High-Resolution Heat Transfer Coefficients Measurement for Jet Impingement Using Thermochromic Liquid Crystals

A high-resolution testing technique named liquid crystal thermography is used for the experimental study on jet array impingement to map out the distribution of heat transfer coefficients on the cooling surface. Effects of the impingement distance, the impinging hole arrangement and the initial crossflow on heat transfer characteristics are investigated. The thermal images show truly the features of local heat transfer for each jet impingement cooling. The applications of thermochromic liquid crystal are successful in the qualitative and quantitative measurement for heat transfer coefficients distribution.

Influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of Al_2O_3/R141b in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering

Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant for 0.05 wt.% to 0.4 wt.% is prepared by ultrasonic vibration to investigate the influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer of Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering. Experimental results show that nanoparticle concentrations have significantly impact on heat transfer coefficients by homogeneity test of variances according to mathematical statistics. The heat transfer performance of Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant is enhanced after adding nanoparticles in the pure refrigerant R141b. The heat transfer coefficients of 0.05 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.% and 0.4 wt.% Al2O3/R141 b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant respectively increase by 55.0% 72.0%, 53.0% 42.3% and 39.9% compared with the pure refrigerant R141b. The particle fluxes from viscosity gradient, non-uniform shear rate and Brownian motion cause particles to migrate in fluid especially in the process of flow boiling. This migration motion enhances heat transfer between nanoparticles and fluid. Therefore, the heat transfer performance of nanofluid is enhanced. It is important to note that the heat transfer coefficients nonlinearly increase with nanoparticle concentrations increasing. The heat transfer coefficients reach its maximum value at the mass concentration of 0.1% and then it decreases slightly. There exists an optimal mass concentration corresponding to the best heat transfer enhancement. The reason for the above phenomenon is attributed to nanoparticles deposition on the minichannel wall by Scanning Electron Microscopy observation. The channel surface wettability increases during the flow boiling experiment in the mass concentration range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. The channel surface with wettability increasing needs more energy to produce a bubble. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficients decrease with nanopartide concentrations in the range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. In addition, a new correlation has been proposed by fitting the experimental data considering the influence of mass concentrations on the heat trans- fer performance. The new correlation can effectively predict the heat transfer coefficient.

Internal heat transfer coefficients in microporous media with rarefaction effects

The internal heat transfer of different gases in microporous media was investigated experimentally and numerically.The experimental test section had a sintered bronze porous media with average particle diameters from 11 μm to 225 μm.The Knudsen numbers at the average inlet and outlet pressures of each test section varied from 0.0006 to 0.13 with porosities from 0.16 to 0.38.The particle-to-fluid heat transfer coefficients of air,CO 2 and helium in the microporous media were determined experimentally.The results show that the Nusselt numbers for the internal heat transfer in the microporous media decrease with decreasing the particle diameter,d p,and increasing Knudsen number for the same Reynolds number.For Kn>0.01,the rarefaction affects the internal heat transfer in the microporous media.A Nusselt number correlation was developed that includes the influence of rarefaction.The computational fluid dynamics(CFD) numerical simulation was carried out to do the pore scale simulation of internal heat transfer in the microporous media considering the rarefaction effect.Pore scale three-dimensional numerical simulations were also used to predict the particle-to-fluid heat transfer coefficients.The numerical results without slip-flow and temperature jump effects for Kn<0.01 corresponded well with the experimental data.The numerical results with slip-flow and temperature jump effects for 0.01<Kn<0.13 are lower than the numerical results without rarefaction effects,but closer to the experimental data.The numerical results with rarefaction effects can accurately simulate the unsteady heat transfer in the microporous media.

Experiment of Flow Regime Map and Local Condensing Heat Transfer Coefficients Inside Three Dimensional Inner Microfin Tubes

This paper developed a new type of three dimensional inner microfin tube. The experimental results of the flow patterns for the horizontal condensation inside these tubes are reported in the paper. The flow patterns for the horizontal condensation inside the new made tubes are divided into annular flow, stratified flow and intermittent flow within the test conditions. The experiments of the local heat transfer coefficients for the different flow patterns have been systematically carried out. The experiments of the local heat transfer coefficients changing with the vapor dryness fraction have also been carried out. As compared with the heat transfer coefficients of the two dimensional inner microfin tubes, those of the three dimensional inner microfin tubes increase 47-127% for the annular flow region, 38-183% for the stratified flow and 15-75% for the intermittent flow, respectively. The enhancement factor of the local heat transfer coefficients is from 1.8-6.9 for the vapor dryness fraction from 0.05 to 1.

