Reliability and validity of the hidden hunger assessment scale in China-revised for high school students

Objective:Hidden hunger remains a severe public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide.In China,challenges related to dietary imbalance and hidden hunger persist.Micronutrient inadequacy deserves more attention among adolescents,given its vital role in their growth and development;however,this problem appears to have been largely ignored.High school students,in particular,are often at a high risk of hidden hunger but have limited assessment tools available.Therefore,this study aims to revise the hidden hunger assessment scale for high school students(HHAS-HSS)in China and assess its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on a literature review,expert consultation,pre-experiment,and formal survey,a hidden hunger assessment scale was revised for high school students.The formal survey involved 9336 high school students in 11 of the 16 cities in Anhui Province,China,and 9038 valid questionnaires were collected and included in the analysis.The item analysis,internal consistency reliability,test-retest reliability,content validity,exploratory factor analysis,and confirmatory factor analysis of the HHAS-HSS were examined.Results:The HHAS-HSS included a total of 4 dimensions and 12 items:"vegetables and food diversity"(three items),"fruits and dairy products"(three items),"micronutrient-dense foods"(four items),and"health condition and eating habits"(two items).The results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.758,a split-half reliability of 0.829,and a test-retest reliability of o.793,indicating good internal consistency.Using the Bartlett's test and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test(KMO)to test the exploratory factor analysis presented a four-factor model of the HHAS-HSS,the KMO0 value was 0.820(P<0.001),which indicated the possibility for factor confirmatory factor analysis.Using the maximum variance rotation method,four factors were obtained,and the cumulative variance explained rate was 57.974%.Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the division of the scale into four dimensions,and the fitting indices were x^(2)=1417.656,x^(2)/df=29.534,goodness-of-fit index=0.974,adjusted goodnessof-fit index=0.958,parsimonious goodness-of-fit index=0.600,normed fit index=0.938,incremental fit index=0.940,Tucker-Lewis index=0.917,comparative fit index=0.939,and root mean square error of approximation=0.056.Except for x^(2)/df,all the indices reached the fitting standard,and the above results showed that the construct validity of the scale reached an acceptable level.Conclusions:The HHAS-HSS has good validity and reliability for Chinese high school students.It is a convenient self-report measure of hidden hunger risk.

Effect of Low and High Glycemic Index Meals on Hunger and Satiety

Recently, people suffer from the inability to maintain weight with an increasing body mass, and this may be due to several reasons, including the type and quantity of food. In current study, the effect of the glycemic index of foods (high-low-medium) on the speed of return of hunger in adult women was discussed. Non-pregnant or lactating women who do not suffer from chronic diseases such as diabetes and pressure, for three days in a row for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, by calculating the number of hours preceding the feeling of hunger, as the results showed that the least hours of hunger were after eating foods with a low glycemic index and then followed by foods with a medium glycemic index, and the number of hours of starvation after eating foods with a high glycemic index was the least, and this leads to an increase in subsequent food intake and an increase in calories during the day. The results indicated: first day that are high in the glycemic index (breakfast). Highest percentage of feeling hungry was 30% after 4 h (lunch). The highest percentage of feeling hungry was 30% after 3 h, (dinner), the highest percentage of not feeling hungry by 50%. The second day with a low glycemic index (breakfast). The highest percentage of feeling hungry after 4 h was 30%, (lunch). The highest percentage of feeling hungry after 4 h was 30%, (dinner). The highest percentage of not feeling hungry was 80%. Third day with a medium glycemic index (breakfast). The highest percentage of feeling hungry was after 3 h and 4 h, with a percentage of 30%, (lunch), the highest percentage of feeling hungry after 4 h, with a percentage of 30%, (dinner), the highest percentage of not feeling hungry by 70%, which increases body mass and weight continuously, and this leads to an increase in vulnerability to chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to preserve and be careful to eat meals with a low and medium glycemic index in the diets, with the addition of foods with a high glycemic index, without negligence or excess, and we look forward to increasing the research on the effect of the glycemic index of food on the speed of return of hunger while standardizing the quantity and type of food for all volunteers.

