人源蓝氏贾第虫(Giardia lamblia)病毒部分基因的克隆及序列分析

目的 从我国蓝氏贾第虫 (Giardialamblia)中寻找贾第虫病毒。方法 对人源贾第鞭毛虫北京株进行了体外纯培养 ,将其总核酸电泳 ,并用DNA酶和RNA酶处理。根据已发表的蓝氏贾第虫病毒基因序列合成一对引物并进行RT PCR ,将产物回收后连接到Pmd18 T载体上进行克隆并测序 ,通过BLAST对GenBank进行同源性搜索。结果 在贾第虫总核酸电泳图谱上观察到一个分子量约 7 0kb的片段。该核酸不能被DNA酶 (10 0 μg/ml)降解。但可被RNA酶 (10 μg/ml)降解。经RT PCR扩增后得到 1条预计 85 6bp的片段 ,所得序列与蓝氏贾第虫病毒基因同源性为 98%。结论 在我国人源贾第鞭毛虫北京株中发现贾第虫病毒 。

Infectious causation of chronic disease:Examining the relationship between Giardia lamblia infection and irritable bowel syndrome

AIM: To evaluate whether a higher prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection is associated with an increase in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) prescriptions at the county level in Michigan. METHODS: The Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) was used to ascertain both the numbers of Giardia lamblia infections as well as the total number of foodborne illnesses per population by county in Michigan during 2005. This was compared with Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) of Michigan numbers of drug prescriptions for IBS per one thousand members per county in 2005. These data were also analyzed for associations with per capita income by county and the number of refugees entering each county in 2005. RESULTS: There were a total of 786 confirmed cases of Giardia lamblia reported to MDSS in 2005. During the same time period, the number of prescriptions for IBS varied from 0.5 per 1000 members up to 6.0 per 1000 members per month. There was no trend towards higher numbers of IBS prescriptions in the counties with more Giardia lamblia infections. Per capita income was not associated with either IBS prescriptions or Giardiasis. There was a significant linear association between the number of refugees entering each county, and the number of Giardia lamblia cases per 100 000 population. CONCLUSION: In this ecological study, there was no association found between BCBS prescriptions for IBS and Giardia lamblia infections in Michigan counties. Our findings may have been influenced by the disparate number of refugees admitted per county.

Identification, characteristic and phylogenetic analysis of type II DNA topoisomerase gene in Giardia lamblia

The genes encoding type II DNA topoisomerases were investigated in Giardia lamblia genome, and a type IIA gene,GlTop 2 was identified. It is a single copy gene with a 4476 bp long ORF without intron. The deduced amino acid sequence shows strong homology to eukaryotic DNA Top 2. However, some distortions were found, such as six insertions in the ATPase domain and the central domain, a -100 aa longer central domain; a ~200 aa shorter C-terminal domain containing rich charged residues. These features revealed by comparing with Top 2 of the host, human, might be helpful in exploiting drug selectivity for antigiardial therapy. Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic enzymes showed that kinetoplastids, plants, fungi, and animals were monophyletic groups, and the animal and fungi lineages shared a more recent common ancestor than either did with the plant lineage; microsporidia grouped with fungi. However, unlike many previous phylogenetic analyses, the ''amitochondriate'' G. lamblia was not the earliest branch but diverged after mitochondriate kinetoplastids in our trees. Both the finding of typical eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerase and the phylogenetic analysis suggest G, lamblia is not possibly as primitive as was regarded before and might diverge after the acquisition of mitochondria. This is consistent with the recent discovery of mitochondrial remnant organelles in G. lamblia.

The detection of nuclear matrix in most primitive presentexisting eukaryote, Giardia lamblia

The nuclear matrix of diplomonad Giardia lamblia was detected for the first time with DGD embedmentsectioning- embedment free electron microscopy after a series of specific extractions. The result showed that archaezoa Giardia lamblia already possessed nuclear matrix within its two nuclei. The finest fibrils of the nuclear matrix of Giardia lamblia were measured to be about 11 to 13 nm in thickness. However, the nuclear lamina and nucleolus have never been observed. These results seem to suggest that nuclear matrix is an indispensable intranuclear structural component even in the primitive nucleus.