Heat Transfer Model with Two Heat Transfer Coefficients Along a M ultiperforated Plate-Application to Combustion Chamber Wall Cooling

Walls' cooling of aeronautic propeller combustion chamber is performed with the injection, through the combustion chamber wall, of a part of the air coming from compressors placed upstream. Measurements of the wall thermal fields are made by infrared thermography along the injection wall. This injection wall is pierced by 9 rows of 8 holes (α=90°) in staggered configuration (p/D=s/D=6). We propose a model using two heat transfer coefficients to represent the convective exchanges. The results are non-dimensioned and presented in comparison with the case without holes. The use of this model allows us to define 4 zones. Those 4 zones exist for the 5 blowing rates.

The Heat Transfer Coefficients of the Heating Surface of 300 MWe CFB Boiler

A study of the heat transfer about the heating surface of three commercial 300 MWe CFB boilers was conducted in this work. The heat transfer coefficients of the platen heating surface, the external heat exchanger (EHE) and cyclone separator were calculated according to the relative operation data at different boiler loads. Moreover, the heat transfer coefficient of the waterwall was calculated by heat balance of the hot circuit of the CFB boiler. With the boiler capacity increasing, the heat transfer coefficients of these heating surface increases, and the heat transfer coefficient of the water wall is higher than that of the platen heating surface. The heat transfer coefficient of the EHE is the highest in high boiler load, the heat transfer coefficient of the cyclone separator is the lowest. Because the fired coal is different from the design coal in No.1 boiler, the ash content of the fired coal is much lower than that of the design coal. The heat transfer coefficients which calculated with the operation data are lower than the previous design value and that is the reason why the bed temperature is rather high during the boiler operation in No.1 boiler.

Improving Heat Transfer in Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors by Magnetic Nanofluids

A parabolic trough solar collector(PTSC)converts solar radiation into thermal energy.However,low thermal efficiency of PTSC poses a hindrance to the deployment of solar thermal power plants.Thermal performance of PTSC is enhanced in this study by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into the working fluid.The circular receiver pipe,with dimensions of 66 mm diameter,2 mm thickness,and 24 m length,is exposed to uniform temperature and velocity conditions.The working fluid,Therminol-66,is supplemented with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles at concentrations ranging from 1%to 4%.The findings demonstrate that the inclusion of nanoparticles increases the convective heat transfer coefficient(HTC)of the PTSC,with higher nanoparticle volume fractions leading to greater heat transfer but increased pressure drop.The thermal enhancement factor(TEF)of the PTSC is positively affected by the volume fraction of nanoparticles,both with and without a magnetic field.Notably,the scenario with a 4%nanoparticle volume fraction and a magnetic field strength of 250 G exhibits the highest TEF,indicating superior thermal performance.These findings offer potential avenues for improving the efficiency of PTSCs in solar thermal plants by introducing magnetic nanoparticles into the working fluid.

Internal Heat Transfer Characteristics of Lamilloy Configurations

A transient measurement technique by using narrow-band thermochromic liquid crystal （TLC） is employed to determine temperature and heat transfer coefficient （HTC） distribution on inner surfaces of the typical lamilloy configurations. With this technique, both local HTC distribution and average HTC distribution could be obtained. The experimental results indicate that the variation of the porosity ratio, the one that the area of impingement holes divided by that of the plate, has a great effect on the HTC distribution on the inner surfaces. Heat exchange of inner surfaces varies directly as the porosity ratio. The impingement Reynolds number ranges from 20 000 to 50 000. The average HTC of inner surfaces bears a linear relationship with the Reynolds number.

A new heat transfer correlation for flow boiling in helically coiled tubes

Based on the superposition principle of the nucleate boiling and convective heat transfer terms,a new correlation is developed for flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes.The effects of the geometric and system parameters on heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes are investigated by collecting large amounts of experimental data and analyzing the heat transfer mechanisms. The existing correlations are divided into two categories,and they are calculated with the experimental data.The Dn factor is introduced to take into account the effect of a complex geometrical structure on flow boiling heat transfer.A new correlation is developed for predicting the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in the helically coiled tubes,which is validated by the experimental data of R134a flow boiling heat transfer in them;and the average relative error and root mean square error of the new correlation are calculated.The results show that the new correlation agrees well with the experimental data,indicating that the new correlation can be used for predicting flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in the helically coiled tubes.

