丛枝菌根真菌分类最新进展

近10a来,随着分子生物学技术在丛枝菌根(arbuscularmycorrhiza,AM)研究中的应用,AM真菌分类学得到迅速发展。重点介绍AM真菌的最新分类系统,并对其发展简史作一简单回顾。

Production and Nutritional Quality of Tomatoes(Solanum lycopersicum var.Cerasiforme)Are Improved in the Presence of Biochar and Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Tomato is a fruit of great nutritional interest in the basic human diet. The increasing use of agrochemicals to maintain production requires new alternatives to reduce environmental impact. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are beneficial microorganisms that favor the growth of plants improving their nutrition and development, protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic stresses and favoring the production of bioactive compounds that increase their nutritional value. The use of biochar as soil conditioner is also considered an environmentally friendly resource. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to observe the effect of the use of biochar and AM inoculation on the quality of fruits, yield and polyphenols production of Cherry tomato, Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme. A mixture of rice husk biochar with sterile sand and two inoculums of Glomeromycota native fungi: from a wetland (GWI) and a fallow field (GFI) were used. Control treatments consisted of inoculation with both GWI and GFI in sterile sand. All treatments were irrigated with 50% La Molina? hydroponic solution. After 12 weeks plants were harvested to quantify weight, number and diameters of the fruits, and yield, total polyphenols in the fruit pulp were quantified. In the presence of biochar and the two inoculums, GFI and GWI, fruit production was favored throughout the experiment. The height of the plants was significantly greater in the presence of biochar. Plants grown in biochar and inoculated with GFI had a yield of 8.2 MT/Ha, increasing in 50% this value respect to control with biochar (5.33 MT/Ha). This treatment doubled the number of fruits (59.5) with respect to the control (32.5). Root colonization by GFI was not affected by the presence of biochar. It is concluded that the combined use of rice husk biochar and Glomeromycota fungal inoculation is recommended for increasing of Cherry tomato yield and improving fruit quality through the production of bioactive compounds.

The potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to conserve Kalappia celebica,an endangered endemic legume on gold mine tailings in Sulawesi,Indonesia

Kalapi(Kalappia celebica)is an endemic legume of Sulawesi and has been included in the endangered category since the early 1980s.Conservation of the species is possible through ex situ culture techniques.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)can accelerate plant growth which in turn supports the conservation of endangered species.This study aimed to assess the efficacy of local AMF to accelerate the growth of kalapi and increase nutrient uptake in kalapi grown in gold mine tailing media.There were three AMF treatments,Glomus claroideum,Glomus coronatum,and a mixture of both,plus the control.Each treatment was replicated three times,each consisting of five plants.The results show that the highest AMF colony was obtained by kalapi seedlings inoculated with Glomus coronatum and the mixture of AMF.The range of mycorrhizae inoculation effect values was 59.7–71.3%.AMF inoculation increased growth and dry weight of 4-month-old seedlings compared to controls.Dry and total weights of kalapi inoculated with G.coronatum were significantly different from those inoculated with the AMF mixture.However,they are not significantly different from kalapi inoculated with G.claroideum.The results also show that AMF increased nitrogen and phosphorous uptake by the roots,as well as nitrogen,phosphorous,potassium,manganese and iron by the shoots.All AMF treatments decreased potassium uptake in the roots,except in kalapi inoculated with G.coronatum.The AMF mixture decreased iron contents the roots by 15%.AMF can be developed into biofertilizer to support the conservation of kalapi in tropical Indonesia.

