Hubble Tension Explanation from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H0. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.

A Comment on the Hubble Expansion Parameter Tension

We point out that the recent baryon acoustic oscillation measurement by the Dark Energy Survey collaboration relieves the Hubble expansion parameter tension.

The Origin of Cosmic Structures Part 5— Resolution of the Hubble Tension Problem

The two principal contributors to the Hubble tension problem are the predictions of the baryonic acoustic oscillation model and the H0 parameter fit of the “Tip of the Red Giant Branch” collaboration. In this paper, we show that the former is neither necessary nor possible and that the latter yields a value in agreement with the supernovae results when adjustments are made for errors in the peculiar velocity model used to isolate the recession velocities of galaxies. We also make comparisons between the predictions of our new model of cosmology and the curve fits of the standard model. For values of redshift ≤ 1 we find that, with a Hubble constant of H0 = 73, the two agree almost exactly. We resolve the Hubble constant problem and validate the new model predictions for small redshifts.

The Tension Cosmology, Largest Cosmic Structures and Explosions of Supernovae from SST

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.

A New Physics Would Explain What Looks Like an Irreconcilable Tension between the Values of Hubble Constants and Allows <i>H₀</i>to Be Calculated Theoretically Several Ways

Observing galaxies receding from each other, Hubble found the universe’s expansion in 1929. His law that gives the receding speed as a function of distance implies a factor called Hubble constant H0. We want to validate our theoretical value of H0 ≈ 72.09548580(32) km⋅s-1⋅MParsec-1 with a new cosmological model found in 2019. This model predicts what may look like two possible values of H0. According to this model, the correct equation of the apparent age of the universe gives ~ 14.14 billion years. In approximation, we get the well-known equation 1/H0 ≈ 13.56 billion years. When we force these ages to fit the 1/H0 formula, it gives two different Hubble constant values of ~69.2 and 72.1 km⋅s-1⋅sdot;MParsec-1. When we apply a theoretical correction factor of η ≈ 1.042516951 on the first value, both target the second one. We found 42 equations of H0 linking different physics constants. Some are used to measure H0 as a function of the average temperature T of the Cosmological Microwave Background and the universal gravitational constant G: H0 ≈ 72.06(90) km⋅s-1⋅MParsec-1 from T by Cobra probe & Equation (16) H0 ≈ 71.95(50) km⋅s-1⋅MParsec-1 from T by Partridge & Equation (16) H0 ≈ 72.086(36) km⋅s-1⋅MParsec-1 from G & Equation (34) H0 ≈ 72.105(36) km⋅s-1⋅MParsec-1 from G & Equations (74), (75), or (76). With 508 published values, H0 ≈ 72.0957 ± 0.33 km⋅s-1⋅MParsec-1 seems to be the “ideal” statistical result. It validates our model and our theoretical H0 value which are useful to find various interactions with the different constants. Our model also explains the ambiguity between the different universe’s age measurements and seems to unlock a tension between two H0 values.

Extended Hubble Diagram on the Basis of Gamma Ray Bursts Including the High Redshift Range of z = 0.0331 - 8.1

It is generally accepted that the history of the expansion of the universe can be exactly described by the concordance model, which makes specific predictions about the shape of the Hubble diagram. The redshift-magnitude Hubble diagram in the redshift range z = 0.0104 - 1 seems to confirm this expectation, and it is believed that this conformity is also valid in the high redshift range. However, this belief is not undisputed. Recent work in the high redshift range of up to z = 8.1 has shown that the shape of the Hubble diagram deviates considerably from the predictions made by the Lambda cold dark matter model. These analyses, however, were based on mixed SN1a and gamma ray burst data, and some astronomers argue that this may have biased the results. In this paper, 109 cosmology-independent, calibrated gamma ray burst z/&mu;data points are used to calculate the Hubble diagram in the range z = 0.034 to z = 8.1. The outcome of this analysis confirms prior results: contrary to expectations, the shape of the Hubble diagram turns out to be exponential, and this is difficult to explain within the framework of the standard model. The cosmological implications of this unexpected result are discussed.

Domain wall network:A dual solution for gravitational waves and Hubble tension?

