SME： The Hungarian Experience Situation and Development in Hungary

This paper aims to present the development of the SME sector through the example of a country in East-Central Europe. This country was once a member of the so-called communist block until 1989, but had a market economy in 1989. Hungary joined the EU on May 1, 2004, and displaied numerous interesting features concerning small and medium sized enterprises ever since, complying with a variety of expectations. The research study investigated the East-Central European SME systems, and particularly the Hungarian SME practice. The main methods used in this paper are present European and Hungarian research findings of nternational relevance. Several data and figures from the European Union, the Central European area and of course from Hungary were used for the characterization of the SME systems. The main results of the research study is a set of characteristics of the SMEs＇ East-Central European pathway： （1） SMEs as a pillar of the nation in the world and in Hungary; （2） Hungary as the Paradise of small enterprises （numbers versus reality）; （3） Domestic small enterprises in an international （European） comparison; （4） How the crisis impacted the domestic SME sector; （5） Misconceptions and dead ends in small enterprises today： What should the state subsidise and how？

利用Floyed-Hungary法求解中国邮路问题

对于中国邮路问题,可以用奇偶点作业法,但当顶点较多时,寻找每一个圈并对其进行检验的工作十分复杂。利用求图中各点之间最短路径的方法Floyed法和求解指派问题的方法Hun-gary法可提供一种对任意个顶点的中国邮路问题的解法—Floyed-Hungary法。

Monetary Model of Exchange Rate Determination： Evidence From the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland

Using a monetary model of exchange rate determination that suggests a strong link between the nominal exchange rate and a set of monetary fundamentals, exchange rate dynamics for the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland is studied. As the cointegration relationship among exchange rate, output, and the monetary fundamentals （money supply and interest rate） is found, vector autoregressions （VAR）/vector error-correction （VEC） and two-stage least squares （2SLS） error-correction models are used in this context, since both approaches allow estimating short-run correlations between exchange rates and fundamentals while taking into account the existent long-run exchange rate constraints. Based on the quarterly data for the period of 1998-2012, it is found that for all countries, an increase in the money supply, domestic output slowdown, or stronger growth abroad are factors behind a nominal exchange rate depreciation, just as predicted by the monetary model of exchange rate. However, the effects of domestic-foreign interest rate differential are quite heterogeneous, being in line with theoretical predictions of a standard monetary model for Poland only. According to the decomposition of variance, money supply and interest rates account for 30%-46% of the exchange rate variation in the Czech Republic, from 10% to 14% in Hungary, and from 23% to 42% in Poland.

Striking elevation in incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in a province of western Hungary between 1977-2001

AIM:An investigation into inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer in Veszprem Province was conducted from 1977 to 2001.METHODS: Both hospital and outpatient records were collected and reviewed comprehensively. The majority of patients were followed up regularly.RESULTS:The population of the province was decreased from 386000 to 376000 during the period. Five hundred sixty new cases of ulcerative colitis (UC), 212 of Crohn's disease (CD), and 40 of indeterminate colitis (IC) were diagnosed. The incidence rates increased from 1.66 to 11.01 cases per 100 000 persons for UC, from 0.41 to 4.68 for CD and from 0.26 to 0.74 for IC. The prevalence rate at the end of 2001 was 142.6 for UC and 52.9 cases per 100 000 persons for CD. The peak onset age in UC patients was between 30 and 40 years, in CD between 20 and 30 years. A family history of IBD was present in 3.4% in UC and 9.9% in CD patients.Smoking increased the risk for CD (OR=1.94) while it decreased the risk for UC (OR=0.25). Twelve colorectal carcinomas were observed in this cohort, the cumulative colorectal cancer risk after 10 years in UC was 2%, after 20 years 8.8%, after 30 years 13.3%.CONCLUSION:The incidence and prevalence rates of IBD have increased steadily in Veszprem Province, now equivalent to that in Western European countries. Rapid increase in incidence rates supports a probable role for environmental factors. The rate of colorectal cancers in IBD is similar to that observed in Western countries.

