From the Industrial Revolution to the World War,the past three centuries have witnessed the development and rise and fall of Great Britain.Great Britain,an island country with a total area of about 240,000 square kilo...From the Industrial Revolution to the World War,the past three centuries have witnessed the development and rise and fall of Great Britain.Great Britain,an island country with a total area of about 240,000 square kilometers,enjoys a very important place in the world in modern history.Great Britain was the first industrial country and created the epoch-making laissez-faire capitalism and built a sun-never-set empire.It was also the leadership of the world from the middle of 18^th and to the middle of 19^th century.In retrospect to the rise of Great Britain,we can easily see that it was by relying on an innovative culture that the island country became a great power in Europe and then became the dominant empire in the world.This innovative character permeates in all kinds of culture including industrial,military,technological,politic and diplomatic.As for the main cause of Great Britain’s rise,this thesis attempts to analyze from three aspects,that is,the emancipation of mind,the advancement of military power,and the development of technology.After the World War,Great Britain began to suffer a decline in status and was reduced to a second class developed country.That is also because the conservative factor in its culture which blocks its development and the potential to innovate new things.The past years has witnessed the fall of the empire and also left us much inspiration.Take the history as a mirror,the thesis will focus on the“English disease”and influence of the World War to make an analysis on Great Britain’s fall.A conclusion of inspiration would also be included.展开更多
乙型肝炎是一种常见的感染性疾病,可导致渐进性肝损伤进而需要肝移植;此外,由于全球范围内乙型肝炎流行率高,许多接受肝脏以外的其他实体器官移植（solid organ transplant,SOT）的患者将存在乙型肝炎既往感染或有活动性病变,有效的疫...乙型肝炎是一种常见的感染性疾病,可导致渐进性肝损伤进而需要肝移植;此外,由于全球范围内乙型肝炎流行率高,许多接受肝脏以外的其他实体器官移植（solid organ transplant,SOT）的患者将存在乙型肝炎既往感染或有活动性病变,有效的疫苗接种可以预防新发乙型肝炎感染。因此,所有参与移植的多学科团队均要了解HBV感染,知晓在移植前、移植中和移植后所需采取的相应措施。展开更多
INTRODUCTION: This paper provides a review of the practice of liver transplantation with the main emphasis on UK practice and indications for transplantation. REFERRAL AND ASSESSMENT: This section reviews the process ...INTRODUCTION: This paper provides a review of the practice of liver transplantation with the main emphasis on UK practice and indications for transplantation. REFERRAL AND ASSESSMENT: This section reviews the process of referral and assessment of patients with liver disease with reference to UK practice. DONOR ORGANS: The practice of brainstem death and cadaveric organ donation is peculiar to individual countries and rates of donation and potential areas of improvement are addressed. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: The technical innovations that have led to liver transplantation becoming a semi-elective procedure are reviewed. Specific emphasis is made to the role of liver reduction and splitting and living related liver transplantation and how this impacts on UK practice are reviewed. The complications of liver transplan-tation are also reviewed with reference to our own unit. Immunosuppression:The evolution of immunosuppression and its impact on liver transplantation are reviewed with some reference to future protocols. RETRANSPLANTATION: The role of retransplantation is reviewed. OUTCOME AND SURVIVAL: The results of liver transplantation are reviewed with specific emphasis on our own experience. FUTURE: The future of liver transplantation is addressed.展开更多
文摘From the Industrial Revolution to the World War,the past three centuries have witnessed the development and rise and fall of Great Britain.Great Britain,an island country with a total area of about 240,000 square kilometers,enjoys a very important place in the world in modern history.Great Britain was the first industrial country and created the epoch-making laissez-faire capitalism and built a sun-never-set empire.It was also the leadership of the world from the middle of 18^th and to the middle of 19^th century.In retrospect to the rise of Great Britain,we can easily see that it was by relying on an innovative culture that the island country became a great power in Europe and then became the dominant empire in the world.This innovative character permeates in all kinds of culture including industrial,military,technological,politic and diplomatic.As for the main cause of Great Britain’s rise,this thesis attempts to analyze from three aspects,that is,the emancipation of mind,the advancement of military power,and the development of technology.After the World War,Great Britain began to suffer a decline in status and was reduced to a second class developed country.That is also because the conservative factor in its culture which blocks its development and the potential to innovate new things.The past years has witnessed the fall of the empire and also left us much inspiration.Take the history as a mirror,the thesis will focus on the“English disease”and influence of the World War to make an analysis on Great Britain’s fall.A conclusion of inspiration would also be included.
文摘乙型肝炎是一种常见的感染性疾病,可导致渐进性肝损伤进而需要肝移植;此外,由于全球范围内乙型肝炎流行率高,许多接受肝脏以外的其他实体器官移植（solid organ transplant,SOT）的患者将存在乙型肝炎既往感染或有活动性病变,有效的疫苗接种可以预防新发乙型肝炎感染。因此,所有参与移植的多学科团队均要了解HBV感染,知晓在移植前、移植中和移植后所需采取的相应措施。
文摘INTRODUCTION: This paper provides a review of the practice of liver transplantation with the main emphasis on UK practice and indications for transplantation. REFERRAL AND ASSESSMENT: This section reviews the process of referral and assessment of patients with liver disease with reference to UK practice. DONOR ORGANS: The practice of brainstem death and cadaveric organ donation is peculiar to individual countries and rates of donation and potential areas of improvement are addressed. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: The technical innovations that have led to liver transplantation becoming a semi-elective procedure are reviewed. Specific emphasis is made to the role of liver reduction and splitting and living related liver transplantation and how this impacts on UK practice are reviewed. The complications of liver transplan-tation are also reviewed with reference to our own unit. Immunosuppression:The evolution of immunosuppression and its impact on liver transplantation are reviewed with some reference to future protocols. RETRANSPLANTATION: The role of retransplantation is reviewed. OUTCOME AND SURVIVAL: The results of liver transplantation are reviewed with specific emphasis on our own experience. FUTURE: The future of liver transplantation is addressed.