BHGSO:Binary Hunger Games Search Optimization Algorithm for Feature Selection Problem

In machine learning and data mining,feature selection(FS)is a traditional and complicated optimization problem.Since the run time increases exponentially,FS is treated as an NP-hard problem.The researcher’s effort to build a new FS solution was inspired by the ongoing need for an efficient FS framework and the success rates of swarming outcomes in different optimization scenarios.This paper presents two binary variants of a Hunger Games Search Optimization(HGSO)algorithm based on V-and S-shaped transfer functions within a wrapper FS model for choosing the best features from a large dataset.The proposed technique transforms the continuous HGSO into a binary variant using V-and S-shaped transfer functions(BHGSO-V and BHGSO-S).To validate the accuracy,16 famous UCI datasets are considered and compared with different state-of-the-art metaheuristic binary algorithms.The findings demonstrate that BHGSO-V achieves better performance in terms of the selected number of features,classification accuracy,run time,and fitness values than other state-of-the-art algorithms.The results demonstrate that the BHGSO-V algorithm can reduce dimensionality and choose the most helpful features for classification problems.The proposed BHGSO-V achieves 95%average classification accuracy for most of the datasets,and run time is less than 5 sec.for low and medium dimensional datasets and less than 10 sec for high dimensional datasets.

Initial Hunger Meal Pattern and 20% Reduction in Energy Intake

At meals, people aim to maintain their usual energy level and balance in blood and all tissues. People have subjectively refined this aim through poorly conscious months and years, i.e., outside any comparison with other people, other times or feeding conditions. The preprandial weekly mean blood glucose can assess this individual aim that differs from other people in the general fattening/ diabetes development. The evaluation of this pathogenic development in the overall stratification shows how unhealthy is the subject’s energy imbalance. After 2 - 48 hours of meal suspension, the aim arises as Initial Hunger. This Initial Hunger serves as reference sensation in the assessment of current energy availability. Recognition of three Initial Hunger arousals per day produces an even energy balance and eliminates any conditioned intake. This meal pattern seemed a useful chance to reverse current trends in overweight increase. Two reliable authorities (National Institute of Health and New England Journal of Medicine) noticed that already, all dieticians instructed to wait for hunger arousal before meals to limit energy intake for body weight loss. Dieticians’ definition and instructions on hunger for body weight loss miss any distinction from conditioned energy intake and are ineffective. Present report shows the need for improving awareness on hunger.

Subjective Lowering of Preprandial Blood Glucose and Cancer Prevention by Planning and Recognizing Initial Hunger

We recently described the training of the passage from scheduled to demanded meals in infants and adults. Subjects reduced energy intake by subjectively abolishing conditioned meals and by allowing intake only after demand by the infant or after hunger perception by the adult (Initial Hunger Meal Pattern;IHMP). Conditioned meals were those scheduled and/or presented to the infant as well to the adult by sight, smell, mentioning, gesturing or simply at a fixed mealtime. During IHMP instead, meals were suspended until the first infant’s demand or until an adult’s self-noticing arousal of hunger. IHMP was checked by measuring blood glucose before three meals per day (MBG) and was associated with significant decreases in diary-reported energy-intake, MBG, glycated hemoglobin, body weight, insulin AUC in glucose tolerance tests and in days with diarrhea as compared to randomized control subjects who maintained conditioned meals. Although generalized, conditioned eating is a modern aberration that is associated with development of insulin resistance and overall inflammation. These associations are well demonstrated independently from the implicated mechanism. A state of Overall Subclinical Inflammation greatly increases cell and DNA replications and replication errors. After decades of DNA errors, oncogenic cells arise and cumulate. A prevention of malignancies is possible by interrupting the development of conditioned eating, insulin resistance and associated overall inflammation.

