Role of heterogenous microstructure and deformation behavior in achieving superior strength-ductility synergy in zinc fabricated via laser powder bed fusion

Zinc(Zn)is considered a promising biodegradable metal for implant applications due to its appropriate degradability and favorable osteogenesis properties.In this work,laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)additive manufacturing was employed to fabricate pure Zn with a heterogeneous microstructure and exceptional strength-ductility synergy.An optimized processing window of LPBF was established for printing Zn samples with relative densities greater than 99%using a laser power range of 80∼90 W and a scanning speed of 900 mm s−1.The Zn sample printed with a power of 80 W at a speed of 900 mm s−1 exhibited a hierarchical heterogeneous microstructure consisting of millimeter-scale molten pool boundaries,micrometer-scale bimodal grains,and nanometer-scale pre-existing dislocations,due to rapid cooling rates and significant thermal gradients formed in the molten pools.The printed sample exhibited the highest ductility of∼12.1%among all reported LPBF-printed pure Zn to date with appreciable ultimate tensile strength(∼128.7 MPa).Such superior strength-ductility synergy can be attributed to the presence of multiple deformation mechanisms that are primarily governed by heterogeneous deformation-induced hardening resulting from the alternative arrangement of bimodal Zn grains with pre-existing dislocations.Additionally,continuous strain hardening was facilitated through the interactions between deformation twins,grains and dislocations as strain accumulated,further contributing to the superior strength-ductility synergy.These findings provide valuable insights into the deformation behavior and mechanisms underlying exceptional mechanical properties of LPBF-printed Zn and its alloys for implant applications.

A candidate protective factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G

Heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G is down-regulated in the spinal cord of the Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur(TG)amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model.However,most studies have only examined heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G expression in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model and heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G effects in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis such as in apoptosis are unknown.In this study,we studied the potential mechanism of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G in neuronal death in the spinal cord of TG and wild-type mice and examined the mechanism by which heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G induces apoptosis.Heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G in spinal cord was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and western blotting,and cell proliferation and proteins(TAR DNA binding protein 43,superoxide dismutase 1,and Bax)were detected by the Cell Counting Kit-8 and western blot analysis in heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G siRNA-transfected PC12 cells.We analyzed heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G distribution in spinal cord in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model at various time points and the expressions of apoptosis and proliferation-related proteins.Heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G was mainly localized in neurons.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice were examined at three stages:preonset(60-70 days),onset(90-100 days)and progression(120-130 days).The number of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G-positive cells was significantly higher in the anterior horn of the lumbar spinal cord segment of TG mice at the preonset stage than that of control group but lower than that of the control group at the onset stage.The number of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G-positive cells in both central canal and surrounding gray matter of the whole spinal cord of TG mice at the onset stage was significantly lower than that in the control group,whereas that of the lumbar spinal cord segment of TG mice was significantly higher than that in the control group at preonset stage and significantly lower than that in the control group at the progression stage.The numbers of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G-positive cells in the posterior horn of cervical and thoracic segments of TG mice at preonset and progression stages were significantly lower than those in the control group.The expression of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G in the cervical spinal cord segment of TG mice was significantly higher than that in the control group at the preonset stage but significantly lower at the progression stage.The expression of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G in the thoracic spinal cord segment of TG mice was significantly increased at the preonset stage,significantly decreased at the onset stage,and significantly increased at the progression stage compared with the control group.heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G expression in the lumbar spinal cord segment of TG mice was significantly lower than that of the control group at the progression stage.After heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G gene silencing,PC12 cell survival was lower than that of control cells.Both TAR DNA binding protein 43 and Bax expressions were significantly increased in heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G-silenced cells compared with control cells.Our study suggests that abnormal distribution and expression of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G might play a protective effect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis development via preventing neuronal death by reducing abnormal TAR DNA binding protein 43 generation in the spinal cord.