In vivo study of pomegranate(Punica granatum) peel extract efficacy against Giardia lamblia in infected experimental mice

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of pomegranate(Punica granatum) peel extract as an alternative treatment on the white laboratory mice against giardiasis.Methods: Experimental animals were divided into five groups, including Group A:control(infected untreated), Group B: infected and fed with pectin 7 days before infection, Group C: infected and fed with pectin starting from 7th day of infection,Group D: infected and fed with pomegranate peel extract 7 days before infection, and Group E: infected and fed with pomegranate peel extract starting from 7th day of infection.Results: Results from this study revealed that the prevention rate in the experimental groups reached approximately 50% by the 10 th day of using pomegranate peel extract.Moreover, stool cyst counts of groups showed a significant reduction in the shedding of cysts approximately 75.6% by day 20 post-infection. ELISA test showed a reduction in Giardia antigen in the stools of the experimental groups which received pomegranate peel extract. The cure rate of these groups was approximately 97.4% by 28 th day of infection.Conclusions: Our present findings indicated that the pomegranate peel extract proved to be valuable in prevention and treatment of Giardia lamblia infection. Further studies are required to determine the effective dose of pomegranate peel extract against Giardia lamblia infection.

Construction and characterization of a full-lengh cDNA library from non-fresh Giardia lamblia

Objective:To construct rapidly a full-length cDNA library from nanogram amounts total RIMA of Giardia lamblia(G.lamblia) trophozoites stocked in RNA stabilization reagent.Methods:Total RNA of Giardia was extracted using Trizol reagent.A full-length cDNA library of G.lamblia trophozoites was constructed by a long-distance PCR(LD-PCR) method.The recombinant rate and the coverage rate of full-length clones of the library were evaluated.The inserted fragments were identified and sequenced by PCR amplification.Results:The titer of cDNA library was 3.85×10~7 pfu/mL.The length of inserted fragments ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 kb,and the recombination efficiency accounted for 100%(20/20).The coverage rate of full-length clones is high(17/20). Conclusions:The RNA stabilization reagent may be used to fix the cells and prevent the RNA in cells even though delivered under normal atmospheric temperature.The long-distance PCR can be used to construct a full-length cDNA library rapidly and it needs less RNA than the traditional method from mRNA.

Human leukocyte antigen class-Ⅱ DRB1 alleles and Giardia lamblia infection in children: A case-control study

Objective:To compare the genotype frequencies of HLA class-ⅡDRB1 alleles in Giardia(G.)lamblia-infected children.Methods:A total of 490 Egyptian children aged 2-16 years were subjected to microscopic stool examination to detect G.lamblia infection,and to exclude other intestinal pathogens.On the basis of their microscopic findings,a group of 80 children were chosen as giardiasis cases,another 80 children were confirmed as Giardia free control group by immunochromatographic test,and the remaining children were excluded.Both giardiasis and control groups were then subjected to blood examination to identify their genetic type of HLA-DRB1 alleles.Results:HLA class-ⅡDRB1*03:01 and DRB1*13:01 alleles were significantly associated with G.lamblia infection(P<0.001 for each variable).On the other hand,HLA class-ⅡDRB1*04:02,DRB1*10:01,DRB1*14:01 and DRB1*15:01 alleles were significantly demonstrated in Giardia free children.However,other HLA-DRB1 alleles did not show any significant association with giardiasis.Conclusions:HLA class-ⅡDRB1*03,DRB1*13,DRB1*04,DRB1*10,DRB1*14 and DRB1*15 alleles may be involved in the establishment of host immune response to G.lamblia infection.