Households Hunger:The Key Attribute to Anthropometric Failures of Children in West Oromia(Ethiopia)

Poor nutrition is the underlying cause of child death.However,comprehensive data showing the relationships between dietary-practices,food security,and nutritional status are scant.The present study aimed to examine the association of inappropriate feeding practices and household-hunger with anthropometric measures in children aged 6–23 months.A cross-sectional survey was conducted on randomly selected 525-households.Semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to gather data on socio-demographic,child health,dietary-practices and household-hunger.Weight and height/length of the children were measured and analyzed using the new World Health Organization(WHO)Growth Standards.The prevalence of stunting,wasting and underweight as well as composite index of anthropometric failure(CIFA)were used to indicate under-nutrition.The overall prevalence of inappropriate feeding practices was 22.9%,rate of moderate households-hunger was 12.4%,and the prevalence of stunting,underweight and wasting was 16.2%,6.9%and 6.3%,respectively,while the CIAF was 21.3%.The prevalence was significantly higher in young children aged 12–23 months than in infants aged 6–11 months.Children from households experiencing moderate hunger had significantly higher risk of being stunting(OR:10.20;95%CI:2.00–51.50),underweight(OR:3.89;95%CI:1.40–10.90),wasting(OR:1.97;95%CI:0.99–3.90),and CIAF(OR:1.90;95%CI:1.05–3.45),than those residing in households experiencing no or mild hunger.Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to improve household food-security and child dietary practices,thus the nutritional status among young children.

The Father of Hybrid Rice: Freeing Humanity from Hunger

CHINA has been a big agricultural country since ancient times. The rise and fall of agriculture directly determined the country’s prosperity. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, in the face of frequent natural disasters and a growing population, the central government prioritized the food issue and took various measures to promote food production.“Let no Chinese go hungry” has been the dream of Yuan Longping, agricultural scientist and expert in hybrid rice. For 60 years he has conducted research in this field and successfully developed three varieties of hybrid rice, allowing the production to rise from 4,500 kg to more than 15,000 kg per hectare. Known as “the father of hybrid rice,” Yuan has made outstanding contributions to China’s food security and global food supply.

Under the Veil of Science Fiction： Katniss＇ Initiation in the Hunger Games Trilogy

The success of the Hunger Games trilogy to the young readers is its distinctive blending of science fiction elements with protagonist Katniss＇ initiation. The trilogy suffices youth＇s interest to embrace a fiction that dramatizes both realistic and fantastic portray of the world. Through depicting the intellectual and social development of protagonist Katniss who, after experiencing both defeats and triumphs in a dystopian world, Suzanne Collins successfully conveys the coming-of-age theme under the veil of science fiction in the Hunger Games trilogy.

Under the autobiographical codes： A close reading to Daughter of hunger

In the book Daughter of hunger, the author depicted us the lives of city paupers in the 1960s of China, a generation that is born neither quiet nor peaceful, and a generation that is destined to suffer more in their teenage years. The word ＂hunger＂ has multiple implications, during her journey of searching for her father, we will see how Liuliu, the main character of the book, struggled with the infertility in both material and spiritual worlds, how she tried to embrace the erotic love to confirm her rather painfully real self-existence, and how life and destiny eventually lead her out of the ordinaries.

Discussion on ＂hunger marketing＂ mode in Internet age based on consumer satisfaction --Take Xiaomi as an example

Recently, with people＇s lives have been continuously improved, the purchasing power of consumers is increasing ）,ear by year and China＇s market is becoming more and more mature. In this case. consumers have more options for the purchase of mobile phones. Hunger Marketing model is now facing a severe test in the lnternet era. This paper will analyze and prove it from the perspective of customer satisfaction. As the representative of Hunger Marketing, Xiaomi is facing many other new rivals. If something should be done for keeping Xiaomi still among the best in the new era of mobile phone market, it should be enhancing brand value and product process, improving core competence and sincerity rather than Hunger Marketing model.

