El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the leading mode of global interannual variability,usually intensifies the Hadley Circulation(HC),and meanwhile constrains its meridional extension,leading to an equatorward movement...El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the leading mode of global interannual variability,usually intensifies the Hadley Circulation(HC),and meanwhile constrains its meridional extension,leading to an equatorward movement of the jet system.Previous studies have investigated the response of HC to ENSO events using different reanalysis datasets and evaluated their capability in capturing the main features of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.However,these studies mainly focused on the global HC,represented by a zonal-mean mass stream function(MSF).Comparatively fewer studies have evaluated HC responses from a regional perspective,partly due to the prerequisite of the Stokes MSF,which prevents us from integrating a regional HC.In this study,we adopt a recently developed technique to construct the three-dimensional structure of HC and evaluate the capability of eight state-of-the-art reanalyses in reproducing the regional HC response to ENSO events.Results show that all eight reanalyses reproduce the spatial structure of HC responses well,with an intensified HC around the central-eastern Pacific but weakened circulations around the Indo-Pacific warm pool and tropical Atlantic.The spatial correlation coefficient of the three-dimensional HC anomalies among the different datasets is always larger than 0.93.However,these datasets may not capture the amplitudes of the HC responses well.This uncertainty is especially large for ENSO-associated equatorially asymmetric HC anomalies,with the maximum amplitude in Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)being about 2.7 times the minimum value in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis(20CR).One should be careful when using reanalysis data to evaluate the intensity of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.展开更多
How atmospheric and oceanic circulations respond to Arctic warming at different timescales are revealed with idealized numerical simulations.Induced by local forcing and feedback,Arctic warming appears and leads to se...How atmospheric and oceanic circulations respond to Arctic warming at different timescales are revealed with idealized numerical simulations.Induced by local forcing and feedback,Arctic warming appears and leads to sea-ice melting.Deep-water formation is inhibited,which weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC).The flow and temperature in the upper layer does not respond to the AMOC decrease immediately,especially at mid-low latitudes.Thus,nearly uniform surface warming in mid-low latitudes enhances(decreases)the strength(width)of the Hadley cell(HC).With the smaller northward heat carried by the weaker AMOC,the Norwegian Sea cools significantly.With strong warming in Northern Hemisphere high latitudes,the long-term response triggers the“temperature-wind-gyre-temperature”cycle,leading to colder midlatitudes,resulting in strong subsidence and Ferrel cell enhancement,which drives the HC southward.With weaker warming in the tropics and stronger warming at high latitudes,there is a stronger HC with decreased width.A much warmer Southern Hemisphere appears due to a weaker AMOC that also pushes the HC southward.Our idealized model results suggest that the HC strengthens under both warming conditions,as tropical warming determines the strength of the HC convection.Second,extreme Arctic warming led by artificially reduced surface albedo decreases the meridional temperature gradient between high and low latitudes,which contracts the HC.Third,a warmer mid-high latitude in the Northern(Southern)Hemisphere due to surface albedo feedback(weakened AMOC)in our experiments pushes the HC northward(southward).In most seasons,the HC exhibits the same trend as that described above.展开更多