Effect of <i>Commiphora molmol</i>(Myrrh) Extract on Mice Infected by <i>Giardia lamblia</i>

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of (Commiphora molmol(Myrrh)) extract as alternative treatment in hamsters against giardiasis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the new compound (Commiphora molmol(Myrrh)), as agent a natural product extracted from the roots of Zingiber officinal, on Giardia lamblia infection as anti-protozoal and to study the parasitological and Histopathological impact of this treatment on the duodenal mucosa of infected hamsters. Fifty hamsters were divided into five groups: Group (A): normal control. Group (B): Giardia lamblia infected and untreated hamsters served as control. Group (C): infected with Giardia lamblia and treated with metronidazole in dose (120 μg/kg body weight twice daily for 7 successive days). Group (D) Giardia lamblia infected and orally treated with Myrrh (500 mg/Kg for 1 week). Group (E): Giardia lamblia infected and orally treated with combination 1/3 dose of (120 μg/kg body weight) metronidazole and Myrrh (250 mg/Kg) for 1 week). After 2 weeks of the treatment, hamsters were sacrificed. The highest percentages of reduction in the number of Giardia lamblia cysts and trophozoites were in the group receiving combined metronidazole and myrrh. Histopathological examination revealed complete healing of intestinal mucosa after the combined treatment, while partial healing of the lining epithelium of the intestine was noticed after metronidazole and either myrrh plant treatment.

Prevalence of Two Gastrointestinal Parasites <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>and <i>Giardia lamblia</i>within Samarra City, Iraq

The prevalence of two gastrointestinal parasites the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia parasites and their impact on some blood parameters, i.e. packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb%) and total protein (TP) of a total 780 patients (children and adults) admitted to Samarra General Hospital were assessed. Samples of fresh feces were collected in normal physiological saline and examined using Olympic microscopes. The frequency of the parasite E. histolytica was 12.8% (46.3% male and 53.6% female). The highest frequency of infection of E. histolytica (13.8%) was found at age group (1 - 5 years old) followed by <1 year old children while the lowest (7.4%) was at ages (>41 years old). The highest rate of infection (33.9%) was found in September and the lowest (2.2%) in January. Similarly, the general infection frequency of the parasite G. lamblia was 3.9% with the highest rate at ages 1 - 20 years old and the lowest rate was 7.3% for >50 years old. The monthly, highest rate of infection (5.2%) was in August and least (2.2%) in January (2.2%). The frequency of total protein (TPD) in the blood relevant to the presence of parasite E. histolytica and G. lamblia was 4.6% and 1%, respectively. It is concluded that the above two parasites are the most common gastrointestinal parasite in Iraq whose pathogenesis to be which is likely to escalate during the summer seasons and at low hygienic services environment. There has been an irrelevance neither to anemia nor total protein deficiency. It is recommended that Ministry of Health in Iraq should not share the global idea of defining the giardiasis as a neglected disease.

The intraspecific difference of the triose phosphate isomerase (tim) gene from Giardia lamblia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the intraspecific difference of the triose phosphate isomerase (tim) gene from Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia). METHODS: Total genomic DNA of G. lamblia was extracted and partial fragments of the triose phosphate isomerase (tim) gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All nucleotide sequences were analyzed by using a phylogenetic analysis, which was constructed with parsimony and Neighbor-joining (N-J) methods. RESULTS: A total of 124 variable sites (23% of all sequences detected) was defined, most of which were found at the silent sites of codons. Two similar phylogenetic trees were constructed, subdividing 16 Giardia isolates into two groups. CONCLUSION: The genetic diversity of G. lamblia appeared to be little affected by factors of both host and geography, while natural-selection played an important role in DNA molecular evolution level of the tim gene. The tim gene may be considered a very useful genetic marker of the population genetic structure of G. lamblia.

DNA sequence analysis of the triose phosphate isomerase gene from isolates of Giardia lamblia

Objective To confirm the genetic relation between Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) isolates from different geographic regions of China and other countries.Methods Genomic DNA were extracted from the trophozoites or cysts of Giardia lamblia. The triose phosphate isomerase (tim) gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. PCR products were digested with endonuclease and sequenced. The data of sequencing were analyzed with the DNAstar software and compared with that of the isolates acquired from GenBank.Results Of nine isolates of Giardia lamblia from China (C1, C2, CH2 and CH3), Cambodia (CAM), Australia (A1 and A2) and America (BP and CDC), respectively, 3 (A1, A2 and CAM) fit into Group 1 (WB), 2 (CH2 and CH3)) into Group 2, and 4 (C1, C2, BP and CDC) into Group 3 (GS). The results confirmed the genetic relatedness of G. lamblia isolates from all over the world.Conclusion Genotyping isolates of G. Lamblia provides important information for establishing the phylogenetic relationship or for the epidemiological evaluation of the spreading of this organism.

