In order to design appropriate HIV prevention programs, it is important to examine the perception and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and methods of preventive. This article explores comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS preventi...In order to design appropriate HIV prevention programs, it is important to examine the perception and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and methods of preventive. This article explores comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods among women and men in slum and non-slum areas in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. Data were drawn from the National Family Health Survey, 2005-06 (NFHS-3). The sample included 3096 women aged 15 - 49 years and 1321 men aged 15 - 54 years. Pearson Chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between the study variables and the background characteristics of the slum and non-slum populations. Comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods was significantly lower among women and men in slum areas as compared with non-slum areas. Compared to men, women had less comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods in slum and non-slum areas, even after controlling for various demographic and socio-economic and exposure variables. Findings indicate that comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention methods is low among women in slum areas. Interventions are needed to build knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention methods in this vulnerable group. Strategies to build awareness of HIV/AIDS could include mass media campaigns HIV/AIDS, and information, education and communication programs (IEC) on HIV/AIDS in slum areas.展开更多
Background:The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)epidemic is a typical global health concern.The impact of HIV/AIDS is global,and we cannot effectively solve the problem without ...Background:The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)epidemic is a typical global health concern.The impact of HIV/AIDS is global,and we cannot effectively solve the problem without a global effort.In this study,we report our research on global HIV/AIDS control with an innovative fourdimensional approach.Methods:Countries(n=148)with data available on area size,total population,and the total number of persons living with HIV(PLWH)were included.The HIV epidemic across the globe was described using 4 indicators,including the total count,population-based P rate,geographic area-based G rate,and population and geographic area-based PG rate.Results:A total of 35,426,911 PLWH were included,with a global prevalence rate of 0.51 per 1,000 population.The total PLWH count provided data on resource allocation in individual countries to improve HIV/AIDS care;and the top five countries with the highest PLWH counts were South Africa(7,000),Nigeria(3,500),India(2,100),Kenya(1,500),and Mozambique(1,500).The other three indicators provide a measure to assess the global risk profile of HIV transmission and to provide information on HIV/AIDS prevention strategies.The top five countries with the highest P rates(per 1,000 persons)were Swaziland(170.9),Botswana(154.7),Lesotho(145.2),South Africa(127.4),and Zimbabwe(89.7);the top five countries with the highest G rates(per 100 km2)were Swaziland(1,279.1),Malawi(1,039.5),Lesotho(1,021.1),Rwanda(810.7),and Uganda(748.1);and the top five countries with highest PG rates(per 1,000,000 persons per 100 km2)were Barbados(2,127.9),Swaziland(993.8),Lesotho(478.3),Malta(375.0),and Mauritius(319.7).With PG rate,we detected countries in two hotspots(south and middle Africa and the Caribbean region)and one belt across the Euro-Asian region with high risks of HIV transmission.Conclusions:This study expanded the conventional measures by adding two new indicators,thus forming a new four-dimensional framework to quantify the global HIV epidemic.In addition to gaining a better insight into the epidemic than before,study findings provide new data on country-level and global efforts to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030.展开更多
Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur a...Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur at home. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of physician reviewers of verbal autopsies in diagnosing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in the adult population of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Methods: This study was done within the context of a burial surveillance system in Addis Ababa. Trained interviewers completed a standard verbal autopsy questionnaire and an independent panel of physicians reviewed the completed form to assign cause of death. Physicians' review was compared to a reference standard constructed based on prospectively collected HIV-serostatus and patients' hospital record. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to validate the physicians' verbal autopsy diagnoses against reference standards. Results: Physicians accurately identified AIDS-related deaths with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 - 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.87), respectively. Generally, there was high level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistic (K > 0.6) between the first two physicians with some yearly variations. In 2008 and 2009 there was an almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the agreement level between two independent physicians in diagnosing AIDS-related death is very high and thus using a single verbal autopsy coder is practical for programmatic purposes in countries where there is critical shortage of doctors.展开更多
文摘In order to design appropriate HIV prevention programs, it is important to examine the perception and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and methods of preventive. This article explores comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods among women and men in slum and non-slum areas in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. Data were drawn from the National Family Health Survey, 2005-06 (NFHS-3). The sample included 3096 women aged 15 - 49 years and 1321 men aged 15 - 54 years. Pearson Chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between the study variables and the background characteristics of the slum and non-slum populations. Comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods was significantly lower among women and men in slum areas as compared with non-slum areas. Compared to men, women had less comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods in slum and non-slum areas, even after controlling for various demographic and socio-economic and exposure variables. Findings indicate that comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention methods is low among women in slum areas. Interventions are needed to build knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention methods in this vulnerable group. Strategies to build awareness of HIV/AIDS could include mass media campaigns HIV/AIDS, and information, education and communication programs (IEC) on HIV/AIDS in slum areas.
文摘Background:The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)epidemic is a typical global health concern.The impact of HIV/AIDS is global,and we cannot effectively solve the problem without a global effort.In this study,we report our research on global HIV/AIDS control with an innovative fourdimensional approach.Methods:Countries(n=148)with data available on area size,total population,and the total number of persons living with HIV(PLWH)were included.The HIV epidemic across the globe was described using 4 indicators,including the total count,population-based P rate,geographic area-based G rate,and population and geographic area-based PG rate.Results:A total of 35,426,911 PLWH were included,with a global prevalence rate of 0.51 per 1,000 population.The total PLWH count provided data on resource allocation in individual countries to improve HIV/AIDS care;and the top five countries with the highest PLWH counts were South Africa(7,000),Nigeria(3,500),India(2,100),Kenya(1,500),and Mozambique(1,500).The other three indicators provide a measure to assess the global risk profile of HIV transmission and to provide information on HIV/AIDS prevention strategies.The top five countries with the highest P rates(per 1,000 persons)were Swaziland(170.9),Botswana(154.7),Lesotho(145.2),South Africa(127.4),and Zimbabwe(89.7);the top five countries with the highest G rates(per 100 km2)were Swaziland(1,279.1),Malawi(1,039.5),Lesotho(1,021.1),Rwanda(810.7),and Uganda(748.1);and the top five countries with highest PG rates(per 1,000,000 persons per 100 km2)were Barbados(2,127.9),Swaziland(993.8),Lesotho(478.3),Malta(375.0),and Mauritius(319.7).With PG rate,we detected countries in two hotspots(south and middle Africa and the Caribbean region)and one belt across the Euro-Asian region with high risks of HIV transmission.Conclusions:This study expanded the conventional measures by adding two new indicators,thus forming a new four-dimensional framework to quantify the global HIV epidemic.In addition to gaining a better insight into the epidemic than before,study findings provide new data on country-level and global efforts to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030.
文摘Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur at home. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of physician reviewers of verbal autopsies in diagnosing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in the adult population of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Methods: This study was done within the context of a burial surveillance system in Addis Ababa. Trained interviewers completed a standard verbal autopsy questionnaire and an independent panel of physicians reviewed the completed form to assign cause of death. Physicians' review was compared to a reference standard constructed based on prospectively collected HIV-serostatus and patients' hospital record. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to validate the physicians' verbal autopsy diagnoses against reference standards. Results: Physicians accurately identified AIDS-related deaths with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 - 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.87), respectively. Generally, there was high level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistic (K > 0.6) between the first two physicians with some yearly variations. In 2008 and 2009 there was an almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the agreement level between two independent physicians in diagnosing AIDS-related death is very high and thus using a single verbal autopsy coder is practical for programmatic purposes in countries where there is critical shortage of doctors.