本文分析了1948~2007年北半球夏季Hadley环流的主导模态及其变率,结果表明:北半球夏季Hadley环流变率的主导模态包括两个赤道非对称模态,其主体分别位于北半球(简称为AMN)和南半球(简称AMS)和一个赤道准对称的模态(简称QSM),AMN和AMS主...本文分析了1948~2007年北半球夏季Hadley环流的主导模态及其变率,结果表明:北半球夏季Hadley环流变率的主导模态包括两个赤道非对称模态,其主体分别位于北半球(简称为AMN)和南半球(简称AMS)和一个赤道准对称的模态(简称QSM),AMN和AMS主要表征Hadley环流的年代际变率部分,而QSM主要表征Hadley环流的年际变率部分。AMN的时间系数呈现明显的减弱趋势,AMS的时间系数则表现为明显的增强趋势,两个模态的年代际变率表明:北半球夏季Hadley环流发生了显著的年代际转型,在1970年代以前呈现"北强南弱"型,之后转变为"南强北弱"型。印度洋—西太平洋暖池和热带大西洋赤道带海温的异常增暖以及由热带大西洋和印度洋海温非均匀增暖形成的减弱的北半球大尺度经向海温梯度和加强的南半球大尺度经向海温梯度可能是导致上述Hadley环流变率的重要影响因子。不同于两个非对称模态,QSM模态的变率主要与热带东太平洋的海温以及Ni^no3.4指数有明显的线性关系,说明ENSO对夏季Hadley环流的影响主要是在年际尺度上。对Hadley环流年代际转型的进一步分析发现,其越赤道部分的减弱与东半球热带季风区经向越赤道环流的减弱有密切联系。相关和合成分析的结果显示,南海季风、南亚东区季风以及西非季风的强弱与越赤道环流异常有显著相关,热带季风在这些区域的减弱趋势很可能共同受到北半球夏季Hadley环流年代际转型中越赤道环流减弱的影响。然而,南亚西区季风与经向环流没有明显相关,同时也未呈现显著的年代际趋势,这一结果从环流的角度验证了Li and Zeng(2002)将南亚季风区划分为东区和西区的合理性。展开更多
利用ECMWF最新发布的Interim再分析资料,计算了东亚季风区Hadley环流质量流函数,并使用EOF分解、相关分析及合成分析等统计方法,分析了夏季东亚季风区Hadley环流上升支结构的异常特征及其对我国长江流域降水的影响。发现夏季东亚季风区H...利用ECMWF最新发布的Interim再分析资料,计算了东亚季风区Hadley环流质量流函数,并使用EOF分解、相关分析及合成分析等统计方法,分析了夏季东亚季风区Hadley环流上升支结构的异常特征及其对我国长江流域降水的影响。发现夏季东亚季风区Hadley环流上升支具有独特的双上升中心结构,两上升中心的位置分别对应东亚夏季风系统中的两条辐合带——热带季风槽及梅雨锋。上升支的主要异常模态表现为两个上升中心"跷跷板"型的反相异常。与梅雨锋对应的副热带上升中心强度与长江流域降水呈正相关关系,即当其偏强时,长江流域降水偏多,反之亦然。副热带支偏强时,低层西太平洋副热带高压偏南导致气流在长江流域异常辐合,其异常西南风水汽输送使得长江流域有异常水汽辐合,高层气流在长江流域异常辐散。同时鄂霍次克海附近阻塞活动偏强,东亚沿海地区500 h Pa高度场出现"+-+"的经向异常型。这些异常型均有利于长江流域的降水。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0605703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42176243,41976193 and 41676190)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41975079)。
文摘El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the leading mode of global interannual variability,usually intensifies the Hadley Circulation(HC),and meanwhile constrains its meridional extension,leading to an equatorward movement of the jet system.Previous studies have investigated the response of HC to ENSO events using different reanalysis datasets and evaluated their capability in capturing the main features of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.However,these studies mainly focused on the global HC,represented by a zonal-mean mass stream function(MSF).Comparatively fewer studies have evaluated HC responses from a regional perspective,partly due to the prerequisite of the Stokes MSF,which prevents us from integrating a regional HC.In this study,we adopt a recently developed technique to construct the three-dimensional structure of HC and evaluate the capability of eight state-of-the-art reanalyses in reproducing the regional HC response to ENSO events.Results show that all eight reanalyses reproduce the spatial structure of HC responses well,with an intensified HC around the central-eastern Pacific but weakened circulations around the Indo-Pacific warm pool and tropical Atlantic.The spatial correlation coefficient of the three-dimensional HC anomalies among the different datasets is always larger than 0.93.However,these datasets may not capture the amplitudes of the HC responses well.This uncertainty is especially large for ENSO-associated equatorially asymmetric HC anomalies,with the maximum amplitude in Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)being about 2.7 times the minimum value in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis(20CR).One should be careful when using reanalysis data to evaluate the intensity of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.