Association of extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in a province of western Hungary with disease phenotype:Results of a 25-year follow-up study

AIM:IBD is a systemic disease associated with a large number of extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs).Our aim was to determine the prevalence of EIMs in a large IBD cohort in Veszprem Province in a 25-year follow-up study. METHODS:Eight hundred and seventy-three IBD patients were enrolled (ulcerative colitis/UC/:619,m/f:317/302, mean age at presentation:38.3 years,average disease duration:11.2 years;Crohn's disease/CD/:254,m/f:125/129, mean age at presentation:32.5 years,average disease duration:9.2 years).Intestinal,extraintestinal signs and laboratory tests were monitored regularly.Any alteration suggesting an EIMs was investigated by a specialist. RESULTS:A total of 21.3% of patients with IBD had EIM (UC:15.0%,CD:36.6%).Age at presentation did not affect the likelihood of EIM.Prevalence of EIMs was higher in women and in CD,ocular complications and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) were more frequent in UC.In UC there was an increased tendency of EIM in patients with a more extensive disease.Joint complications were more frequent in CD (22.4% vsUC 10.2%,P<0.01).In UC positive family history increased the risk of joint complications (OR:3.63).In CD the frequency of type-1 peripheral arthritis was increased in patients with penetrating disease (P=0.028).PSC was present in 1.6% in UC and 0.8% in CD.Dermatological complications were present in 3.8% in UC and 10.2% in CD,the rate of ocular complications was around 3% in both diseases.Rare complications were glomerulonephritis,autoimmune hemolytic anaemia and celiac disease. CONCLUSION:Prevalence of EIM in Hungarian IBD patients is in concordance with data from Western countries.The high number of EIM supports a role for complex follow-up in these patients.

Prevalence of refractive errors in Hungary reveals three-fold increase in myopia

AIM:To examine the prevalence and composition of refractive errors in Hungary.METHODS:Nationwide cross-sectional data collected between 2014 and 2019 were analysed from the Comprehensive Health Screening Program of Hungary,which provided spectacle dioptric power and autorefractometry data for 68227 people(35850 women and 32377 men).Their age distribution,18-99y,was similar to the national demographic distributions.RESULTS:Of the total population,16.50%of the refractive errors exhibited hyperopia,40.05%emmetropia,and 43.45%myopia.Myopia was 3 times more frequent(58.7%)in younger ages(18-35y of age)compared to older age groups(19.4%of those 56-70y of age;P<0.001).High myopia showed a low prevalence(0.21%),and an increase parallel with ageing(r=0.716;P=0.009).CONCLUSION:Myopia is the most frequent refractive error in Hungary.The prevalence of myopia is especially increased,up to 2-3 times,in the younger age groups.Nationwide actions need to be taken to reduce the onset of myopia and its associated consequences.

Reconstruction of the Vegetation and Environment during Different Climatic and Sociotechnical Conditions of the Last 3000 Years in Southwestern Hungary

Sedimentary basins such as Lake Baláta in Southwestern Hungary provide information about the development of lake-bog systems, the climate change through time and the environment of the surrounding area. The present study provides combined palynological, anthracological and macrobotanical data regarding climatic, vegetation and hydrological changes of a protected area for the last 3000 years. Lake Baláta is a sedimentary basin developed in a wind-blown yardang system in Southwestern Hungary. Due to its deeper location and the higher groundwater-level, the boggy lake functioned as a sediment catch. Geological drilling with an auger head drill provided an undisturbed sediment core. During the laboratory analysis different methods, such as sedimentological, geochemical, macrofossil, pollen and charcoal analysis were applied. The different stages and the evolution of the lake-bog system and the vegetation around the lake could be reconstructed and human impact was detected for the last 3000 years. Human impact and the transformation of vegetation was detected from the Early Iron Age (900/800 BC). Human impact reached its maximum during the 10th and 12th centuries when extent plant cultivation and grazing field zones were created. Climate change, increasing precipitation and consequently forest regeneration started in the 13th and 14th centuries. Parallel to this human impact decreased in the study area that indicates the reduction of the population and agrarian activity. Later at the beginning of the 15th century human impact increased again and remained significant until to the 16th century.