Presence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in water samples from Southeast Asia: towards an integrated water detection system

Background:Access to clean and safe drinking water that is free from pathogenic protozoan parasites,especially Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia that cause gastrointestinal illness in humans,is still an issue in Southeast Asia(SEA).This study is the first attempt to detect the aforementioned protozoan parasites in water samples from countries in SEA,using real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)assays.Methods:A total of 221 water samples of 10 l each were collected between April and October 2013 from Malaysia(53),Thailand(120),the Philippines(33),and Vietnam(15).A physicochemical analysis was conducted.The water samples were processed in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s methods 1622/1623.1,microscopically observed and subsequently screened using qPCR assays.Results:Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in treated water samples from the Philippines(1/10),with a concentration of 0.06±0.19 oocyst/L,and untreated water samples from Thailand(25/93),Malaysia(17/44),and the Philippines(11/23),with concentrations ranging from 0.13±0.18 to 0.57±1.41 oocyst/L.Giardia cysts were found in treated water samples from the Philippines(1/10),with a concentration of 0.02±0.06 cyst/L,and in untreated water samples from Thailand(20/93),Vietnam(5/10),Malaysia(22/44),and the Philippines(16/23),with concentrations ranging from 0.12±0.3 to 8.90±19.65 cyst/L.The pathogens C.parvum and G.lamblia were detected using using qPCR assays by targeting the 138-bp fragment and the small subunit gene,respectively.C.parvum was detected in untreated water samples from the Philippines(1/23)and Malaysia(2/44),whilst,G.lamblia detected was detected in treated water samples from the Philippines(1/10)and in untreated water samples from Thailand(21/93),Malaysia(12/44),and the Philippines(17/23).Nitrate concentration was found to have a high positive correlation with(oo)cyst(0.993).Conclusion:The presence of(oo)cysts in the water samples means that there is potential risk for zoonotic disease transmission in the studied countries.Detection using qPCR is feasible for quantifying both pathogenic C.parvum and G.lamblia in large water samples.

Structural and evolutionary characteristics of pyruvate phosphate dikinase in Giardia lamblia and other amitochondriate protozoa

Background Pyruvate phosphate dikinase （PPDK） reversibly catalyzes the interconversion of phosphoenolpyruvate （PEP） and pyruvic acid,leading to catabolism and adenosine triphosphate （ATP） synthesis or gluconeogenesis and ATP consumption.Molecular modeling of PPDKs from divergent organisms demonstrates that the orientation of the phosphorylatable histidine residue within the central domain of PPDK determines whether this enzyme promotes catabolism or gluconeogenesis.The goal of this study was to determine whether PDDK from Giardia underwent adaptive evolution in order to produce more energy under anaerobic conditions.Methods A total of 123 PPDK sequences from protozoans,proteobacteria,plants,and algae were selected,based upon sequence similarities to Giardia lamblia PPDK and Zea mays PPDK.Three-dimensional （3-D） models were generated for PPDKs from divergent organisms and were used to compare the orientation of the phosphorylatable histidine residue within the central domain of PPDKs.These PPDKs were compared using a maximum-likelihood tree.Results For PPDK from Giardia,as well as from other anaerobic protozoans,the central domain tilted toward the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain,indicating that this enzyme catalyzed ATP synthesis.Furthermore,the orientation of this central domain was determined by interactions between the N-and C-terminal domains.Phylogenetic analysis of the N-and C-terminal sequences of PPDKs from different species suggested that PPDK has likely undergone adaptive evolution in response to differences in environmental and metabolic conditions.Conclusion These results suggested that PPDK in anaerobic organisms is functionally adapted to generate energy more efficiently in an anaerobic environment.