黄河三角洲不同类型盐生植物土壤真菌群落结构特征

盐生植物种类及其所具有的不同耐盐调节方式影响着根际微生物群落的结构与组成。为明确不同类型盐生植物根际与非根际土壤中真菌群落结构与组成的差异及其与土壤环境间的相互关系,该研究采集了黄河三角洲地区芦苇、盐地碱蓬、獐毛3种不同类型盐生植物0~20 cm土层的根际和非根际土壤,通过高通量测序对其真菌群落多样性和结构进行了分析,以探究真菌群落特征与土壤理化因子间的关系。结果表明:(1)3种不同类型盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落丰富度显著大于各自非根际土,且獐毛根际土壤真菌群落丰富度显著大于芦苇和盐地碱蓬的根际土。(2)距离热图分析表明,芦苇和盐地碱蓬非根际土壤真菌群落间的相似性最大。(3)土壤真菌多样性和丰富度与土壤总碳、总氮、有效磷、pH呈正相关关系,与土壤盐分含量呈负相关关系。(4)3种不同类型盐生植物的根际与非根际土壤中,球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)均为绝对优势门,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)为优势属。(5)RDA分析表明,土壤盐分含量是影响土壤真菌群落结构的重要因子,球囊菌门丰度与土壤总氮、总碳、有效磷、有机碳、pH呈正相关关系,与盐分呈负相关关系。(6)植物土壤真菌群落特征随盐生植物类型的变化以及样本土壤距宿主植物根系远近存在差异。

A perspective on greenhouse gas emission studies integrating arbuscular mycorrhiza

Climate change is a global emergency.It is only possible to pace down global change through addressing the triggers of it,greenhouse gas emissions.Despite commendable progress,we think that there is plenty of room to further make the studies addressing global change realistic,through integrating into them biotic interactions.We make a case for this statement through a bibliometrics analysis on agricultural studies exploring greenhouse gas emissions that consider arbuscular mycorrhiza.We show that even though mycorrhizal studies account right now for a small fraction of the agricultural literature,they get cited more often.We further demonstrate that mycorrhizal studies are typically more descriptive in their nature,which we support through comparing the keywords they list.We subsequently use the opportunity to identify shortcomings and opportunities to further integrate mycorrhiza into agricultural studies assaying greenhouse gas emissions.We finally make a call to better integrate arbuscular mycorrhiza into global change studies.

高通量测序分析重庆地区茅苍术根际丛枝菌根真菌多样性

【背景】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是土壤微生物区系中分布最广泛的一类菌根真菌,能与地球上90%的维管植物形成共生体,可通过调节植物的生理代谢过程增强植物的抗逆性。【目的】揭示重庆地区中药材茅苍术根际土壤中AMF的结构与组成,解析土壤因子对AMF类群的影响。【方法】以重庆地区茅苍术主产地彭水县、秀山县、石柱县、南川区和酉阳县2-3年生茅苍术根际土壤为材料,利用Illumina MiSeq 2500测序平台进行真菌扩增子测序,分析不同地点土壤的茅苍术根际AMF类群组成和多样性的差异。【结果】茅苍术的菌根侵染率均在50%以上,每10g风干土壤中孢子含量在50个以上,最高达到144个。根际土壤共检测到球囊菌门Glomeromycota的3纲4目8科9属AMF,包括Glomus、Claroideoglomus、Gigaspora、Paraglomus、Archaeospora、Ambispora、Acaulospora、Diversispora和Scutellospora,其中前6属为5个区县土样共有。球囊霉属(Glomus)相对丰度最高,达67%,为所有地区茅苍术根际样本中的优势类群。冗余度分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明,土壤pH对AMF群落组成影响最大。pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾与Shannon指数呈正相关,有效磷与之呈负相关;各土壤因子与Simpson指数的相关性则相反。5个土壤因子均与丰度(Chao1)指数呈负相关。另外,pH、有机质与均匀度(ACE)指数呈正相关;碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷与之呈负相关。【结论】茅苍术根际土壤中AMF资源丰富,土壤因子对AMF群落组成和丰度影响显著,是导致AMF群落结构地理分布格局差异的重要原因之一。

不同PCR引物在根系丛枝菌根真菌群落研究中的应用比较(英文)

【目的】基础PCR的各种分子技术已广泛地应用于丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的群落研究。为探讨不同PCR引物对丛枝菌根真菌群落的特异性差异扩增。【方法】本研究选取4对AMF特异性引物(NS31-AM1,AML1-AML2,NS31-AML2和SSUm Cf-LSUm Br),通过PCR、克隆及测序技术对AMF的多样性及群落结构进行了分析比较。【结果】不同引物对AMF的扩增特异性及覆盖度均有显著性差异,且不同引物得到的AMF群落结构也存在显著性差异。SSUm Cf-LSUm Br的扩增特异性及覆盖度最高,NS31-AML2和NS31-AM1次之,而AML1-AML2则相对较差。【结论】NS31-AML2的扩增区段能很好地与越来越被认可的AMF VT分类数据库(http://maarjam.botany.ut.ee)相匹配,且扩增片段长度也适合于目前的高通量测序技术。基于此,本文推荐NS31-AML2为AMF群落研究中的首选引物。