Numerical simulation of heat transfer and flow of cooling air in triangular wavy fin channels

Numerical computation models of air cooling heat transfer and flow behaviors in triangular wavy fin channels(TWFC) were established with structural parameters of fins considered.The air side properties of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are displayed with variable structural parameters of fins and inlet velocities of cooling air.Within the range of simulation,TWFC has the best comprehensive performance when inlet velocity vin=4-10 m/s.Compared with those of straight fins,the simulation results reveal that the triangular wavy fin channels are of higher heat transfer performances especially with the fin structural parameters of fin-height Fh=9.0 mm,fin-pitch Fp=2.5-3.0 mm,fin-wavelength λ=14.0-17.5 mm and fin-wave-amplitude A=1.0-1.2 mm.The correlations of both heat transfer factor and friction factor are presented,and the deviations from the experimental measurements are within 20%.

HEAT TRANSFER MODEL OF A DROPLET IN AN IMMISCIBLE LIQUID

The heat transfer of the dispersed droplets of a volatile liquid sprayed upward in an immiscible continuous-phase liquid in a vertical tube are analyzed for an n-pentane-water system.According to the definition of the turbulent film heat transfer coefficient based on a surface area of a spherical two-phase droplet,a heat transfer model of a droplet in an immiscible liquid is developed.Making use of the volumetric heat transfer coefficient derived under taking into account the fragmentation of the two-phase droplet,the parameters in the model are determined by the theoretical analysis and the experimental research.

A Numerical Method on Inverse Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient Based on Thermographic Temperature Measurement

The heat transfer coefficient in a multidimensional heat conduction problem is obtained from the solution of the inverse heat conduction problem based on the thermographic temperature measurement. The modified one-dimensional correction method （MODCM）, along with the finite volume method, is employed for both two- and three-dimensional inverse problems. A series of numerical experiments are conducted in order to verify the effectiveness of the method. In addition, the effect of the temperature measurement error, the ending criterion of the iteration, etc. on the result of the inverse problem is investigated. It is proved that the method is a simple, stable and accurate one that can solve successfully the inverse heat conduction problem.

Computation of synthetic surface heat transfer coefficient of 7B50 ultra-high-strength aluminum alloy during spray quenching

According to inverse heat transfer theory, the evolutions of synthetic surface heat transfer coefficient（SSHTC） of the quenching surface of 7B50 alloy during water-spray quenching were simulated by the Pro CAST software based on accurate cooling curves measured by the modified Jominy specimen and temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties of 7 B50 alloy calculated using the JMat Pro software. Results show that the average cooling rate at 6 mm from the quenching surface and 420-230 ℃（quench sensitive temperature range） is 45.78℃/s. The peak-value of the SSHTC is 69 kW/（m^2·K） obtained at spray quenching for 0.4 s and the corresponding temperature of the quenching surface is 160 ℃. In the initial stage of spray quenching, the phenomenon called ＂temperature plateau＂ appears on the cooling curve of the quenching surface. The temperature range of this plateau is 160-170℃ with the duration about 3 s. During the temperature plateau, heat transfer mechanism of the quenching surface transforms from nucleate boiling regime to single-phase convective regime.

Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer Coefficient of Concrete

A very simple model for predicting thermal conductivity based on its definiensis was presented. The thermal conductivity obtained using the model provided a good coincidence to the investigations performed by other authors. The heat transfer coefficient was determined by inverse analysis using the temperature measurements. From experimental results, it is noted that heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of wind velocity and relative humidity, a prediction equation on heat transfer coefficient about wind velocity and relative humidity is given.

Determination of interfacial heat transfer coefficient and its application in high pressure die casting process

In this paper,the research progress of the interfacial heat transfer in high pressure die casting(HPDC)is reviewed.Results including determination of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC),influence of casting thickness,process parameters and casting alloys on the IHTC are summarized and discussed.A thermal boundary condition model was developed based on the two correlations:(a)IHTC and casting solid fraction and(b)IHTC peak value and initial die surface temperature.The boundary model was then applied during the determination of the temperature field in HPDC and excellent agreement was found.