Hungers of an Immigrant Family——On Chinese American writer Lan Samantha Chang's “Hunger”

The paper is to analyze the individual hungers in the novella "Hunger",which leads to the tragedy of the family.

The Symbolic Meanings of “Food” and “Hunger” in The Woman Warrior

In novel the Woman Warrior,"food" and "hunger" have indispensable symbolic meanings."Hunger" becomes a symbol of women's desire and the only way to get rid of the "hunger"is the "food"——women's self-reliance.

Hunger Still Lingers in Memory As More Chinese Get Their Fill

In the hands of chef Bai Changji, tofu （soybean curd） alone can be turned out to be a banquet of more than 200 kinds of cuisine. Even the bean dregs after making tofu will be cooked into dishes.

自我建构视阈下时间压力对消费者购买意愿的影响

电子商务平台通过限时、限量策略激发消费者购买意愿的现象非常普遍,饥饿营销已发展成现代企业营销的重要手段。时间压力对消费者购买意愿具有很大影响,探究其内在机制有利于构建饥饿营销的解释模型。通过两个实验发现,高强度时间压力会唤起消费者的感知竞争进而提高其购买意愿,而且消费者自我建构类型会调节时间压力对消费者购买意愿的影响,即相较于独立型消费者,依存型自我建构消费者将感知到更强程度的竞争,购买意愿更强烈。从消费者心理角度考察时间压力与消费者购买意愿之间具有密切关系,对现代企业饥饿营销策略的科学运用具有重要的现实意义。

基于饥饿变异检索与局部小生境的麻雀算法

针对麻雀搜索算法在迭代过程中在原点与最优解徘徊,造成迭代代价高,在迭代后期,直接跳跃到极值点附近,易于陷入局部最优,且后期种群多样性减小,全局搜索能力差的问题,提出一种基于饥饿变异检索与局部小生境的麻雀算法。首先改进种群中发现者位置迭代方法,提出饥饿短距变异机制,添加变异因子减少在原点与已有最优解的跃迁,提高全局搜索能力;其次改进跟随者位置迭代过程,引入局部小生境概念,将最优解发现者周围划定一个局部小生境,在小生境范围中的麻雀集中搜索最优解附近,小生境外麻雀逃逸到其它位置进行搜索,增强算法最优解附近的搜索能力与增强算法跃出局部空间的能力。对16个基准函数进行仿真对比实验,结果表明提出的基于饥饿变异检索与局部小生境的麻雀算法能够提高算法的搜索精度、收敛速度和稳定性。

灵活动态调控取向测度、拟合效果检验与货币政策真实有效性分析

本文首先运用大量货币政策市场松紧状态反映变量数据,通过MI-TVP-FAVAR模型定量测度中国灵活动态货币政策调控取向变迁指数,并基于《货币政策执行报告》检验其拟合效果和前瞻指引功效。进一步地,本文基于时变Granger因果关系检验方法,对货币政策与产出和通货膨胀之间的Granger因果关系进行时变检验,在此基础上运用LP法分析货币政策的增长效应和价格效应。结果表明:第一,灵活动态货币政策调控取向变迁指数的时变属性和动态特征明显,对《货币政策执行报告》中的静态调控取向具有较好的拟合效果,同时能够准确揭示出货币政策松紧状态的微观变迁过程。第二,样本区间大多数时期内,灵活动态货币政策调控取向变迁指数与经济基本面变量之间具有稳定的时变Granger因果关系。第三,样本区间内,货币政策的增长效应和价格效应明显。不同松紧状态下,货币政策的“饥饿效应”和“宿醉效应”存在差异。

