Towards the Recovery of By-Product Metals from Mine Wastes:An X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study on the Binding State of Rhenium in Debris from a Centennial Iberian Pyrite Belt Mine

Rhenium is a very scarce element, occurring in the Earth's crust mainly carried by molybdenite (MoS2). Due to a very low availability comparative to actual industrial demand, rhenium is nowadays one of the most expensive mineral commodities and an increased interest is focused on ex- ploring residues resulting from a long-term mining, particularly of sulphide ore deposits. It is therefore noteworthy to assign the presence of rhenium (in a concentration up to 3 ppm) in the waste materials from the old sulphur factory at the abandoned mine of Sao Domingos (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Southeast Portugal), exploited since the Roman occupation of Iberia. Aiming at a potential sustainable recovery of rhenium as a by-product, X-ray near-edge absorption spectroscopy (XANES) was applied to clarify the Re-binding and mode of occurrence by comparing Re L3-edge XANES spectra obtained from mine waste samples (previously fully characterized by X-ray laboratory techniques) with similar spectra collected from Re-rich molybdenites (Mo1-xRexS2) and from Re-O model compounds configuring various valences and coordination environments of rhenium ions. Obtained results are commented, ruling out a possible Re-S binding and rather conforming with the binding of rhenium to oxygen in the analysed mine waste materials.

Mid and late Holocene forest fires and deforestation in the subalpine belt of the Iberian range,northern Spain

The conversion of subalpine forests into grasslands for pastoral use is a well-knownphenomenon, although for most mountain areas the timing of deforestation has not been determined. The presence of charcoal fragments in soil profiles affected by shallow landsliding enabled us to date the occurrence of fires and the periods of conversion ofsubalpine forest into grasslands in the Urbión Mountains, Iberian Range, Spain. We found that the treeline in the highest parts of the northwestern massifs of the Iberian Range(the Urbión, Demanda, Neila, and Cebollera massifs) is currently between 1500 and 1600 m a.s.l., probably because of pastoral use of the subalpine belt, whereas in the past it would have reached almost the highest divides(at approximately 2100–2200 m a.s.l.). The radiocarbon dates obtained indicate that the transformation of the subalpine belt occurred during the Late Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Middle Ages. Forest clearing was probably moderate during fires prior to the Middle Ages, as the small size of the sheep herds and the local character of the markets only required small clearings, and therefore more limited fires. Thus, it is likely that the forest recovered burnt areas in a few decades; this suggests the management of the forest and grasslands following a slash-andburn system. During the Middle and Modern Ages deforestation and grassland expansion affected most of the subalpine belt and coincided with the increasing prevalence of transhumance, as occurred in other mountains in the Iberian Peninsula(particularly the Pyrenees). Although the occurrence of shallow landslides following deforestation between the Neolithic and the Roman Period cannot be ruled out, the most extensive shallow landsliding processes would have occurred from the Middle Ages until recent times.

Preliminary Study on Taxonomic Review Using Histological Sections of Some Iberian Species from the Genus <i>Quercus</i>L. (Fagaceae)

The taxonomy of the genus Quercus is the subject of ongoing scientific interest at the present time. Classically the scanning electron microscope is and has been used for the study of leaf surfaces, particularly to characterise the trichomes, stomata and epicuticular waxes. In the present work, in addition to using the SEM, histological sections from a group of taxa from the northern Iberian Peninsula are studied under the optical microscope. Specifically, the study concerns the leaves of Quercus robur subsp. robur, Q. orocantabrica, Q. petraea and Q. pyrenaica, and of possible hybrids between Q. orocantabrica and Q. petraea and between Q. orocantabrica and Q. pyrenaica. The results highlight histological differences between Q. robur and Q. orocantabrica, and also differentiate the morphological characteristics of Q. petraea and Q. pyrenaica. Similarities can also be observed between Q. petraea and its possible hybrid with Q. orocantabrica, and between Q. pyrenaica and its hybrid with Q. orocantabrica. The aspects observed under the optical microscope complement the observations obtained by means of the scanning electron microscope, and as a consequence of this, two new nothospecies are described: Q. xpuentei (Q. orocantabrica × Q. petraea) and Q. xpenasii (Q. orocantabrica × Q. pyrenaica).

