Stable immobilization of lithium polysulfides using three-dimensional ordered mesoporous Mn_(2)O_(3) as the host material in lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have drawn significant attention owing to their high theoretical discharge capacity and energy density.However,the dissolution of long-chain polysulfides into the electrolyte during the charge and discharge process(“shuttle effect”)results in fast capacity fading and inferior electrochemical performance.In this study,Mn_(2)O_(3)with an ordered mesoporous structure(OM-Mn_(2)O_(3))was designed as a cathode host for LSBs via KIT-6 hard templating,to effectively inhibit the polysulfide shuttle effect.OM-Mn_(2)O_(3)offers numerous pores to confine sulfur and tightly anchor the dissolved polysulfides through the combined effects of strong polar-polar interactions,polysulfides,and sulfur chain catenation.The OM-Mn_(2)O_(3)/S composite electrode delivered a discharge capacity of 561 mAh g^(-1) after 250 cycles at 0.5 C owing to the excellent performance of OM-Mn_(2)O_(3).Furthermore,it retained a discharge capacity of 628mA h g^(-1) even at a rate of 2 C,which was significantly higher than that of a pristine sulfur electrode(206mA h g^(-1)).These findings provide a prospective strategy for designing cathode materials for high-performance LSBs.

Two intestinal microbiota-derived metabolites, deoxycholic acid and butyrate, synergize to enhance host defense peptide synthesis and alleviate necrotic enteritis

Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)is a major enteric disease in poultry,yet effective mitigation strategies remain elusive.Deoxycholic acid(DCA)and butyrate,two major metabolites derived from the intestinal microbiota,have independently been shown to induce host defense peptide(HDP)synthesis.However,the potential synergy between these two compounds remains unexplored.Methods To investigate the possible synergistic effect between DCA and butyrate in regulating HDP synthesis and barrier function,we treated chicken HD11 macrophage cells and jejunal explants with DCA and sodium butyrate(NaB),either individually or in combination,for 24 h.Subsequently,we performed RNA isolation and reverse transcrip-tion-quantitative PCR to analyze HDP genes as well as the major genes associated with barrier function.To further determine the synergy between DCA and NaB in enhancing NE resistance,we conducted two independent trials with Cobb broiler chicks.In each trial,the diet was supplemented with DCA or NaB on the day-of-hatch,followed by NE induction through sequential challenges with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens on d 10 and 14,respectively.We recorded animal mortality after infection and assessed intestinal lesions on d 17.The impact of DCA and NaB on the microbiota in the ileum and cecum was evaluated through bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Results We found that the combination of DCA and NaB synergistically induced multiple HDP genes in both chicken HD11 cells and jejunal explants.Additionally,the gene for claudin-1,a major tight junction protein,also exhibited synergistic induction in response to DCA and NaB.Furthermore,dietary supplementation with a combination of 0.75 g/kg DCA and 1 g/kg NaB led to a significant improvement in animal survival and a reduction in intestinal lesions compared to either compound alone in a chicken model of NE.Notably,the cecal microbiota of NE-infected chickens showed a marked decrease in SCFA-producing bacteria such as Bacteroides,Faecalibacterium,and Cuneatibacter,with lactobacilli becoming the most dominant species.However,supplementation with DCA and NaB largely restored the intestinal microbiota to healthy levels.Conclusions DCA synergizes with NaB to induce HDP and claudin-1 expression and enhance NE resistance,with potential for further development as cost-effective antibiotic alternatives.

Driving inward growth of lithium metal in hollow microcapsule hosts by heteroatom‐controlled nucleation

The application of Li metal anodes in rechargeable batteries is impeded by safety issues arising from the severe volume changes and formation of dendritic Li deposits.Three‐dimensional hollow carbon is receiving increasing attention as a host material capable of accommodating Li metal inside its cavity;however,uncontrollable and nonuniform deposition of Li remains a challenge.In this study,we synthesize metal–organic framework‐derived carbon microcapsules with heteroatom clusters(Zn and Ag)on the capsule walls and it is demonstrated that Ag‐assisted nucleation of Li metal alters the outward‐to‐inward growth in the microcapsule host.Zn‐incorporated microcapsules are prepared via chemical etching of zeolitic imidazole framework‐8 polyhedra and are subsequently decorated with Ag by a galvanic displacement reaction between Ag^(+) and metallic Zn.Galvanically introduced Ag significantly reduces the energy barrier and increases the reaction rate for Li nucleation in the microcapsule host upon Li plating.Through combined electrochemical,microstructural,and computational studies,we verify the beneficial role of Ag‐assisted Li nucleation in facilitating inward growth inside the cavity of the microcapsule host and,in turn,enhancing electrochemical performance.This study provides new insights into the design of reversible host materials for practical Li metal batteries.