文摘How atmospheric and oceanic circulations respond to Arctic warming at different timescales are revealed with idealized numerical simulations.Induced by local forcing and feedback,Arctic warming appears and leads to sea-ice melting.Deep-water formation is inhibited,which weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC).The flow and temperature in the upper layer does not respond to the AMOC decrease immediately,especially at mid-low latitudes.Thus,nearly uniform surface warming in mid-low latitudes enhances(decreases)the strength(width)of the Hadley cell(HC).With the smaller northward heat carried by the weaker AMOC,the Norwegian Sea cools significantly.With strong warming in Northern Hemisphere high latitudes,the long-term response triggers the“temperature-wind-gyre-temperature”cycle,leading to colder midlatitudes,resulting in strong subsidence and Ferrel cell enhancement,which drives the HC southward.With weaker warming in the tropics and stronger warming at high latitudes,there is a stronger HC with decreased width.A much warmer Southern Hemisphere appears due to a weaker AMOC that also pushes the HC southward.Our idealized model results suggest that the HC strengthens under both warming conditions,as tropical warming determines the strength of the HC convection.Second,extreme Arctic warming led by artificially reduced surface albedo decreases the meridional temperature gradient between high and low latitudes,which contracts the HC.Third,a warmer mid-high latitude in the Northern(Southern)Hemisphere due to surface albedo feedback(weakened AMOC)in our experiments pushes the HC northward(southward).In most seasons,the HC exhibits the same trend as that described above.
文摘本文分析了1948~2007年北半球夏季Hadley环流的主导模态及其变率,结果表明:北半球夏季Hadley环流变率的主导模态包括两个赤道非对称模态,其主体分别位于北半球(简称为AMN)和南半球(简称AMS)和一个赤道准对称的模态(简称QSM),AMN和AMS主要表征Hadley环流的年代际变率部分,而QSM主要表征Hadley环流的年际变率部分。AMN的时间系数呈现明显的减弱趋势,AMS的时间系数则表现为明显的增强趋势,两个模态的年代际变率表明:北半球夏季Hadley环流发生了显著的年代际转型,在1970年代以前呈现"北强南弱"型,之后转变为"南强北弱"型。印度洋—西太平洋暖池和热带大西洋赤道带海温的异常增暖以及由热带大西洋和印度洋海温非均匀增暖形成的减弱的北半球大尺度经向海温梯度和加强的南半球大尺度经向海温梯度可能是导致上述Hadley环流变率的重要影响因子。不同于两个非对称模态,QSM模态的变率主要与热带东太平洋的海温以及Ni^no3.4指数有明显的线性关系,说明ENSO对夏季Hadley环流的影响主要是在年际尺度上。对Hadley环流年代际转型的进一步分析发现,其越赤道部分的减弱与东半球热带季风区经向越赤道环流的减弱有密切联系。相关和合成分析的结果显示,南海季风、南亚东区季风以及西非季风的强弱与越赤道环流异常有显著相关,热带季风在这些区域的减弱趋势很可能共同受到北半球夏季Hadley环流年代际转型中越赤道环流减弱的影响。然而,南亚西区季风与经向环流没有明显相关,同时也未呈现显著的年代际趋势,这一结果从环流的角度验证了Li and Zeng(2002)将南亚季风区划分为东区和西区的合理性。
文摘利用ECMWF最新发布的Interim再分析资料,计算了东亚季风区Hadley环流质量流函数,并使用EOF分解、相关分析及合成分析等统计方法,分析了夏季东亚季风区Hadley环流上升支结构的异常特征及其对我国长江流域降水的影响。发现夏季东亚季风区Hadley环流上升支具有独特的双上升中心结构,两上升中心的位置分别对应东亚夏季风系统中的两条辐合带——热带季风槽及梅雨锋。上升支的主要异常模态表现为两个上升中心"跷跷板"型的反相异常。与梅雨锋对应的副热带上升中心强度与长江流域降水呈正相关关系,即当其偏强时,长江流域降水偏多,反之亦然。副热带支偏强时,低层西太平洋副热带高压偏南导致气流在长江流域异常辐合,其异常西南风水汽输送使得长江流域有异常水汽辐合,高层气流在长江流域异常辐散。同时鄂霍次克海附近阻塞活动偏强,东亚沿海地区500 h Pa高度场出现"+-+"的经向异常型。这些异常型均有利于长江流域的降水。