Identification and evolution-ary implication of four novel box H/ACA snoRNAs from Giardia lamblia

From a specialized cDNA library, four novel box H/ACA snoRNAs, named GLsR22, GLsR23, GLsR24 and GLsR25, were identified from the primitive eukaryote, Giardia lamblia. Bioinformat- ics analyses indicated that all of them can be poten- tially folded into double hairpins, the typical secon- dary structures of box H/ACA snoRNAs. GLsR24 and GLsR25 are predicted to guide the site-specific pseudouridylation at U1753 and U2396 on 23S rRNA, respectively, while GLsR22 and GLsR23 belong to the family of “orphan” snoRNAs. All of the four novel snoRNAs are encoded by single copy genes and located in small intergenic regions. Interestingly, compared with the counterparts previously reported in Archaea and other unicellular protozoan, the box H/ACA snoRNAs identified from G. lamblia have unique structural features, implying that snoRNAs evolved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes in different ways.

Introducing nitazoxanide as a promising alternative treatment for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis in clinical isolates

Objective:To identify the frequencies(F) of ferredoxin and nitroreductase mutations were identified on Iranian clinical isolates of Giardia lamblia in order to predict whether the nitazoxanide can be prescribed as suitable drug for symptomatic to metronidazoleresistant giardiasis.Methods:Forty Giardia lamblia isolates as of 38 symptomatic and two metronidazole-resistant patients were collected from Iran.DNAs were extracted and amplified by targeting ferredoxin and Gl NR genes.The amplicons were directly sequenced to determine gene mutations.Results:The various amino acid substitutions(F:20%,Haplotype diversity:0.891,Tajima's D:-0.44013) were identified by analyzing ferredoxin gene in four symptomatic and two resistant isolates.Only,two haplotypes(F:5%,HD:0.345; Tajima's D:0.77815) characterized in metronidazole-resistant isolates of Gl NR,however,no point mutations was found in symptomatic isolates.Conclusions:Non-synonymous mutations of ferredoxin oxidoreductase gene reduce translational regulatory protein's binding affinity which concludes reduction of ferredoxin expression and its activity.This leads to decrease in metronidazole drug delivery into the cells.Mutations in these isolates may lead to their resistance to metronidazole.No to low synonymous mutations of Gl NR demonstrates that nitazoxanide can be prescribed as promising alternative treatment for symptomatic to metronidazole-resistant giardiasis in Iranian clinical isolates.

内蒙古某奶牛场两种致犊牛腹泻原虫的鉴定及遗传进化分析

为明确内蒙古某规模化奶牛养殖场腹泻犊牛寄生虫性病原的感染情况及其分子学特性,采集该养殖场18头发生腹泻犊牛的新鲜粪便样品。通过形态学方法并结合分子生物学方法对样品中隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium)和蓝氏贾第虫(Giardia lamblia)进行分离鉴定和感染情况统计分析。形态学检查结果表明,18份粪便样品中隐孢子虫感染率为5.56%(1/18),蓝氏贾第虫感染率为72.22%(13/18)。进一步对18份粪便样品提取DNA,并基于SSU rRNA和BG基因位点分别对隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第虫进行PCR扩增、序列比对和遗传进化分析。电泳检测结果显示,显微镜检测阳性粪便样品均在830 bp和511 bp处出现目的扩增条带。同时,序列比对及遗传进化分析也表明,所分离到的隐孢子虫与来自于不同国家和地区的牛隐孢子虫(C.bovis)在SSU rRNA基因位点上具有100%序列同源性,因此被归于同一个进化分支,而所分离的蓝氏贾第虫在BG基因位点上与集聚体E参考分离株的序列同源性高达99.78%以上,提示其属于集聚体E。通过形态学和分子学方法明确了牛隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第虫是该奶牛场主要致犊牛腹泻的寄生虫性病原,此结果可为该地区犊牛腹泻的防治提供理论依据。