岷江干旱河谷小马鞍羊蹄甲根围丛枝菌根真菌群落的研究

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)在促进植物生长及土壤改良等方面的积极作用使其在退化生态系统的植被重建过程中发挥着关键作用。本研究采用建立克隆文库及测序的分子方法对四川省岷江干旱河谷乡土优势灌木小马鞍羊蹄甲Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla根围AMF的群落组成进行了探讨,以期为该地区乡土植被的保存与恢复提供理论依据。本研究中共检测到53个AMF类群(OTUs),通过系统发育分析,将其划分为球囊菌门Glomeromycota的7科10属。Glomus、Diversispora与Funneliformis 3个属为小马鞍羊蹄甲根围土壤中的优势属,其中Glomus具有最高多度,其序列数及OTUs数均占总数的50%以上;Rhizophagus与Archaeospora为稀有属,其余各属为常见属。本研究表明,自然条件下研究区优势灌木小马鞍羊蹄甲根围具有相对丰富的AMF类群,同时也反映了AMF在干旱河谷区可能发挥着重要的生态功能。

High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses

High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data.Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone.We propose an updated phylum-and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative.Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates,we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Glomeromycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota.We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla.We consider the kingdom Nucleariae(phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida)as a sister group to the Fungi.We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework,using this or any other classification system.We provide an example of testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses based on a global soil fungal data set.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community assembly in the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest

Introduction:Here,we compare the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal(AMF)community composition in soils from the root zone of the exotic invasive species Prosopis juliflora(EXO soils)and soils from the root zone of the native species Mimosa tenuiflora(NAT soils)from five locations in the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest,Paraíba,Brazil,using morphological analyses.Results:AMF community composition in EXO and NAT soils were dissimilar.Available phosphorus,diversity index,spore abundance,and species richness were the main factors differing between the EXO and NAT soils.In general,the most dominant order present in the soils were Glomerales(44.8%)and Gigasporales(41.4%).The most abundant AMF genus in all studied soils was Funneliformis.Conclusions:Differences in AMF community composition were associated with(1)differences in the dominant plant species(P.juliflora vs.M.tenuiflora)and(2)changes in soil chemical factors(soil,pH,total organic carbon,total nitrogen,and available P)in EXO soils.These results contribute to a deeper view of the AMF communities in exotic soils and open new perspectives for ecological processes involving AMF species and exotic plant species in the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest.

Morphological and molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in revegetated iron-mining site has the same magnitude of adjacent pristine ecosystems

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are important during revegetation of mining sites, but few studies compared AMF community in revegetated sites with pristine adjacent ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess AMF species richness in a revegetated iron-mining site and adjacent ecosystems and to relate AMF occurrence to soil chemical parameters. Soil samples were collected in dry and rainy seasons in a revegetated iron-mining site（RA） and compared with pristine ecosystems of forest（FL）, canga（NG）,and Cerrado（CE）. AMF species were identified by spore morphology from field and trap cultures and by LSU r DNA sequencing using Illumina. A total of 62 AMF species were recovered, pertaining to 18 genera and nine families of Glomeromycota. The largest number of species and families were detected in RA, and Acaulospora mellea and Glomus sp1 were the most frequent species. Species belonging to Glomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae accounted for 42%–48% of total species richness. Total number of spores and mycorrhizal inoculum potential tended to be higher in the dry than in the rainy season, except in RA. Sequences of uncultured Glomerales were dominant in all sites and seasons and five species were detected exclusively by DNA-based identification. Redundancy analysis evidenced soil p H,organic matter, aluminum, and iron as main factors influencing AMF presence. In conclusion, revegetation of the iron-mining site seems to be effective in maintaining a diverse AMF community and different approaches are complementary to reveal AMF species, despite the larger number of species being identified by traditional identification of field spores.