Extrahepatic bile duct reconstruction in pigs with heterogenous animal-derived artificial bile ducts:A preliminary experience

BACKGROUND Extrahepatic biliary duct injury(BDI)remains a complicated issue for surgeons.Although several approaches have been explored to address this problem,the high incidence of complications affects postoperative recovery.As a nonimmunogenic scaffold,an animal-derived artificial bile duct(ada-BD)could replace the defect,providing good physiological conditions for the regeneration of autologous bile duct structures without changing the original anatomical and physiologic conditions.AIM To evaluate the long-term feasibility of a novel heterogenous ada-BD for treating extrahepatic BDI in pigs.METHODS Eight pigs were randomly divided into two groups in the study.The animal injury model was developed with an approximately 2 cm segmental defect of various parts of the common bile duct(CBD)for all pigs.A 2 cm long novel heterogenous animal-derived bile duct was used to repair this segmental defect(group A,ada-BD-to-duodenum anastomosis to repair the distal CBD defect;group B,ada-BD-to-CBD anastomosis to repair the intermedial CBD defect).The endpoint for observation was 6 mo(group A)and 12 mo(group B)after the operation.Liver function was regularly tested.Animals were euthanized at the above endpoints.Histological analysis was carried out to assess the efficacy of the repair.RESULTS The median operative time was 2.45 h(2-3 h),with a median anastomosis time of 60.5 min(55-73 min).All experimental animals survived until the endpoints for observation.The liver function was almost regular.Histologic analysis indicated a marked biliary epithelial layer covering the neo-bile duct and regeneration of the submucosal connective tissue and smooth muscle without significant signs of immune rejection.In comparison,the submucosal connective tissue was more regular and thicker in group B than in group A,and there was superior integrity of the regeneration of the biliary epithelial layer.Despite the advantages of the regeneration of the bile duct smooth muscle observed in group A,the effect on the patency of the ada-BD grafts in group B was not confirmed by macroscopic assessment and cholangiography.CONCLUSION This approach appears to be feasible for repairing a CBD defect with an ada-BD.A large sample study is needed to confirm the durability and safety of these preliminary results.

Application of Heterogenous Catalysis with TiO2 Photo Irradiated by Sunlight and Latter Activated Sludge System for the Reduction of Vinasse Organic Load

Vinasse is the main residue generated during alcohol, sugar and blue rum production by fermentation process. This residue is effluent that could cause serious environmental pollution due to high organic load when is not treated adequately. The aim of this work consists of evaluating the efficiency and application of heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO2, followed by a biological treatment (activated sludge system) to reduce organic load in the referred effluent. Complete factorial designs indicated the best experimental conditions subsequent to photacatalytic and biological treatments providing a reduction of non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) as a variable response. After the photocatalytic process, the sample from the best experiment condition was treated by a biological process in order to verify the degradation efficiency of the effluent organic matter studied according to the hybrid system (Advanced Oxidation Process—Acti- vated Sludge System). This system, which presented more efficiency, had a photochemical treatment of 180 minutes carried out in aerated solutions, pH 9 and effluent in natura, while the biological treatment was performed at pH 8 and sludge concentration of 5 gL–1. The reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was >80%.

Significance of the antigenic epitopes in heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins-Ⅰfor the diagnosis and prognosis of systematic sclerosis

To assess the presence of autoantibodies against epitopes of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein- Ⅰ （hnRNP- Ⅰ ） in systematic sclerosis （SSc） and to analyze their clinical significance, polypeptides of hnRNP- Ⅰ were designed by biological technical software and analyzed with both the Wonderful Biology Information System and DNA Star-Protean Analysis Software at the same time. In these ways, two polypeptides of hnRNP- Ⅰ were obtained based on their amino acid sequences, folding features, hydrophilic, curl style, dough kneading sensation and the possibility on the surface of proteins. They are named as hnRNP- Ⅰ -1 （ NVKYNNDKSRDYTRPDLPSGDSQPSLDQT, 264-292 aa） and hnRNP- Ⅰ -2 （QLP4REGQEDQGLTKDYGNSOL, 441-461 aa）, simply designated as Ⅰ -1 and Ⅰ -2. The autoantibodies against hnRNPs were detected by means of ELISA using the synthetic epitopes polypeptides as antigen. It was found that the positive rate of detection for anti- Ⅰ -1 and anti- Ⅰ -2 autoantibodies were rather higher in SSc patients than that in other CTDs and the sensitivities and specificities of the testing with ELISA for anti- Ⅰ -1 and anti- Ⅰ -2 antibodies in SSc patients were 47.62%/93.43% and 38.1%/ 91.08%, without any significant difference between these two groups of testings. Also, there was no significant difference in the clinical features and laboratory findings, such as age, involvements in digestive and respiratory tracts and erythrocyte sedimentation rate etc., between the anti- Ⅰ -Ⅰ-positive and -negative groups in SSc patients. However, the hnRNP- Ⅰ -autoantibody-positive group of patients had obviously shorter duration of disease course compared with that of the autoantibody-negative group. Anti- Ⅰ -1 and anti- Ⅰ -2 autoantibodies also had no association with antinuclear antibody, anti-Sc170 and anti-centromere antibody （ACA） in SSc patients. So, it is apparent that the autoantibodies related with SSc may act through different pathways in the pathogenesis of SSc, and the hnRNP- Ⅰ autoantibody is a new type antibody occuring during the early stage of disease and appearing to have diagnostic and prognostic significances.