Determining the specific status of the Iberian sturgeons by means genetic analyses of old specimens

To clarify the species status of sturgeon from rivers of the Iberian Peninsula, eight molecular markers (4 nuclear and 4 mitochondrial) have been analysed in different specimens from historical museum samples and prehistoric samples from archaeological sites. These analyses indicate that one of these specimens (UGP captured in the Guadalquivir River in the 19th century) is A. sturio, based on all the eight molecular markers, four of them used from the first time in this study. In previous analyses based on 5 genetic markers, our group assigned two specimens captured in this river in the 1970-80s (EBD8173 and EBD8401) to the species A. naccarii, suggesting the presence of this species in the Iberian Peninsula. In this work, this conclusion is drawn after successfully obtaining a mitochondrial marker in a very old scute from a prehistoric site (Acinipo, about 1500 BC, from the Guadalquivir River basin). On the other hand, in the specimen EBD8174 captured in the Guadalquivir in 1975, we have obtained two new mitochondrial markers confirming that it can be considered A. sturio for all the mitochondrial markers, but nuclear ones identify it as A. naccarii. Finally, two very old samples (Nerja E-VI and Nerja N/62-63) were not successfully characterized by any molecular markers. Some aspects and consequences of our results are discussed, such as the origin of the “mosaic” specimen EBD8174 and, above all, the native status of A. naccarii in historic and prehistoric times in the southern Iberian Peninsula.

Replacement of Soybean Meal with Lupin or Chickpea Seed Meal in Diets for Fattening Iberian Pigs Promotes a Healthier Ileal Microbiota Composition

Five castrated male Iberian pigs (100 ± 2 kg b.w.) fitted with T-shaped ileal cannulas at the terminal ileum were used to determine the effects of legume feeding on intestinal microbiota composition. The diets were based on defatted soybean (Glycine max), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) or chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed meals and contained similar amounts of digestible energy (14.2 - 15.1 MJ·kg-1) and protein (107 g·kg-1). A hydrolyzed casein diet was used to determine the bacterial counts in pigs fed on a vegetable-free diet. The composition of the intestinal microbiota at the terminal ileum was analysed by q-PCR. Higher (P 10 number of copies was determined in the ileal contents of pigs fed on lupin- or chickpea-based diets with respect to those fed on the soybean-based diet. Bacteroides and the Clostridium coccoides/Eubacterium rectale group log10 number of copies was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean in the ileal contents of chickpea-fed pigs. Enterobacteria and the Escherichia/Shigella group log10 number of copies was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean in pigs fed on diets based on lupin or chickpea. The number of copies of the different bacterial groups in animals fed on the casein-based diet was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean for lactobacilli and bacteroides, but was higher than that of soybean for bifidobacteria, enterobacteria and the Escherichia/Shigella group. This information suggests that lupin or chickpea feeding might induce a benefit in the microbiota composition of Iberian pigs in their final productive stages.

A Regional Climate Study of Heat Waves over the Iberian Peninsula

We present a regional climate simulation for the Iberian Peninsula for a 60-year period (1950-2009) using the WRF-ARW model with a focus on the simulation of summer maximum temperatures and associated extreme heat waves. The WRF model was designed at a 5 km horizontal resolution on a 5-month (May-September) seasonal scale, for every year, during the study period with initial/boundary conditions derived from NCEP 2.5 degree reanalysis. The comparison of simulated mean summer seasonal maximums and mean maximums of June, July, and August months with the corresponding E-OBS data sets indicates that the model is able to characterize the spatial variation of magnitudes of temperature change over the Iberian Peninsula. The mean extreme heat wave conditions during the climate period 1950-2009 are well simulated and match the observations well. The regional scale simulations clearly show the propagation of intense heat waves from the south west to north east of Iberia. The WRF-ARW model also simulated well the general trend of increase in heat waves over most parts of the Iberian Peninsula during the study period 1950-2009. The characteristics of the most severe heat waves years 2003 and 2006 are also well simulated by the model.