上海市饮用水和环境水中隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫污染状况调查

目的了解上海市饮用水、水源水和环境水中隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫污染情况。方法通过抽滤、淘洗、离心浓缩、磁抗体分离和免疫荧光染色等技术检测饮用水、水源水和环境水。结果采集上海市16个区出厂水(32份)、管网水(38份)和小区直饮水(86份)等水样156份,均未检出隐孢子虫卵囊和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫包囊;采集5个区自来水厂水源水(15份)、黄浦江原水(25份)、动物饲养场周边河水(15份)、污水处理厂出水(9份)和生活污水(6份)等水样70份,隐孢子虫卵囊检出率分别为1份(6.7%)、2份(8.0%)、7份(46.7%)、1份(11.1%)和1份(16.7%),蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫包囊检出率分别为1份(6.7%)、3份(12.0%)、6份(40.0%)、2份(22.2%)和2份(33.3%),隐孢子虫卵囊总检出率为17.1%(12/70),蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫包囊总检出率为20.0%(14/70)。结论上海市饮用水中未检出隐孢子虫卵囊和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫包囊,但在水源水和环境水中检出,应加强自来水厂水源水的监测。

双氢青蒿素对体外蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的损伤

目的探讨双氢青蒿素(DHA)对蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的损伤作用。方法用含不同浓度DHA的TYI-S-33培养基培养蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫滋养体。分别在光镜和电镜下观察药物作用后虫体的形态结构变化。结果随着药物作用时间延长和浓度的增加,虫体死亡率增高。在同一时间内随着药物浓度的增高,虫体死亡率升高(P<0.01)。DHA浓度为100μg/ml,作用12h,虫体死亡率为46.6%,浓度增至200μg/ml时,虫体死亡率为100%;同一药物浓度随着作用时间延长,虫体死亡率也升高(P<0.05),当浓度为100μg/ml,作用12h,虫体死亡率为46.6%,作用24h死亡率增至100%。药物作用后24、48和72h光镜下观察结果显示,虫体变形、肿胀、出现空泡、失去正常的瓢形运动能力;鞭毛摆动迟缓或停止运动。电镜下观察,见虫体变形、肿胀、细胞膜崩解、脱落,表面出现胞质突起;细胞质内核糖体溶解,出现空泡;吸器失去凹状结构,隆起变成大泡;核染色质稀疏,核周间隙变宽,并出现异形核。结论DHA对蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的质膜及细胞骨架有较强的损伤作用。

宠物犬蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫感染的分子检测

目的了解皖浙两省部分城镇地区宠物犬蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫感染情况,及聚集体类型或虫种。方法在安徽多地和浙江杭州共采集315份新鲜宠物犬粪样,分别采用基于蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)基因的半巢式PCR和隐孢子虫核糖体小亚基(SSU r RNA)基因的巢式PCR方法对所有粪样进行扩增,并对获得的阳性扩增产物进行测序和生物信息学分析,确定蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的聚集体和隐孢子虫的虫种类型。结果 315份犬粪样中,蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的阳性率分别为3.2%(10/315)和1.6%(5/315)。幼龄犬(≤12个月)蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫阳性率(17.8%)和隐孢子虫阳性率(11.1%)均显著高于成年犬(0.7%和0)(P<0.05)。雌性犬和雄性犬蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。发现蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫两种聚集体类型,即聚集体B(n=6)和聚集体D(n=4)。从5份阳性犬粪中分离的隐孢子虫经巢式PCR SSU r RNA基因检测,均为犬隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium canis)。结论皖浙两省部分地区宠物犬蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和犬隐孢子虫的阳性率分别为3.2%和1.6%。发现的蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫聚集体类型为聚集体B和聚集体D。

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫检测技术研究进展

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫是一种分布广、危害严重的水源性人兽共患的寄生虫原虫,可致人和动物严重腹泻。由于其种类繁多,易传染,传播快,对公共卫生安全造成严重威胁。传统的贾第鞭毛虫检测方法主要为粪便样本的显微镜检查。随着免疫学和现代分子生物学的不断发展,很多分子生物学检测技术不断涌现,并成功应用到对贾第鞭毛虫的快速检测。论文就近年来贾第鞭毛虫的检测技术进展情况进行综述。