Paleoenvironments and geochemistry across a continuous Permian-Triassic boundary section at Bukk Mountains,Hungary

The Bálvány North Permian-Triassic boundary sediments were deposited on a carbonate platform in the tropical part of the western Paleo Tethys ocean.The overall elemental geochemistry of the detailed two-metre-thick section across the boundary that we studied shows that the clastic content of the sediments came from dominantly silica-rich continental sources though with some more silica-poor inputs in the uppermost Permian and lowest Triassic limestones as shown by Ni/Al and Nb/Ta ratios.These inputs bracket,but do not coincide with,the main extinctions and associated C,O and S changes.Increased aridity at the Permian-Triassic boundary with increased wind abrasion of suitable Ti-bearing heavy minerals accounts for both the high Ti/Al and Ti/Zr ratios.Various geochemical redox proxies suggest mainly oxic depositional conditions,with episodes of anoxia,but with little systematic variation across the Permian-Triassic extinction boundary.The lack of consistent element geochemical changes across the Permian-Triassic boundary occur not only in adjacent shallower-water marine sections,and in other marine sections along the SW Tethys margin such as the Salt Range sections in Pakistan,but also in deeper shelf and oceanic sections,and in non-marine African and European continental sediments.In the absence of significant changes in physical environments,chemical changes in the atmosphere and oceans,reflected in various isotopic changes,drove the Permian-Triassic extinctions.

Water cycle investigations in Hungarian forest ecosystems

From the biological point of view the value of autotrophy plant association is determined by the carbon fixation and the carbon cycle. Among the plant associations of Hungary, forest has the largest biological carbon fixation and carbon cycle. In general, the annual water cycle is the key factor in the organic material production of the Hungarian forests. The most intensive water con- sumption and organic material production take place from May till July, which period is named main water consumption and respec- tively main growing period, In Hungary the categories of the forest climate are characterized by main tree species and based on the characteristic meteorological data （Jaro and Tatraaljai, 1985）. In Hungary the forest area covered by stand is 1,650,000 hm2. Beech forest climate covers 8% of the forest area, hornbeam-oak forest climate covers 22%, sessile oak-Turkey oak forest climate covers 48% and forest steppe climate covers 22%. Partly in the frame of ICP-Forests, the Department of Ecology in the Forest Research Institute carries out long term, complex ecophysiological investigations on several sample plots （so-called basic plots） throughout the whole country. The organic material production （growth）, the nutrient and water cycle, the measurements of air pollutants and mete- orological parameters, as well as chemical analyses are all part of the investigations. As a comparison the figure of two basic plots （Sopron Pasp0kladfiny） shows the water cycles of a good growing beech stand in beech climate and a wcak pedunculate oak stand in forest steppe climate in the hydrological year of 2001-2002. In the Hungarian forest 60% 70% of the precipitation is used for inter- ception, evaporation, and in the vegetation season, for the transpiration both in beech and forest steppe climate. From other point of view, only 30%-40% of the open air precipitation infiltrates into the soil and can be utilized by the forest.

Visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent Hungarian adult patient

Visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum Nicolle 1908 (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) is very rare in immunocompetent adults. Clinical manifestation of the infection occurs in children and immune-compromised patients associated with AIDS, haemopoietic malignancies or after renal, liver, and heart transplantations in Europe. Hungary is regarded free of leishmaniasis. Except for a single infection in a small girl without a travel history, only a few imported cases have been recorded among Hungarians returning from endemic areas. Case presentation: Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in a 32 years old immumocompetent Hungarian man who had spent his holidays during the previous 3 years in Dalmatian territories (Dubrovnik, Makarska and Trogir) of Croatia. He had two months history of fever, chills, and night sweating associated with weight loss. Physical examination showed mild hepatomegaly and extreme splenomegaly. The protozoon infection was confirmed by parasitological, serological and molecular biological methods. Clinical recovery of the patient was observed after treatment with amphotericin B. Conclusion: We want to highlight the effects of climate changes and to call attention of health care professionals in Central and Eastern European countries to consider the possibility of leishmaniasis as an emerging disease of tourists returned from endemic re-gions.

