AIM:To investigate glue extrusion after endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection on gastric variceal bleeding and to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of this therapy.METHODS:A total of 148 cirrhotic pati...AIM:To investigate glue extrusion after endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection on gastric variceal bleeding and to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of this therapy.METHODS:A total of 148 cirrhotic patients in our hospital with esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB) were included in this study.N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was mixed with lipiodol in a 1:1 ratio and injected as a bolus of 1-3 mL according to variceal size.Patients underwent endoscopic follow-up the next week,fourth week,second month,fourth month,and seventh month after injection and then every 6 mo to determine the cast shape.An abdominal X-ray fi lm and ultrasound or computed tomographic scan were also carried out in order to evaluate the time of variceal disappearance and complete extrusion of the cast.The average follow-up time was 13.1 mo.RESULTS:The instantaneous hemostatic rate was 96.2%.Early re-bleeding after injection in 9 cases(6.2%) was estimated from rejection of adhesive.Late re-bleeding occurred in 12 patients(8.1%) at 2-18 mo.The glue cast was extruded into the lumen within one month in 86.1% of patients and eliminated within one year.Light erosion was seen at the injection position and mucosa edema in the second week.The glue casts were extruded in 18 patients(12.1%) after one week and in 64 patients(42.8%) after two weeks.All kinds of glue clumping shapes and colors on endoscopic examination were observed in 127 patients(86.1%) within one month,including punctiform,globular,pillar and variform.Forty one patients(27.9%) had glue extrusion after 3 mo and 28 patients(28.9%) after six months.The extrusion time was not related to the injection volume of histoacryl.Obliteration was seen in 70.2%(104 cases) endoscopically.The main complication was re-bleeding resulting from extrusion.The prognosis of the patients depended on the severity of the underlying liver disease.CONCLUSION:Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate is highly effective for gastric varices bleeding.The glue clump shape is correlated with anatomic structure of vessels.The time of extrusion was not related to dosage of the glue.展开更多
A new sand binder system cured by CO2 was prepared based on the animal bone glue.To overcome the disadvantages of animal glue such as agglomeration at room temperature,high energy consumption and low efficiency,an alk...A new sand binder system cured by CO2 was prepared based on the animal bone glue.To overcome the disadvantages of animal glue such as agglomeration at room temperature,high energy consumption and low efficiency,an alkaline decomposition process was selected,and certain modifier was used to modify the performance of the animal glue binder.For the alkaline decomposition,NaOH was used as the catalyst with an addition of 4wt.% to the animal glue.A modifier was determined through the orthogonal experiment with a weight ratio of glycerin:glycol:dextrin:animal glue = 9:16:15:100,and the optimal modification reaction should be performed at 75 ℃ with a reaction time of 90 min.Ca(OH)2 was used as a promoter;the optimal CO2 gas flux blowing into the sand was 0.7 m3.h-1 for a duration of 60s under the experimental conditions.Results show that an original strength above 0.7 MPa and a final strength about 4.2 MPa can be achieved,which could meet the requirement of rapid moulding and core-making for foundry.The new binder was characterized and analyzed by means of IR,and the modification and CO2-cured mechanisms of this animal glue binder were also discussed.展开更多
AIM To focus on procedure-related complications,evaluate their incidence,analyze the reasons and discuss the solutions.METHODS Overall,628 endoscopic gastric variceal obturation(EGVO) procedures(case-times) with NBC w...AIM To focus on procedure-related complications,evaluate their incidence,analyze the reasons and discuss the solutions.METHODS Overall,628 endoscopic gastric variceal obturation(EGVO) procedures(case-times) with NBC were performed in 519 patients in the Department of Endoscopy of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2011 to December 2016. The clinical data of patients and procedure-related complications of EGVO were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS In the 628 EGVO procedures,sticking of the needle to the varix occurred in 9 cases(1.43%),including 1 case that used lipiodol-diluted NBC and 8 cases that used undiluted NBC(P = 0.000). The needle was successfully withdrawn in 8 cases. Large spurt bleeding occurred in one case,and hemostasis was achieved by two other injections of undiluted glue. The injection catheter became blocked in 17 cases(2.71%) just during the injection,and 4 cases were complicated with the needle sticking to the varix. Large glue adhesion to the endoscope resulted in difficulty withdrawing the endoscope in 1 case. Bleeding from multiple sites was observed in the esophagus and gastric cardia after the endoscope was withdrawn. Hemostasis was achieved by 1% aethoxysklerol injection and intravenous somatostatin. The ligation device stuck to the varices in two cases during the subsequent endoscopic variceal ligation. In one case,the ligation device was successfully separated from the esophageal varix after all bands were released. In another case,a laceration of the vein and massive bleeding were observed. The bleeding ceased after 1% aethoxysklerol injection.CONCLUSION Although EGVO with tissue glue is usually safe and effective,a series of complications can occur during the procedure that may puzzle endoscopists. There is no standard operating procedure for addressing these complications. The cases described in the current study can provide some reference for others.展开更多