Strategies for enhancing peroxymonosulfate activation by heterogenous metal-based catalysis:A review

Sulfate radical-advanced oxidation processes(SR-AOPs)are promising technologies for organic pollutants elimination.Heterogeneous metal-based catalysis has been widely studied and applied to activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for producing sulfate radicals.Developing highly efficient catalysts is crucial for future extensive use.Importantly,the catalytic activity is mainly determined by mass and electron transfer.This paper aims to overview the recent enhancement strategies for developing heterogeneous metalbased catalysts as effective PMS activators.The main strategies,including surface engineering,structural engineering,electronic modulation,external energy assistance,and membrane filtration enhancement,are summarized.The potential mechanisms for improving catalytic activity are also introduced.Finally,the challenges and future research prospects of heterogenous metal-based catalysis in SR-AOPs are proposed.This work is hoped to guide the rational design of highly efficient heterogenous catalysts in SR-AOPs.

Multivariate adaptive regression splines analysis for 3D slope stability in anisotropic and heterogenous clay

Little research can be found in relation to the stability of anisotropic and heterogenous soils in three dimensions.In this paper,we propose a study on the three-dimensional(3D)undrained slopes in anisotropic and heterogenous clay using advanced upper and lower bounds finite element limit analysis(FELA).The obtained stability solutions are normalized,and presented by a stability number that is a function of three geometrical ratios and two material ratios,i.e.depth ratio,length ratio,slope angle,shear strength gradient ratio and anisotropic strength ratio.Numerical results are compared with experimental data in the literature,and charts are presented to cover a wide range of design parameters.Using the multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS)analysis,the respective influence and sensitivity of each design parameter on the stability number and the failure mechanism are investigated.An empirical equation is also developed to effectively estimate the stability number.

Highly active and stable porous polymer heterogenous catalysts for decomposition of formic acid to produce H_2

Formic acid(FA)has attracted extensive attention as a hydrogen storage material.Here,we develop two heterogeneous catalysts based on porous organic polymers(POPs).After loading the Ru species,the catalyst bearing the triphenylphosphine ligand showed excellent performance in terms of activity and stability for the decomposition of FA to produce hydrogen.

Efficient homogenous catalysis of CO_(2) to generate cyclic carbonates by heterogenous and recyclable polypyrazoles

The cycloaddition between CO_(2)and epoxides to produce cyclic carbonate is an attractive and efficiency pathway for the utilization of CO_(2)as C1 source.The development of catalyst to mediate cycloaddition between CO_(2)and epoxides at low temperature and pressure is still a challenge.Herein,a series of polypyrazoles with glass transition temperature(T_(g))in the range of 42.3-52.5℃ were synthesized and served as catalyst to mediate the cycloaddition of CO_(2)and epoxides by the assistant of tetrabutylammonium bromide.The catalytic behaviors of polypyrazole on the model cycloaddition of CO_(2)to epichlorohydrin,including the reaction parameters optimization and versatility were investigated in detail,and excellent yield(99.9%)and selectivity(99%)were obtained under the optimized reaction conditions of70℃ and 1.0 MPa for 6.0 h.Noteworthily,the polypyrazole acts as homogeneous catalyst during reaction(higher than T_(g)).And under room temperature,polypyrazoles can be easily separated and recovered,which is a promising feature of a heterogeneous catalyst.Furthermore,the reaction mechanism was proposed.The DFT calculation suggested that the formation of hydrogen bond between pyrazole and epoxide greatly reduced the energy barrier,which play an important role in promoting CO_(2)cycloaddition.