Hatching and development of maize cyst nematode Heterodera zeae infecting different plant hosts

The occurrence, distribution, and rapid molecular detection technology of Heterodera zeae Koshy et al. 1971, have been reported in China. We explored the biological characteristics of H. zeae sampled in Henan Province, China to understand its interaction with plants. Cysts and second-stage juveniles(J2s) were identified under an optical and scanning electron microscope, internal transcribed spacer(ITS) phylogenetic tree, and sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR)-PCR analyses. The optimum hatching temperatures of H. zeae were 30°C and 28°C, with cumulative hatching rates of 16.5 and 16.1%, respectively, at 30 days post-hatching(dph). The hatching rate of H. zeae eggs was improved by 20-and 50-time maize soil leachate and root juice, and 10-time root exudates. The hatching rate in 10-time root exudates was the highest(25.9%). The 10-time root exudates of maize and millet produced the highest hatching rate at 30 dph(25.9 and 22.9%, respectively), followed by wheat(19.9%), barley(18.3%), and rice(17.6%). Heterodera zeae developed faster in maize than in other crops. Fourth-stage juveniles(J4s) were detected in maize roots 8 days post-inoculation(dpi) at 28°C but not in other crops. Combined with hatching tests, the Huang–Huai–Hai summer maize region and the south and central-southwest mountainous maize areas are highly suitable for H. zeae in China. This is the first systematically study of the hatching and infection characteristics on different plant hosts of corn cyst nematode H. zeae in temperate regions. This study laid a theoretical foundation for the rapid spread and high environmental adaptability of corn cyst nematode.

Role of short-chain fatty acids in host physiology

Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are major metabolites produced by the gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber,and they have garnered significant attention due to their close association with host health.As important mediators between the gut microbiota and the host,SCFAs serve as energy substrates for intestinal epithelial cells and maintain homeostasis in host immune and energy metabolism by influencing host epigenetics,activating G protein-coupled receptors,and inhibiting pathogenic microbial infections.This review provides a comprehensive summary of SCFAs synthesis and metabolism and offering an overview of the latest research progress on their roles in protecting gut health,enhancing energy metabolism,mitigating diseases such as cancer,obesity,and diabetes,modulating the gut-brain axis and gut-l ung axis,and promoting bone health.

Turnip mosaic virus pathogenesis and host resistance mechanisms in Brassica

Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)is a devastating potyvirus pathogen that infects a wide variety of both cultivated and wild Brassicaceae plants.We urgently need more information and understanding of TuMV pathogenesis and the host responses involved in disease development in cruciferous crops.TuMV displays great versatility in viral pathogenesis,especially in its replication and intercellular movement.Moreover,in the coevolutionary arms races between TuMV and its hosts,the virus has evolved to co-opt host factors to facilitate its infection and counter host defense responses.This review mainly focuses on recent advances in understanding the viral factors that contribute to the TuMV infection cycle and the host resistance mechanism in Brassica.Finally,we propose some future research directions on TuMV pathogenesis and control strategies to design durable TuMV-resistant Brassica crops.

Understanding host-graft crosstalk for predicting the outcome of stem cell transplantation

Mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)hold great promise for tissue regeneration in debilitating disorders.Despite reported improvements,the short-term outcomes of MSC transplantation,which is possibly linked to poor cell survival,demand extensive investigation.Disease-associated stress microenvironments further complicate outcomes.This debate underscores the need for a deeper understanding of the phenotypes of transplanted MSCs and their environment-induced fluctuations.Additionally,questions arise about how to predict,track,and comprehend cell fate post-transplantation.In vivo cellular imaging has emerged as a critical requirement for both short-and long-term safety and efficacy studies.However,translating preclinical imaging methods to clinical settings remains challenging.The fate and function of transplanted cells within the host environment present intricate challenges,including MSC engraftment,variability,and inconsistencies between preclinical and clinical data.The study explored the impact of high glucose concentrations on MSC survival in diabetic environments,emphasizing mitochondrial factors.Preserving these factors may enhance MSC survival,suggesting potential strategies involving genetic modification,biomaterials,and nanoparticles.Understanding stressors in diabetic patients is crucial for predicting the effects of MSC-based therapies.These multifaceted challenges call for a holistic approach involving the incorporation of large-scale data,computational disease modeling,and possibly artificial intelligence to enable deterministic insights.

Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2

The spike protein(S)of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry,thus a major factor for host suscep-tibility,tissue tropism,virulence and pathogenicity.The S is divided with S1 and S2 region,and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain(RBD),while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell.Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various c leavage sites.In this article,we review host proteases including furin,trypsin,transmembrane protease serine 2(TMPRSS2)and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S.Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin.The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2,and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2'site to proteases such as type Il transmembrane serine proteases(TTPRs)including TMPRSS2.In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells,SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane.In the absence of TMPRSS2,SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry.Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed.This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2,and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.

Robust Malicious Executable Detection Using Host-Based Machine Learning Classifier

The continuous development of cyberattacks is threatening digital transformation endeavors worldwide and leadsto wide losses for various organizations. These dangers have proven that signature-based approaches are insufficientto prevent emerging and polymorphic attacks. Therefore, this paper is proposing a Robust Malicious ExecutableDetection (RMED) using Host-based Machine Learning Classifier to discover malicious Portable Executable (PE)files in hosts using Windows operating systems through collecting PE headers and applying machine learningmechanisms to detect unknown infected files. The authors have collected a novel reliable dataset containing 116,031benign files and 179,071 malware samples from diverse sources to ensure the efficiency of RMED approach.The most effective PE headers that can highly differentiate between benign and malware files were selected totrain the model on 15 PE features to speed up the classification process and achieve real-time detection formalicious executables. The evaluation results showed that RMED succeeded in shrinking the classification timeto 91 milliseconds for each file while reaching an accuracy of 98.42% with a false positive rate equal to 1.58. Inconclusion, this paper contributes to the field of cybersecurity by presenting a comprehensive framework thatleverages Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods to proactively detect and prevent cyber-attacks.

Molecular mechanisms underlying roles of long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 in digestive system cancers

This editorial reviews the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)small nucleolar RNA host gene 16(SNHG16)in digestive system cancers based on two recent studies on lncRNAs in digestive system tumors.The first study,by Zhao et al,explored how hBD-1 affects colon cancer,via the lncRNA TCONS_00014506,by inhibiting mTOR and promoting autophagy.The second one,by Li et al,identified the lncRNA prion protein testis specific(PRNT)as a factor in oxaliplatin resistance by sponging ZNF184 to regulate HIPK2 and influence colorectal cancer progression and chemoresistance,suggesting PRNT as a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.Both of these two articles discuss the mechanisms by which lncRNAs contribute to the development and progression of digestive system cancers.As a recent research hotspot,SNHG16 is a typical lncRNA that has been extensively studied for its association with digestive system cancers.The prevailing hypothesis is that SNHG16 participates in the development and progression of digestive system tumors by acting as a competing endogenous RNA,interacting with other proteins,regulating various genes,and affecting downstream target molecules.This review systematically examines the recently reported biological functions,related molecular mechanisms,and potential clinical significance of SNHG16 in various digestive system cancers,and explores the relationship between SNHG16 and digestive system cancers.The findings suggest that SNHG16 may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for human digestive system cancers.

基于HOST标准的硬件管理平台设计与实现

基于HOST标准的硬件管理平台设计,从硬件管理平台的硬件架构设计、管理总线的选型分析、模块管理器设计、软件设计策略等方面介绍了设计方案。此外,对管理总线的选型进行对比分析和测试,针对目前嵌入式计算机环境,CAN总线优于其他总线来实现硬件管理。设计方案可有效解决嵌入式计算机的复杂性不断增加带来的可靠性、稳定性、维护性等问题,利用机箱管理器、模块管理器、系统管理总线等机制,可有效实现嵌入式计算机的健康信息监控、硬件状态管理、故障管理等功能。

基于ISP1161的嵌入式USB-HOST技术研究

介绍了USB(UniversalSerialBus,通用串行总线)协议的拓扑结构和软件结构,引入了专门用以在嵌入式系统或便携式设备中实现USB协议的芯片ISP1161,介绍了其硬件结构,,尤其重点分析完成USB协议所必需的寄存器状态,并给出了在嵌入式系统中利用ISP1161实现USBHOST(USB主协议)的软件流程,最后,列举了应用该USBHOST模块的嵌入式系统的的实例。

基于CH375的USB-HOST MP3播放器

引言 MP3播放器是目前市场上流行的消费类数码产品之一，并且已经成为高度商品化的产品。它具有方便携带、大容量和支持多种音频文件播放等特点而受到广大消费者的青睐，其应用价值不言而喻。在制作一个可以实际应用的MP3播放器之前，需要寻找到一个切实可行的制作方案，成为制作过程的最关键一步。

Study on Developmental Durations and Fecundity of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley on Four Species of Hosts

[Objective] The aim was to study on the effect of hosts on development and reproduction of mealybug （Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley）. [Method] Observation was conducted on developmental durations and fecundity of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley fed on Gossypium spp., Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum tuberosum L and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. [Result] There were differences among all durations, generation durations and fecundities of the mealybug adult females. Specifically, the generation durations on cotton （Gossypium spp.）, tobacco（ Nicotiana tabacum）, potato （Solanum tuberosum L） and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were 30.2, 28.2, 37.3, and 27.7 d, and the fecundities per female were 626.0, 417.2, 552.5, and 183.2 ind., respectively. [Conclusion] The mealybug would have strong pontential in population growth when fed on cotton, tobacco and potato.