We explore the possibility that domain wall networks generate the stochastic gravitational wave background(SGWB) observed as a strong common power-law process in the Data Release-2 of Parkes Pulsar Timing Array. We find that a broad range of parameters, specifically wall tension around σ_(DW)^(29-414 TeV)^(3) and wall-decay temperature within T_(d) ~ 20-257 MeV, can explain this phenomenon at a 68% credible level. Meanwhile, the same parameters could ease the Hubble tension if particles from these domain wall networks decay into dark radiation. We establish a direct analytical relationship, ΩGW(f_(p), T_(0))h^(2)~ Ω_(rad)h^(2)(Ω_νΩN_(eff))^(2),to illustrate this coincidence, underlining its importance in the underlying physics and potential applicability to a wider range of models and data. Conversely, if the common power-law process is not attributed to domain wall networks, our findings impose tight limits on the wall tension and decay temperature.

Can the late dark energy parameterization reconcile the Hubble tension?

In this study,we constructed ten dark energy models to test whether they can reconcile the Hubble tension and how much it is affected by parameterization.To establish a fair test,the models are diverse,encompassing fractional,logarithmic,exponential,and inverse exponential forms as well as several non-parameterized models.The dataset we used includes the NPIPE pipeline of cosmic microwave background(CMB)power-spectrum data from Planck2020,Pantheon+samples from Supernovae Type la,and baryon acoustic oscillations.The MCMC calculations imply dark energy transferring from w<-1 to w>-1 for the four parameterized dark energy models.However,these models cannot adequately reconcile the Hubble tension.Notably,we found that phantom-like dark energy with w<-1 can achieve the greatest reduction in the Hubble tension to 0.1808o.However,AIC analysis indicates that this alleviation is at the cost of high AIC.We also investigated the effect of constructions on the derivative of the equation of state dw/da,cosmic density parameter,CMB power spectrum C^(TT),and mater spectra P(k).We also found that the Hubble tension may be related to the reionization process.

On a Cosmological Model with Variable Time Flow

The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations and it describes a homogeneous, isotropic and expanding universe. The FLRW metric and the Friedmann equations form the basis of the ΛCDM model. In this article, a metric which is based on the FLRW metric and that includes a space scale factor and a newly introduced time scale factor T(t)is elaborated. The assumption is that the expansion or contraction of the dimensions of space and time in a homogeneous and isotropic universe depend on the energy density. The Christoffel symbols, Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar are derived. By evaluating the results using Einstein’s field equations and the energy momentum tensor, a hypothetical modified cosmological model is obtained. This theoretical model provides for a cosmic inflation, the accelerated expansion of spacetime as well avoids the flatness and fine-tuning problems.

JWST Discoveries and the Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Transformative New Cosmology

Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1]. JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST’s findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe. In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the “Initial Singularity” and “Inflation”, offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to bring about a significant transformation in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST’s discoveries, WUM’s achievements, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is time to initiate a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics. The present paper is a continuation of the published article “JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions” [2] and a summary of the paper “Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society” [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification;interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.

Introducing a 2nd Universal Space-Time Constant Can Explain the Observed Age of the Universe and Dark Energy

The purpose of this paper is to introduce new theoretical concepts as opposed to accepting the existence of dark entities, such as dark energy. This research sought to introduce a 2nd universal space-time constant, besides having a finite speed constant (speed of light in vacuum c). A finite universal age constant b is introduced. Namely, this paper shows that the changes in the Earth’s anomalistic year duration over time support the hypothesis of the age of the universe correlating with a maximum number of orbital revolutions constant. Neglecting the gravitational influence of other cosmological entities in the proximity of the Earth, the constant maximum number of revolutions is herewith determined solely by the Earth’s orbital revolutions around the Sun. The value of the universal age constant b is calculated to be around 13.8 billion orbital revolutions, derived out of an equation related to the changes in the Earth’s anomalistic year duration over time and the so-called Hubble tension. The above-mentioned calculated value b correlates well with the best fit to measured data of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) by the Planck spacecraft, the age of the observed universe is measured to be approximately 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years (2018 final data release). Developing a theory with this 2nd universal space-time constant b, being covariant with respect to the Lorentz transformations when time spans are large, gives results such as: A confirmation of the measured CMBR value of 13.787 ± 0.020 billion years. Correlating well with the observed expansion rate of the universe (dark energy). The universe’s expansion accelerating over the last four to five billion years.

An Improved Coupled Level Set and Continuous Moment-of-Fluid Method for Simulating Multiphase Flows with Phase Change

An improved algorithm for computing multiphase flows is presented in which the multimaterial Moment-of-Fluid(MOF)algorithm for multiphase flows,initially described by Li et al.(2015),is enhanced addressing existing MOF difficulties in computing solutions to problems in which surface tension forces are crucial for understanding salient flow mechanisms.The Continuous MOF(CMOF)method is motivated in this article.The CMOF reconstruction method inherently removes the"checkerboard instability"that persists when using the MOF method on surface tension driven multiphase(multimaterial)flows.The CMOF reconstruction algorithm is accelerated by coupling the CMOF method to the level set method and coupling the CMOF method to a decision tree machine learning(ML)algorithm.Multiphase flow examples are shown in the two-dimensional(2D),three-dimensional(3D)axisymmetric"RZ",and 3D coordinate systems.Examples include two material and three material multiphase flows:bubble formation,the impingement of a liquid jet on a gas bubble in a cryogenic fuel tank,freezing,and liquid lens dynamics.