球囊菌门丛枝菌根真菌最新分类系统菌种名录

球囊菌门Glomeromycota是菌物界(Kingdom of Fungi)晚近新增加的一个门,下设1纲4目11科27属约300种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌,均是植物根系重要的共生真菌。同其他真菌分类研究过程相似,随着新种的不断发现、分类技术的进步与研究的深入,AM真菌分类系统及其菌种学名经历着持续不断的变更。然而,这些变动给AM真菌研究者造成了一定的困扰和混乱。本文在AM真菌系统发育分类重建的基础上,结合当前国际上AM真菌分类的最新进展,规范、正确并一致描述全球已知的AM真菌菌种拉丁文和中文学名,以纠正错误和统一AM真菌中文学名;同时标注了中国新记录种、新种和种质资源保藏种名录,以期促进中国AM真菌分类、资源多样性、群落结构及其相关研究。

中国丛枝菌根真菌的保藏、共享服务与研究利用

2003年中国“丛枝菌根真菌种质资源库(Bank of Glomeromycota in China,BGC)”在北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所建立。目前,该库已保藏丛枝菌根(AM)真菌40种190株,并面向全国开放,提供菌种资源与共享服务等,对国内AM真菌研究与应用发挥了重要作用。本文作者按照菌种利用的研究方向,详细列举了中国保藏的AM真菌菌种资源的研究结果,以期为政府决策、相关研发单位、研究者和生产者等提供参考,以促进中国共生真菌研究的深入开展。

基于高通量测序分析连栀矾溶液发酵炮制过程中真菌菌群多样性变化

目的探究传统连栀矾溶液发酵炮制过程中真菌菌群多样性和优势菌群,为科学发酵提供理论依据。方法采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术测定不同发酵时间上下层连栀矾溶液中真菌ITS2区序列,应用QIIME、Mothur和R等软件整理和统计样品序列数目和操作分类单元(OTU)数量,分析样品中真菌菌群的组成、丰度、分布、alpha多样性、beta多样性,阐明炮制过程中真菌菌群结构、多样性及丰富度的动态变化。结果 4个不同的发酵时期共获得用于分析的有效序列数为207 068,稀疏曲线表明测序深度充分,OTUs的数量接近于饱和,能充分展示连栀矾溶液的真菌群落结构,其主要由子囊菌门(Ascomycota,74.21%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota,7.31%)、罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota,2.62%)、接合菌门(Zygomycota,0.66%)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota,0.01%)组成,优势菌门为子囊菌门。通过分析OTUs数量、chao1指数,ACE指数、Shannon指数,表明连栀矾溶液真菌菌群有较高的丰富度和多样性,并且在炮制过程中上下层总丰富度和多样性随发酵时间的增加逐渐增加,其中上层样品的丰富度、多样性逐渐增加,下层样品的丰富度、多样性先降低后增加,且上层样品的丰富度、多样性明显高于下层样品。结论以高通量测序技术分析连栀矾溶液发酵炮制过程中真菌菌群结构、多样性及丰富度的动态变化可为指导其科学发酵提供参考。

丛枝菌根真菌数个种的基因组和转录组研究概况

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)在自然界分布广泛,能与大部分维管植物的根系形成菌根共生体。它们在调节植物群落结构和全球的碳、氮、磷循环等方面发挥着重要的生态功能,也是农林、环境领域最具应用前景的微生物类群。受限于培养方法、研究手段等,长期以来对AMF基因组、转录组特征的认识非常有限。最近10年,AMF基因组和转录组的相关研究在高通量测序技术的推动下取得了较快发展;研究结果也显著提高了对AMF遗传发育、代谢生理、共生机制等的认识。本文综述了目前已完成测序的AMF种类的基因组、转录组信息。结果发现,已测序的AMF种类普遍具有基因组大、转座子丰富、AT碱基含量高、含大量未知功能基因与特异性基因、缺少部分共生相关基因等特点。在转录层面,总结了不同AMF种类、AMF不同共生结构、共生阶段以及与不同寄主植物共生时的转录本特征。结果发现,不同种类AMF的转录本大小差异明显。不同共生阶段或不同共生结构中的AMF转录本也具有较大的差异,且差异表达的基因大部分与养分交易、信号转导等密切相关。相比之下,同种AMF与不同寄主植物共生时的转录本表现出较高的保守性。最后,本文提出了本领域需要重点关注的研究方向,包括AMF纯培养技术的革新、AMF基因功能的解析、非模式AMF类群的研究以及对AMF蛋白组的研究。