Rt-PCR Analysis and Evolutionary Relationship of Some Hungarian <i>Grapevine leafroll associated virus</i>1 and 3 Isolates

Hungarian isolates of Grapevine leafroll associated virus 1 and 3 (GLRaV-1, GLRaV-3) were tested using serological (DAS-ELISA) and molecular (RT-PCR) methods. Five hundred bp long PCR products of the part of HSP70 gene of one serologically positive GLRaV-1 and four GLRaV-3 isolates were sequenced. These sequences were applied for phylogenetic analysis and compared to foreign virus isolates of NCBI GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of GLRaV-1 HSP70 gene supported the earlier results that it could be divided into two clusters: E and A. The Hungarian isolate 6.4.1 belonged to the group E. This isolate showed the highest homology with the AY754914 isolate from the Czech Republic. GLRaV-3 sequence data could cluster five groups. Hungarian 2.2;3.5 and 4.2 isolates were estimated belonging to the group II. The 1.4 isolate from the same vineyard as 2.2 varied in sequence data so it belonged to the other, IV. variant group with two South African, two Austrian and a Syrah isolate. According to the phylogenetic analysis, two variant groups occurred in Hungary. These isolates related with each other, but showed higher similarity of foreign counties. In some cases, they were similar to isolates of the neighbour countries such as Slovakia and Austria. It could be supposed that mainly the exchange of virus infected propagation materials caused the dissemination of GLRaV isolates.

The Spread of Deism in the Reformed Church in the South Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Hungary at the Turn of the 18th- 19th Century

Deism is one of the branches of radical Enlightenment which states that God creates the World, but he does not intervene into its operation. Theological dogmas are completely useless because these rules are not necessary for the prosperity of people. These ideas were very dangerous to Christianity; however, they were widespread in many parts of Europe in the 18th century. The Reformed Diocese of Bekes was located in the south eastern area of the Kingdom of Hungary, whose followers practised an essentially rural way of life; therefore, they hardly read any scientific and philosophical works. In spite of this fact, the spread of the ideas characteristic of deism can be observed in numerous dioceses. The reception of deism in southeast Hungary can be witnessed not in the traditional intellectual documents （school curriculum, translations, and philosophical treatises）, but in the documents of the ecclesiastical government： Church attendance records, documents of the proceedings of the ecclesiastical courts. With the detailed analysis of the ecclesiastical administration documents of the Reformed Church, this study investigates how folk religion relates to deism and the criticism of religion by the radical Enlightenment.

Build the Bridge of People-to-People Exchanges and Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries:Sidelights on Visit of the Delegation of China NGO Network for International Exchanges to the Czech Republic,Hungary and Romania

September in golden autumn symbolizes harvest and hope.At the invitation of the New Silk Road Institute,Prague of the Czech Republic,Institute for Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary and Romania China Chamber of Commerce and Industry,Mme.

Three Kinds of Religion in Hungary Lessons of Three By-elections in Local Political Context

There has been a long tradition in the history of Hungarian intellectuals that dates as far back as the 1930s.It became well-known as the clash between the“populist”(nepies)and“urbanite”(urbanus)camps as two factions of the intellectual classes or status groups.However,the author’s historical investigations show that this clash originated during the first reform period of Hungarian history(1830-1848),when the“Centralists”under the leadership of József Eötvös confronted the“Municipalists”whose leading figure was Lajos Kossuth.The former group represented the Western Europe oriented faction,who heavily called into question the county system,while the members of the latter group warranted it as the bulwark of the Hungarian constitution.The conflict was renewed between the two world wars as“westernizing”urbanites opposed the“Magyar”-oriented populists.Also,after the regime change in the 1990s,this old clash posited itself politically first as the strife between the Hungarian Democratic Forum and the Free Democrats and later on it got the form of a European-oriented Leftist-Liberal wing facing the moderate Right.The desperate struggle between the two political wings appeared at the local level as well.The author describes a paradigmatic case of the overall contradiction in a case study.During the local elections in a Hungarian village the post-communist mayor was forced to run against a traditionally religious mayor,while the entire village population,including civil society,followed the desperate clash up to an unserviceable stage.At this point,a third mayor candidate stepped in competing with both former enemies and won the exceptional election.The new mayor transcended both the post-communist era and the oppositional mayor of traditional religious background,for as the great-grand child of a landowner in the period preceding the Second World War who was persecuted in the Communist era;this mayor restituted the continuity with the ancient landowner class.And at the same time,while jettisoning the old-fashioned religion,she exhibited a certain attachment to a new type,as it were,a postmodern religiosity.