In typical metal foundry applications,sand casting is still the most used technology.The related binder plays a very important role as its performances can directly influence the quality of castings.Among many binders...In typical metal foundry applications,sand casting is still the most used technology.The related binder plays a very important role as its performances can directly influence the quality of castings.Among many binders,glues of animal origin have attracted much attention in recent years due to their reduced environmental impact.How-ever,they display some drawbacks such as the tendency to coagulate easily at room temperature and a relatively low strength.In this study,a novel gas-hardening casting binder was prepared using an animal glue and anhy-drous potassium carbonate as a hydrolyzing agent to avoid undesired agglomeration.Moreover,sodium pyropho-sphate and furfuryl alcohol were exploited as modifiers to obtain a binder with a high compressive strength.The best modification conditions,determined by means of an orthogonal design matrix approach,were 4 g of Na2CO3,sodium pyrophosphate,furfuryl alcohol and animal glue with a ratio of 4:12:100,at 85°C and with a duration of 115 min,respectively.The viscosity of the mixture obtained under these optimized conditions was 1250 mPa⋅s.The compressive strength of the binder,hardened by CO_(2) gas,was 4.00 MPa.Its gas evolution at 850°C was 15 ml⋅g-1,and its residual strength after 10 min calculation at 800°C was 0.01 MPa,which is high enough to meet the requirement of core-making in foundry.Moreover,after hydrolysis and further modification,animal glue and modifiers displayed a grafting reaction and an esterification reaction,respectively,which made the adhesive network denser and improved its thermal stability.展开更多
文摘AIM:To investigate glue extrusion after endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection on gastric variceal bleeding and to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of this therapy.METHODS:A total of 148 cirrhotic patients in our hospital with esophagogastric variceal bleeding(EGVB) were included in this study.N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was mixed with lipiodol in a 1:1 ratio and injected as a bolus of 1-3 mL according to variceal size.Patients underwent endoscopic follow-up the next week,fourth week,second month,fourth month,and seventh month after injection and then every 6 mo to determine the cast shape.An abdominal X-ray fi lm and ultrasound or computed tomographic scan were also carried out in order to evaluate the time of variceal disappearance and complete extrusion of the cast.The average follow-up time was 13.1 mo.RESULTS:The instantaneous hemostatic rate was 96.2%.Early re-bleeding after injection in 9 cases(6.2%) was estimated from rejection of adhesive.Late re-bleeding occurred in 12 patients(8.1%) at 2-18 mo.The glue cast was extruded into the lumen within one month in 86.1% of patients and eliminated within one year.Light erosion was seen at the injection position and mucosa edema in the second week.The glue casts were extruded in 18 patients(12.1%) after one week and in 64 patients(42.8%) after two weeks.All kinds of glue clumping shapes and colors on endoscopic examination were observed in 127 patients(86.1%) within one month,including punctiform,globular,pillar and variform.Forty one patients(27.9%) had glue extrusion after 3 mo and 28 patients(28.9%) after six months.The extrusion time was not related to the injection volume of histoacryl.Obliteration was seen in 70.2%(104 cases) endoscopically.The main complication was re-bleeding resulting from extrusion.The prognosis of the patients depended on the severity of the underlying liver disease.CONCLUSION:Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate is highly effective for gastric varices bleeding.The glue clump shape is correlated with anatomic structure of vessels.The time of extrusion was not related to dosage of the glue.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51275313)
文摘A new sand binder system cured by CO2 was prepared based on the animal bone glue.To overcome the disadvantages of animal glue such as agglomeration at room temperature,high energy consumption and low efficiency,an alkaline decomposition process was selected,and certain modifier was used to modify the performance of the animal glue binder.For the alkaline decomposition,NaOH was used as the catalyst with an addition of 4wt.% to the animal glue.A modifier was determined through the orthogonal experiment with a weight ratio of glycerin:glycol:dextrin:animal glue = 9:16:15:100,and the optimal modification reaction should be performed at 75 ℃ with a reaction time of 90 min.Ca(OH)2 was used as a promoter;the optimal CO2 gas flux blowing into the sand was 0.7 m3.h-1 for a duration of 60s under the experimental conditions.Results show that an original strength above 0.7 MPa and a final strength about 4.2 MPa can be achieved,which could meet the requirement of rapid moulding and core-making for foundry.The new binder was characterized and analyzed by means of IR,and the modification and CO2-cured mechanisms of this animal glue binder were also discussed.
