩短水泥浆静胶凝过渡时间,表现出良好的防窜作用。微观分析表明,该纳米基促凝早强剂可通过成核模板效应改变水泥石微观形貌,加速水泥石水化,使水泥石更加致密,从而改善水泥石力学性能。

植物乳植杆菌通过抑制蛋白水解改善罗非鱼发酵鱼糜凝胶强度

利用微生物发酵能有效改善淡水鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度。罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度低且在加工过程中易出现凝胶劣化。为开发高品质的罗非鱼发酵鱼糜制品,以植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)为发酵菌株,探究了加菌发酵对罗非鱼发酵鱼糜凝胶强度的影响。结果表明,加菌发酵能够显著改善罗非鱼发酵鱼糜的凝胶强度,降低大部分游离氨基酸以及总氨基酸的含量。采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术研究加菌发酵对罗非鱼发酵鱼糜中微生物菌群的影响,结果显示,加菌发酵鱼糜中乳植杆菌属一直为优势菌属,到发酵末期增至63.71%,而其他腐败微生物菌属的丰度显著下降,同时菌落总数明显低于自然发酵鱼糜。构建了不同发酵时期的相关性网络图,结果表明在整个发酵期凝胶强度与菌落总数和总氨基酸含量呈显著负相关,仅乳植杆菌属与菌落总数和总氨基酸含量呈显著负相关,而与凝胶强度呈显著正相关。研究表明,植物乳植杆菌可以通过抑制腐败微生物的生长以及对蛋白质的水解作用来改善罗非鱼发酵鱼糜的凝胶强度。植物乳植杆菌可以作为专用发酵剂开发高品质罗非鱼鱼糜发酵制品。

海鲜菇对虾滑制品品质特性的影响

为研发出最佳的海鲜菇虾滑配方,根据海鲜菇虾滑制作的主要原料,以色差、质构、感官评分作为品质指标,探讨不同颗粒度、不同海鲜菇、淀粉、蛋清添加量对海鲜菇虾糜凝胶、虾滑的影响,制作出品质优良的海鲜菇虾滑。结果表明:匀浆颗粒的海鲜菇和虾滑可以较好融合,其虾滑白度较高;海鲜菇添加量为7%,虾糜凝胶及虾滑的a*值、凝胶强度、破裂力等达到最大值;淀粉添加量为5%,虾滑白度达到最大值,淀粉添加量过多有明显粉感,感官评分骤降;蛋清添加量为3%,虾滑白度、a*、凝胶强度均达到最大。正交试验优化得到最佳的海鲜菇虾滑配方为:7%海鲜菇匀浆、7.5%淀粉、3%蛋清。经营养成分分析,相比未添加海鲜菇的虾滑,此配方下海鲜菇虾滑的还原糖、膳食纤维、钠含量得到了显著提升(P<0.05)。

不同类型多糖对羊皮明胶凝胶性质及结构的影响

为探究2种不同类型的多糖对羊皮明胶凝胶特性和结构的影响,利用卡拉胶与魔芋胶复配,银耳多糖作为安全性改性剂,研究羊皮明胶凝胶强度、质构、色泽、熔化温度及结构的变化。结果表明,卡拉胶与魔芋胶复配可显著提高羊皮明胶凝胶的凝胶强度和质构特性,在复配胶质量比为2∶1时,凝胶强度和硬度最大,分别为(625.75±5.28)g、(172.26±0.5)g。同时,熔化温度提高至30℃以上。加入银耳多糖后,增强了复合凝胶的粘连性。L^(*)值无显著变化,而a^(*)值和b^(*)值显著提高。红外光谱图表明,亲水胶体减少了明胶凝胶分子内氢键的形成。添加银耳多糖使羰基向高波数移动。加入多糖后羊皮明胶衍射峰逐渐变得平坦,三股螺旋和左螺旋的生成被破坏。扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)结果表明添加适量多糖后,改善了复合凝胶的网络结构,使得网络结构更加均匀致密。综上所述,卡拉胶与魔芋胶复配主要改善羊皮明胶的质构特性和熔化温度,银耳多糖主要影响明胶凝胶的色泽和粘连性、回弹力。2种多糖都对羊皮明胶的特性产生了积极的影响,这可为以后羊皮明胶在食品上的应用提供理论依据和技术指导。