President Zhou Tienong Headed a Delegation to Visit Hungary and Denmark

At the invitation of the"World Bridge"Foundation of Hungary and the Danish-Chinese Business Forum,Mr.Zhou Tienong,ViceChairman of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People’s Congress and CAFIU’s President headed a CAFIU delegation to visit Hungary and Denmark from June 4 to 13,2013.

Nesting Orientalisms:Case of Hungary,Its Imaginary Occidentalisation Process,and Inconsistencies

What is the border between Central and Eastern Europe?This is an unanswered question in the literature of contemporary European history and politics.In the modern state system,imaginary boundaries are products of the imagined communities,and these boundaries also cause either to occidentalize or to orientalize the lands due to its top-down/elitist imagination procedure.During the Cold War years,anti-USSR voices are important to see the certain demand for Europeanization among people in today’s Central Europe where there especially had the communist legacy.In general,the ultimate goal is to identify themselves as more western among Central and Eastern European states for the sake of civilizational values of the Enlightenment and to reach today’s contested Neoliberal welfare.This desire causes Nesting Orientalisms,Milica Bakic-Hayden’s concept.Nesting Orientalisms are about re-constructing new Orient in the same region to hierarchizeitself as occidental.Through the process of mapping its location and construction of occidental identity,Hungary defines itself as a part of Central Europe.But what are the legitimated reasons of Hungary to define itself as Central European instead of Eastern Europe?Do these reasons perfectly fit in today’s Central European formulation and stereotype?What are the possible reasons to reject Hungary’s Central European self-definition?Moreover,under the shadow of the discussion on Central Europe vs.Eastern Europe,to what extent does the rise of authoritarianism block ongoing occidentalisation process of Hungary?In this research,I will answer these questions by analyzing modern political history of Hungary by the method of interpretivist process tracing.

Sensor radiation interception risk control in target tracking

This paper is mainly on the problem of radiation interception risk control in sensor network for target tracking.Firstly,the sensor radiation interception risk is defined as the product of the interception probability and the cost caused by the interception.Secondly,the radiation interception probability model and cost model are established,based on which the calculation method of interception risk can be obtained.Thirdly,a sensor scheduling model of radiation risk control is established,taking the minimum interception risk as the objective function.Then the Hungarian algorithm is proposed to obtain sensor scheduling scheme.Finally,simulation experiments are mad to prove the effectiveness of the methods proposed in this paper,which shows that compared with the sensor radiation interception probability control method,the interception risk control method can keep the sensor scheduling scheme in low risk as well as protect sensors of importance in the sensor network.

Structure and Tone Change of the Press in View of the Reports of the Public Mood in the Era of Change of Regime(October 1988-January 1989)

1988 and 1989 was the dawn of Hungarian change of regime.The impact of the upcoming change is also well-documented in informers'reports of the public mood.The lecture examines the structure and tone of the press from this particular aspect from October 1988 to January 1989.How the reports of the public mood were reflected on the free press?Membership of a state party is accustomed to the fact that the caring state determines what needs to be done.Fresh media products and their multi-faceted vision caused them serious confusion.For reports of the public mood,it is not to be overlooked that their creators have been working on orders.Some of informers recorded what readers of the reports of the public mood expected.Others wrote what they really heard.Many people were shocked to see more newspapers,magazines,and TV channels.Others demanded their banning immediately.The media activity was considered by many sources as self-directed and provocative.Some reported that many people agreed with the change.But most people wrote that conflicting news is causing serious confusion.The sudden freedom came to surprise most of the people.The following quotation summarizes this:"The majority did not know what was right,what could be done,and what could not be done.The variety of newspapers does not help clarity of vision but the difficulty of orientation".

Principled Pragmatism:Understanding the EU Position on Economic Relations with China

The EU-China relations have been experiencing noticeable changes in recent years, with the EU turning realist and putting more emphasis on interests in its interactions with China. This "principled pragmatism," reflected in the EU's position on China's Belt and Road Initiative, heralds the crossroads of bilateral relations.