基于HGS-ANN混合模型的爆破振动预测

将饥饿游戏搜索算法(HGS)与神经网络算法(ANN)相结合,开发了一种新的混合模型HGS-ANN,用来预测爆破振动。分别基于数据分组处理方法(GMDH)、支持向量机(SVM)、神经网络算法(ANN)以及萨道夫斯基经验公式建立了4种不同预测模型,并与HGS-ANN模型进行对比,评估模型性能。从某露天矿山收集了32组爆破数据,选择爆心距、最大单段药量、总药量、抵抗线、孔距、孔数、孔深等7个自变量作为输入参数,选择质点振动速度作为输出参数,以均方根误差(RMSE)和决定性系数(R^(2))作为模型性能评价指标,对所建立的模型性能进行对比。结果表明,HGS-ANN模型的RMSE和R^(2)分别为0.833和0.963,性能优于其他4种模型。HGS-ANN模型可以作为一个辅助工具来优化爆破设计,降低爆破地震效应。

An Analysis of Liberia’s Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Context of Least Developed Countries (LDCs): A Review

Climate change is an alarming global challenge, particularly affecting the least developed countries (LDCs) including Liberia. These countries, located in regions prone to unpredictable temperature and precipitation changes, are facing significant challenges, particularly in climate-sensitive sectors such as mining and agriculture. LDCs need more resilience to adverse climate shocks but have limited capacity for adaptation compared to other developed and developing nations. This paper examines Liberia’s susceptibility to climate change as a least developed country, focusing on its exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. It provides an overview of LDCs and outlines the global distribution of carbon dioxide emissions. The paper also evaluates specific challenges that amplify Liberia’s vulnerability and constrain sustainable adaptation, providing insight into climate change’s existing and potential effects. The paper emphasizes the urgency of addressing climate impacts on Liberia and calls for concerted local and international efforts for effective and sustainable mitigation efforts. It provides recommendations for policy decisions and calls for further research on climate change mitigation and adaptation.

东亚飞蝗的饥饿响应及食料筛选研究

东亚飞蝗引起的蝗灾是我国农业生产的重大自然灾害,但同时其也是一种重要的资源昆虫,有极高的食用、药用及饲用价值。目前,东亚飞蝗养殖业蓬勃发展,但对其养殖的相关研究却较少。本文对东亚飞蝗的饥饿响应及食料筛选进行了研究。结果表明:在有充足水分供应的条件下,东亚飞蝗的耐饥能力随龄期升高而增强;高龄期、低龄期蝗蝻混合饲养,在饥饿处理下无互残现象;东亚飞蝗取食所筛选的5种供试饲料均可羽化、产卵;取食玉米叶、狗尾草的东亚飞蝗存活率较高、寿命较长、产卵较多,二者是相对适宜的饲料;饲喂白菜叶的雌蝗产卵量最高,可将其用于产卵期;麦麸在饲料紧张时可作为辅助饲料。

Hungry and Angry Society: Implications for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

Hunger is a physiological need,but the production and consumption of adequate and balanced food is a function of social forces.At every point,social,political,and economic processes intervene,for better or(more common)for worse.Food is one fundamental need of human beings for survival.But in Nigeria there is widespread food shortage and hunger.Development scholars have put forward reasons why poverty,hunger persists in the country,from the platitudes about population growth,inadequate implementation of agricultural policies,and neglect of agriculture,bad leadership,corruption,and the issue of distribution.Nigeria is richly blessed with arable land and citizens eager to unlock its food potentials.Unfortunately,this is far from being realized as the country depends on foreign countries for food,a situation that is tragic and sad.She spends about$10 billion a year importing food and agricultural products,the majority of which are wheat,rice,poultry,fish,and consumer-oriented foods.The pressure on the exchange rate results in devaluation-triggered inflation and food costs that fly up beyond the grasp of people at the bottom of the ladder as it is now is one of the negative repercussions of high food importation bills.Examining the effects of hunger is one of this paper’s key concerns and goals,and anger crisis for achieving sustainable development in the country using the Frustration-Aggression Theory,The Relative Deprivation and Political Economy Approach as guide.