Heuristic Estimation of the Vacuum Energy Density of the Universe: Part II-Analysis Based on Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Radiation

In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10-10 J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.

Proof of Hubble’s Law and the Truth about the Expansion of the Universe as Well as Dark Matter and Dark Energy

In 1929,American astronomer Hubble first discovered that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth,and therefore put forward Hubble’s law.It is considered the first observational basis for the expansion of the universe and today serves as one of the pieces of evidence most often cited in support of the Big Bang model.Since then the astrophysics community has believed that the universe is in a constant rate of expansion until Saul Permutter,Brian Paul Schmit and Adam Guy Riees discovered the accelerating expansion of the universe through observation of several dozen distant supernovas in 1998,who then won the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011.But human still cannot completely explain the phenomenon that the universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate.Thus the author of this paper studied the origin and evolution of galaxies again,and revealed the structure of galaxy and proved Hubble’s law,then revealed the truth about the expansion of the universe as well as dark matter and dark energy.

An Extended Version of Hubble’s Law

Friedmann-like cosmological equations were derived by us in a recent paper by using axioms proposed by us for the so called empty Space. By using one of our cosmological equations we have derived in this paper a relation between the expansion velocity of the universe and the radius of the universe. This relation may be considered as an extended version of Hubbles’ Law. According to our relation derived here, the Hubble factor H goes on decreasing as the radius increases.

Hubble’s Constant and Flat Rotation Curves of Stars: Are Dark Matter and Energy Needed?

Although dark energy and dark matter have not yet been detected, they are believed to comprise the majority of the universe. Observations of the flat rotation curve of galaxies may be explained by dark matter and dark energy. This article, using Newton’s laws and Einstein’s theory of gravitation, shows that it is possible to define a new term, called E0, variable in time and space, of which one of its limits is the Hubble constant H0. I show that E0?is strongly linked to an explanation of the flat rotation curve of galaxies. This strong correlation between Hubble’s constant H0?and E0 enables us to solve the mystery of the surplus of gravity that is stabilizing the universe.

Hubble’s Constant

An analytical method to calculate Hubble’s constant [1] is presented. The proposed procedure is an alternative scheme to the red shifts of spectral lines picture, to obtain the value of that constant [2].

山区S形曲线桥梁施工关键技术研究

针对山区公路桥梁施工存在的机械材料运输困难、施工组织难度大等问题,本文旨在提出一套适用于山区S形曲线桥梁施工的预制T形组合梁制作、运输和安装方法,以提高施工效率和质量。首先分析山区桥梁施工的特点,对S形曲线桥梁中T形组合梁的预制流程及施工控制要点开展技术创新和优化。首先提出了改进的T梁预制方法,基于钢筋定位架优化了钢筋布设精度和效率,并通过智能张拉设备、自动喷淋系统等智能化手段,有效提高了预制梁的成品品质。其次,针对安装效率的挑战,研究提出了一种左右幅整体架设的预制梁安装方案,基于此对T形组合梁的安装流程进行了优化。通过在某大桥项目中的实际应用与验证,结果表明,本技术方案可提高T梁预制和架设精度,有效控制S形桥梁纵向及横向的线形。本研究为山区S形曲线桥梁施工提供了一套T形组合梁从生产到安装的全过程标准化技术方案,为类似项目提供了宝贵的技术参考与实践指导。

Design and Analysis of Tapered Stress Joint for Top Tensioned Riser System

Stress Joint （SJ） plays a key role in the Top Tensioned Riser （TTR） system for deep water engineering. A preliminary design method of tapered SJ is proposed in the paper, which could help designers obtain accurate design data. After a further sensitive analysis is carried out, the related parameters choice and control methods are recommended in the engineering practice. By taking the extreme environment conditions into consideration, the effects of bending stress reduction and curve control are analyzed, and the 3-D FE models are established by ABQOUS for numerical evaluation to verify the correctness of design results. At last, dynamic analysis and fatigue analysis, based on actual project, are carried out with designed stress joint. The analysis results prove the feasibility and guidance of this method in the practical engineering applications.