嵌入式系统中实现USB HOST技术研究

USB协议由于不对称,使嵌入式系统实现USB HOST协议比较困难,ISP1161的出现改变了这种状况。简要介绍了USB协议的拓扑结构和软件结构,重点分析了ISP1161的硬件结构,并给出在嵌入式系统中利用ISP1161实现USB HOST的软件流程,最后,给出了应用USB HOST模块的实例。

长链非编码RNA-HOST2在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达及生物学功能

目的:分析长链非编码RNA-HOST2在上皮性卵巢癌细胞和组织中的表达,探讨HOST2表达与卵巢癌生物学行为之间的潜在关系,为上皮性卵巢癌的靶向治疗提供理论依据和实验数据。方法:选择OVCAR-3上皮性卵巢癌细胞株,用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基常规标准条件下培养,利用实时定量荧光PCR技术检测HOST2的表达,利用siRNA靶向干扰HOST2表达,利用划痕实验、Transwell细胞小室和CCK-8试剂研究HOST2对上皮性卵巢癌细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖和凋亡的影响。结果:HOST2在上皮性卵巢癌中均特异性高表达,但在其他多种常见的恶性肿瘤中表达很低或几乎没有表达。HOST2的表达受抑制后,OVCAR-3细胞的迁移、侵袭和增殖能力均明显减弱,外源性降低HOST2表达能抑制上皮性卵巢癌皮下移植瘤的生长,延长裸鼠生存期。结论:HOST2参与上皮性卵巢癌细胞的迁移、侵袭、增殖等生物学行为,可用于上皮性卵巢癌的靶向治疗。

一种基于嵌入式USB HOST的心电数据存储系统

介绍了一种新的动态心电信号存储方案。该方案以DSP芯片TMS320VC5402为核心,以USB闪存盘作为数据存储介质,通过嵌入式USBHost解决方案MemMasterV1.4实现了DSP与USB闪存盘的连接。功能完善的软件系统可以完成心电信号的采集、存储、显示、分析、回放等功能。

上皮性卵巢癌中HOST2 lncRNA的表达及临床意义

目的:检测HOST2 lnc RNA在上皮性卵巢组织的表达水平,并分析其临床意义。方法:利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测HOST2 lnc RNA在上皮性卵巢癌、上皮性交界性瘤和上皮性正常卵巢组织的表达水平,分析HOST2 lnc RNA在不同上皮性卵巢组织表达差异的临床意义。结果:HOST2 lnc RNA在上皮性卵巢癌组织和上皮性交界性瘤表达量明显高于上皮性正常卵巢组织的表达,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。HOST2 lnc RNA在上皮性卵巢癌组织表达量与上皮性交界性瘤表达量比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。HOST2 lnc RNA在不同临床分期的上皮性卵巢癌中表达量无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:在上皮性卵巢癌和交界性卵巢瘤中HOST2 lnc RNA均有表达,可作为上皮性卵巢癌早期诊断的一个分子诊断标志物。

一种基于嵌入式USB-Host的大容量数据存储方案及应用

为解决在分布式数据采集系统中如何实现大量数据传输存储的问题,文章讨论了一种方案———嵌入式USB-Host大容量数据存储方案,对比传统的串口数据传输,提高了传输速度,且脱离了PC机的限制。具体阐述了该方案的硬件组成和软件实现,有较高的参考价值。该方案已经纳入分布式可控震源数据采集系统的构建方案,并通过了模块功能测试,验证了该方案的可行性与优越性。

机车制动记录装置中嵌入式USB Host的设计

支持USB功能已成为现代数据采集和监控系统的发展趋势,机车紧急制动时的参数对分析事故原因至关重要;针对机车制动记录装置的数据转储功能设计了一种嵌入式USB Host解决方案;该方案以XC164单片机为微处理器,ISP1160为主控制器,辅以大容量存储器和时钟芯片,移动存储器使用普通U盘;文中介绍的硬件体系结构和软件设计方法,兼顾了系统的性能和开发的方便性,对其他嵌入式USB Host解决方案也有一定的普遍意义。