Traffic Flow Prediction with Heterogenous Data Using a Hybrid CNN-LSTM Model

Predicting traffic flow is a crucial component of an intelligent transportation system.Precisely monitoring and predicting traffic flow remains a challenging endeavor.However,existingmethods for predicting traffic flow do not incorporate various external factors or consider the spatiotemporal correlation between spatially adjacent nodes,resulting in the loss of essential information and lower forecast performance.On the other hand,the availability of spatiotemporal data is limited.This research offers alternative spatiotemporal data with three specific features as input,vehicle type(5 types),holidays(3 types),and weather(10 conditions).In this study,the proposed model combines the advantages of the capability of convolutional(CNN)layers to extract valuable information and learn the internal representation of time-series data that can be interpreted as an image,as well as the efficiency of long short-term memory(LSTM)layers for identifying short-term and long-term dependencies.Our approach may utilize the heterogeneous spatiotemporal correlation features of the traffic flowdataset to deliver better performance traffic flow prediction than existing deep learning models.The research findings show that adding spatiotemporal feature data increases the forecast’s performance;weather by 25.85%,vehicle type by 23.70%,and holiday by 14.02%.

Distributed Optimization for Heterogenous Second⁃Order Multi⁃Agent Systems

A continuous⁃time distributed optimization was researched for second⁃order heterogeneous multi⁃agent systems.The aim of this study is to keep the velocities of all agents the same and make the velocities converge to the optimal value to minimize the sum of local cost functions.First,an effective distributed controller which only uses local information was designed.Then,the stability and optimization of the systems were verified.Finally,a simulation case was used to illustrate the analytical results.

Accelerated heterogenous ring-opening polymerization towards well-defined helical poly(N-allyl alanine)with clickable side chains

Well-defined poly(N-allyl alanine)has been synthesized by heterogenous ring-opening polymerization(HROP)of less reactive N-allyl-alanine N-carboxyanhydride,using acetic acid as the catalyst and benzylamine as the initiator,in non-polar n-hexane.Interestingly,the polymerization exhibited typical features of living polymerization though both monomer(liquid)and polymer(solid)have minimal solubility in n-hexane.The obtained polymer showed a stable helix structure independent of the temperatures screened,as evidenced by circular dichroism analysis.Also,the preliminary study demonstrated that the side chains can be post-functionalized through thiol-ene click chemistry with quantitative conversion.Together,this work provides guidance for the development of accelerated HROP of other liquid monomers bearing low reactivity.Besides,the helical and functionalizable poly(N-allyl alanine)could be a useful“clickable platform”for the design of variable biomaterials via efficient click chemistry.

Multiple Tin Compounds Modified Carbon Fibers to Construct Heterogeneous Interfaces for Corrosion Prevention and Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Currently,the demand for electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials with specific functions and capable of withstanding harsh environments is becoming increasingly urgent.Multi-component interface engineering is considered an effective means to achieve high-efficiency EMW absorption.However,interface modulation engineering has not been fully discussed and has great potential in the field of EMW absorption.In this study,multi-component tin compound fiber composites based on carbon fiber(CF)substrate were prepared by electrospinning,hydrothermal synthesis,and high-temperature thermal reduction.By utilizing the different properties of different substances,rich heterogeneous interfaces are constructed.This effectively promotes charge transfer and enhances interfacial polarization and conduction loss.The prepared SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF composites with abundant heterogeneous interfaces have and exhibit excellent EMW absorption properties at a loading of 50 wt%in epoxy resin.The minimum reflection loss(RL)is−46.74 dB and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth is 5.28 GHz.Moreover,SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF epoxy composite coatings exhibited long-term corrosion resistance on Q235 steel surfaces.Therefore,this study provides an effective strategy for the design of high-efficiency EMW absorbing materials in complex and harsh environments.