SIMULATION OF STEEL COIL HEAT TRANSFER IN HPH FURNACE

The mathematical model has been estublished for the simulation of steel coil＇s heat transfer during annealing thermal process in HPH （high performance hydrogen） furnace. The equivalent radial thermal conductivity is adopted by statistical analysis regression approach through the combination of a large quantity of production data collected in practice and theoretical analyses. The effect of the number of coils on circulating flow gas is considered for calculating the convection heat transfer coefficient, The temperature within the coil is predicted with the developed model during the annealing cycle including heating process and cooling process. The good consistently between the predicted results and the experimental data has demonstrated that the mathematical model established and the parameters identified by this paper are scientifically feasible and the effective method of calculation for coil equivalent radial heat transfer coefficient and circulating gas flow has been identified successfully, which largely enhances the operability and feasibility of the mathematic- model. This model provides a theoretical basis and an effective means to conduct studies on the impact that foresaid factors may imposed on the steel coil＇s temperature field, to analyze the stress within coils, to realize online control and optimal production and to increase facilily output by increasing heating and cooling rates of coils without producing higher thermal stress.

Study on interfacial heat transfer coefficient at metal/die interface during high pressure die casting process of AZ91D alloy

The high pressure die casting (HPDC) process is one of the fastest growing and most efficient methods for the production of complex shape castings of magnesium and aluminum alloys in today's manufacturing industry. In this study, a high pressure die casting experiment using AZ91D magnesium alloy was conducted, and the temperature profiles inside the die were measured. By using a computer program based on solving the inverse heat problem, the metal/die interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) was calculated and studied. The results show that the IHTC between the metal and die increases right after the liquid metal is brought into the cavity by the plunger, and decreases as the solidification process of the liquid metal proceeds until the liquid metal is completely solidified, when the IHTC tends to be stable. The interfacial heat transfer coefficient shows different characteristics under different casting wall thicknesses and varies with the change of solidification behavior.

Measurement of temperature inside die and estimation of interfacial heat transfer coefficient in squeeze casting

As an advanced near-net shape technology, squeeze casting is an excellent method for producing high integrity castings. Numerical simulation is a very effective method to optimize squeeze casting process, and the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC) is an important boundary condition in numerical simulation. Therefore, the study of the IHTC is of great significance. In the present study, experiments were conducted and a "plate shape" aluminum alloy casting was cast in H13 steel die. In order to obtain accurate temperature readings inside the die, a special temperature sensor units(TSU) was designed. Six 1 mm wide and 1 mm deep grooves were machined in the sensor unit for the placement of the thermocouples whose tips were welded to the end wall. Each groove was machined to terminate at a particular distance(1, 3, and 6 mm) from the front end of the sensor unit. Based on the temperature measurements inside the die, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC) at the metal-die interface was determined by applying an inverse approach. The acquired data were processed by a low pass filtering method based on Fast Fourier Transform(FFT). The feature of the IHTC at the metal-die interface was discussed.

External Heat Transfer in Moist Air and Superheated Steam for Softwood Drying

In kiln drying of softwood timber, external heat and moisture mass transfercoefficients are important in defining boundary temperature and moisture content at the woodsurface. In addition, superheated steam drying of wood is a promising technology but this has notbeen widely accepted commercially, partially due to the lack of understanding of the dryingphenomena occurred during drying. In this work, experimental investigation was performed to quantifythe heat transfer between wood surface and surrounding moist air or superheated steam. In theexperiment, saturated radiata pine sapwood samples were dried using dry-bulb/wet-bulb temperaturesof 60℃/50℃, 90℃/60℃, 120℃/70℃, 140℃/90℃, 160℃/90℃, 140℃/100℃ and 160℃/100℃. The lasttwo schedules were for superheated steam drying as the wet-bulb temperature was set at 100℃. Thecirculation velocity over the board surface was controlled at 4.2m·s^(-1). Two additional runs(90℃/60℃) using air velocities of 2.4 m·s^(-1) and 4.8 m·s^(-1) were performed to check theeffect of the circulation velocity. During drying, sample weight and temperatures at wood surfaceand different depths were continuously measured. Prom these measurements, changes in woodtemperature and moisture content were calculated and external heat-transfer coefficient wasdetermined for both the moist air and the superheated steam drying.

Establishment and Application of UFC-ACC Heat Transfer Coefficient Model

Based on medium plate runout table ultra-fast cooling( UFC)-accelerated cooling equipment( ACC) system,a heat transfer coefficient model was constructed. Firstly,according to the measured data,heat transfer coefficients under different roll speed and water volume were calculated by using an inverse heat conduction method. Secondly,a monofactorial heat transfer coefficient calculation formula was obtained. Finally,the heat transfer coefficient model based on medium plate runout table UFC-ACC system was constructed by intercept function,slope function,interaction influence function and linear or nonlinear influencing factors. The precision of these models was validated by comparing model prediction value with measured data,and the results were in good agreement with practical needs,and the average deviation was less than 5%.