基金Supported by Guangdong Science and Technology Program,No.2016A020216012
文摘AIM To focus on procedure-related complications,evaluate their incidence,analyze the reasons and discuss the solutions.METHODS Overall,628 endoscopic gastric variceal obturation(EGVO) procedures(case-times) with NBC were performed in 519 patients in the Department of Endoscopy of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 2011 to December 2016. The clinical data of patients and procedure-related complications of EGVO were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS In the 628 EGVO procedures,sticking of the needle to the varix occurred in 9 cases(1.43%),including 1 case that used lipiodol-diluted NBC and 8 cases that used undiluted NBC(P = 0.000). The needle was successfully withdrawn in 8 cases. Large spurt bleeding occurred in one case,and hemostasis was achieved by two other injections of undiluted glue. The injection catheter became blocked in 17 cases(2.71%) just during the injection,and 4 cases were complicated with the needle sticking to the varix. Large glue adhesion to the endoscope resulted in difficulty withdrawing the endoscope in 1 case. Bleeding from multiple sites was observed in the esophagus and gastric cardia after the endoscope was withdrawn. Hemostasis was achieved by 1% aethoxysklerol injection and intravenous somatostatin. The ligation device stuck to the varices in two cases during the subsequent endoscopic variceal ligation. In one case,the ligation device was successfully separated from the esophageal varix after all bands were released. In another case,a laceration of the vein and massive bleeding were observed. The bleeding ceased after 1% aethoxysklerol injection.CONCLUSION Although EGVO with tissue glue is usually safe and effective,a series of complications can occur during the procedure that may puzzle endoscopists. There is no standard operating procedure for addressing these complications. The cases described in the current study can provide some reference for others.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51275313)Shandong Province Transportation Science and Technology Project(2021B115)Shandong Jiaotong University School Fund(Z2019036).
文摘In typical metal foundry applications,sand casting is still the most used technology.The related binder plays a very important role as its performances can directly influence the quality of castings.Among many binders,glues of animal origin have attracted much attention in recent years due to their reduced environmental impact.How-ever,they display some drawbacks such as the tendency to coagulate easily at room temperature and a relatively low strength.In this study,a novel gas-hardening casting binder was prepared using an animal glue and anhy-drous potassium carbonate as a hydrolyzing agent to avoid undesired agglomeration.Moreover,sodium pyropho-sphate and furfuryl alcohol were exploited as modifiers to obtain a binder with a high compressive strength.The best modification conditions,determined by means of an orthogonal design matrix approach,were 4 g of Na2CO3,sodium pyrophosphate,furfuryl alcohol and animal glue with a ratio of 4:12:100,at 85°C and with a duration of 115 min,respectively.The viscosity of the mixture obtained under these optimized conditions was 1250 mPa⋅s.The compressive strength of the binder,hardened by CO_(2) gas,was 4.00 MPa.Its gas evolution at 850°C was 15 ml⋅g-1,and its residual strength after 10 min calculation at 800°C was 0.01 MPa,which is high enough to meet the requirement of core-making in foundry.Moreover,after hydrolysis and further modification,animal glue and modifiers displayed a grafting reaction and an esterification reaction,respectively,which made the adhesive network denser and improved its thermal stability.