Immobilized CeO_(2)@C-N Heterogenous Structures with Enhanced Dual Modal Photodynamic/Photothermal Bacterial Inactivation Under NIR Laser Irradiation

Non-antibiotic fungicides are urgently needed due to the potential threat of drug-resistant bacteria to human health.In this research,a novel antibacterial nanoplatform based on CeO_(2)@C-N has been developed to achieve rapid near-infrared(NIR)laser-induced sterilization.The prepared CeO_(2)@C-N hybrid material exhibited a nanowire-like structure,with dispersed CeO_(2)nanoparticles averaging 5 nm in size within the heterogeneous configuration.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and Raman spectra revealed that the heterogenous structures have a significant amount of oxygen vacancies and defects.Notably,CeO_(2)@C-N has a narrower band gap than CeO_(2),which allows for broader absorbance extending to the NIR region.With these unique physiochemical properties,CeO_(2)@C-N could inactivate E.coli and MRSA at a low concentration(20 mg/L)under 808 nm NIR laser(1 W/cm^(2))irradiation.The excellent bactericidal activity of CeO_(2)@C-N is attributed to the combination of photodynamic and photo thermal processes,based on its excellent photo-thermal conversion property,detection of reactive oxygen species(ROS)(^(1)O_(2)and·OH)under light irradiation,and scavenger quenching experiment results.This study offers a feasible and efficient way to fabricate a highly effective antibacterial candidate.

Fully Distributed Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Attitude Synchronization for a Team of Heterogenous Minisatellites

In this paper,the fault-tolesant attitude aynchronisation aontrol problem for a team of bet-soganua man leatellita in addrsed,subject to multaple actuator faulta and uneertainties in the satellite dynamles.A fully distributed adapSe fault-tokerant controlker,completely inde pendently of the knowledge of the gobal infarmation,is propoaed to achieve the desired attstude aynchranlatin.The attitade tracking aror of the glohal clased-loop eantrol aystem is paoven to onverge into a givan naighborbood of the origin ultimately.Simmlation rasults are givan to validate the afectivenas and advantaga of the propased adaptive controller dor the belerogenaou satellite formation flying team,against the infuenoe of actuator faults and umeertaintin.

Heterogeneity of mature oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system

Mature oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths that are crucial for the insulation of axons and efficient signal transmission in the central nervous system.Recent evidence has challenged the classical view of the functionally static mature oligodendrocyte and revealed a gamut of dynamic functions such as the ability to modulate neuronal circuitry and provide metabolic support to axons.Despite the recognition of potential heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocyte function,a comprehensive summary of mature oligodendrocyte diversity is lacking.We delve into early 20th-century studies by Robertson and Río-Hortega that laid the foundation for the modern identification of regional and morphological heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocytes.Indeed,recent morphologic and functional studies call into question the long-assumed homogeneity of mature oligodendrocyte function through the identification of distinct subtypes with varying myelination preferences.Furthermore,modern molecular investigations,employing techniques such as single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing,consistently unveil at least six mature oligodendrocyte subpopulations in the human central nervous system that are highly transcriptomically diverse and vary with central nervous system region.Age and disease related mature oligodendrocyte variation denotes the impact of pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,and psychiatric disorders.Nevertheless,caution is warranted when subclassifying mature oligodendrocytes because of the simplification needed to make conclusions about cell identity from temporally confined investigations.Future studies leveraging advanced techniques like spatial transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics promise a more nuanced understanding of mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity.Such research avenues that precisely evaluate mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity with care to understand the mitigating influence of species,sex,central nervous system region,age,and disease,hold promise for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting varied central nervous system pathology.

Protein arginine methyltransferase-6 regulates heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-F expression and is a potential target for the treatment of neuropathic pain

Protein arginine methyltransferase-6 participates in a range of biological functions,particularly RNA processing,transcription,chromatin remodeling,and endosomal trafficking.However,it remains unclear whether protein arginine methyl transferase-6 modifies neuropathic pain and,if so,what the mechanisms of this effect.In this study,protein arginine methyltransferase-6 expression levels and its effect on neuropathic pain were investigated in the spared nerve injury model,chronic constriction injury model and bone cancer pain model,using immunohistochemistry,western blotting,immunoprecipitation,and label-free proteomic analysis.The results showed that protein arginine methyltransferase-6 mostly co-localized withβ-tubulinⅢin the dorsal root ganglion,and that its expression decreased following spared nerve injury,chronic constriction injury and bone cancer pain.In addition,PRMT6 knockout(Prmt6~(-/-))mice exhibited pain hypersensitivity.Furthermore,the development of spared nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity to mechanical pain was attenuated by blocking the decrease in protein arginine methyltransferase-6 expression.Moreover,when protein arginine methyltransferase-6 expression was downregulated in the dorsal root ganglion in mice without spared nerve injury,increased levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases were observed in the ipsilateral dorsal horn,and the response to mechanical stimuli was enhanced.Mechanistically,protein arginine methyltransferase-6 appeared to contribute to spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain by regulating the expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-F.Additionally,protein arginine methyltransfe rase-6-mediated modulation of hete rogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-F expression required amino atids 319 to 388,but not classical H3R2 methylation.These findings indicated that protein arginine methyltransferase-6 is a potential therapeutic target fo r the treatment of peripheral neuro pathic pain.

PRESSURE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENOUS RESERVOIRS WITH IMPERMEABILITY BARRIER USING PERTURBATION BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

The transient flow mathematical model of arbitrary shaped heterogeneous reservoirs with impermeability barrier is proposed in this paper. In order to establish this model, the perturbation method is employed and the solution of model is expanded into a series in powers of perturbation parameter. By using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Duhamel principle, wellbore pressure with effects of skins and wellbore storage is obtained. The type curves are plotted and analyzed considering effects of heterogeneity, arbitrary shape and impermeable barriers. Finally, the results obtained by perturbation boundary element method is compared with the analytical solution and is available for the transient pressure analysis of arbitrary shaped reservoirs.

Heterogenous glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at single islet level

Insulin secretion by pancreatic islets plays a vital role in regulating blood glucose levels.Nevertheless,the mech-anism responsible for this dynamic insulin secretion has not been completely understood,particularly at the single islet level.In this study,we have successfully developed an easy microfluidic platform that allows for the exploration of dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion(GSIS)at the single islet level.With the utilization of this platform,we evaluated dynamic GSIS from single islets isolated from both normal and diabetic rats.Our results demonstrate that islets can be categorized into three types based on their dynamic GSIS:Type Ⅰ exhibits a biphasic GSIS profile with a fast first phase and flat second phase;Type Ⅱ also has a biphasic GSIS profile with a fast first phase but a slow increased second phase;Type Ⅲ displays only a slowly increased second phase and lacks a fast first phase.RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that the cell type and exocytosis-specific genes are consistent with the proportion of cells and insulin release kinetics among the three types of islets,respectively.Moreover,our findings suggest that high expression of Atp5pb is anti-correlated with the first phase of insulin secretion.Furthermore,we revealed that diabetic islets exhibit only the type Ⅰ GSIS response,indicating a deliberate impairment of the second phase of insulin secretion.Together,this device serves as a crucial tool in the research field of islets and diabetes,allowing researchers to investigate islet functional heterogeneity and identity at the single islet level.

Efficient hydrogenolysis of fructose to 1,2-propanediol over bifunctional Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalysts under mild reaction conditions via enhancing the chemoselective cleavage of C-C bonds

Selective conversion of fructose to 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO)is considered as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to petroleum-based processes,however,this approach still faces challenges associated with low efficiency and harsh reaction conditions.Here,we have successfully synthesized a novel bifunctional Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalyst through a facile'one-pot'solvothermal method.Remarkably,this catalyst exhibits exceptional catalytic performances in the conversion of fructose to 1,2-PDO under mild reaction conditions.The yield of 1,2-PDO is up to 56.2%at 140°C for 4 h under an ultra-low hydrogen pressure of only 0.2 MPa,surpassing the reported results in recent literature(below 51%).Comprehensive characterizations and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the presence of oxygen vacancies in the Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalyst,serving as active acidic sites,facilitates the chemoselective cleavage of C-C bonds in fructose,which leads to the generation of active intermediates and ultimately resulted in the high yield of 1,2-PDO.