西班牙Iberian地区二叠—三叠系砂岩的碳酸盐胶结物成岩作用：化学组分和稳

我们对西班牙Iberian地区二叠－三叠系碎屑层序中的方解石、白云石和铁－白云石／铁白云石帮了岩石学、化学和稳定同位素研究。方解石及白云石质胶结物是在铁－白云石／铁白云石产生之前沉淀的，但由于抬升引起白云石的方解石化也形成方解石。这些碳酸盐中的δ^13C负值（－9．51－2．13‰）表明：碳可能来自早期碳酸盐中有机质的氧化作用和晚期铁－白云石／铁白云石中有机质的胶羧基作用。早期成岩作用形成的白云石质胶结物比晚期形成的白云石质胶结物具有较理的δ^13C值（＞－3．54‰）、较高的Mn/(Mn+Fe)、Mn/(Mn+Mg)和较低的Fe/(Fe+Mg)比值。同时，后者由于温度的增加以及孔隙水的矿化反应而具有比前者轻δ^18OPOB（＞－10．64‰）的特点。

Long-term patterns in Iberian hare population dynamics in a protected area(Doñana National Park)in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula:Effects of weather conditions and plant cover

The Iberian hare(Lepus granatensis)is a widely distributed endemic species in the Iberian Peninsula.To improve our knowledge of its population dynamics,the relative abundance and population trends of the Iberian hare were studied in the autumns of 1995-2012 in a protected area(Doñana National Park)by spotlighting in 2 different habitats:marshland and ecotones.The average relative abundance was 0.38 hare/km(SD=0.63)in the marshland and 3.6 hares/km(SD=4.09)in ecotones.The Iberian hare population exhibited local interannual fluctuations and a negative population trend during the study period(1995-2012).The results suggest that its populations are in decline.The flooding of parts of the marshland in June,July and October favor hare abundance in the ecotone.Hare abundance in the marshland increases as the flooded surface area increases in October.These effects are more pronounced if the rains are early(October)and partially flood the marsh.By contrast,when marsh grasses and graminoids are very high and thick(as measured using the aerial herbaceous biomass[biomass marshland]as a proxy),the abundance of hares decreases dramatically as does the area of the marsh that is flooded(in November).

The unusual life history of a southern Iberian Peninsula population of Torleya major （Ephemeroptera： Ephemerellidae）

The nymphal biology of a population of Torleya major （Klapalek） in southem Iberian Peninsula was studied. An atypical life cycle pattern is described, with eggs hatching in August producing a fast-developing cohort with adults emerging in autumn and a second slow-developing cohort with adults emerging in spring of the following year. Nymphal growth occurred primarily in summer-autumn （in the first cohort） and in spring （in the second）. The origin of such a life history is discussed. Nymphs were collector-gatherers, consuming mainly detritus. Although ontogenetic shifts on the use of trophic resources were detected, similar food was utilized during the months when both cohorts cohabited, eliminating the possibility that the rapid growth of the first cohort could be related to the utilization of different food resources.

Factors affecting populations of the endemic Iberian hare(Lepus granatensis)after the first myxomatosis outbreaks in Central Spain

The Iberian hare(Lepus granatensis)is an endemic species distributed in Spain and Portugal.Myxomatosis outbreaks affecting this species were detected in 2018 in Central and Southern Spain,spreading afterward.Aiming to evaluate factors affecting the status of hare population after the arrival of myxomatosis,we conducted 108 nocturnal hare counts in Central Spain during two study periods(winter/spring and summer/autumn)in 54 different hunting grounds,covering 1071 km and observing 884 individuals.The mean density in winter/spring was 7.66 hares/100 ha,(range 6.14-9.54/100 ha),while in summer/autumn,it was 3.4 hares/100 ha(range 2.6-4.4/100 ha).Densities of hares were not affected by the dominant habitat and the presence/absence of myxomatosis outbreaks.Hares were more abundant at hunting grounds at a higher altitude and in those conducting targeted management,while detection of myxomatosis was related to lower altitude and higher levels of game management.A MaxEnt model used to generate a risk map for myxomatosis occurrence showed that the temperature annual range was the most important predictor,which suggests that environmental factors affecting myxomatosis vectors(mosquitoes,fleas,and ticks)could play a key role in disease transmission.As myxomatosis in hares is becoming endemic,hare densities may be improved by game management and the monitoring and surveillance of this emerging disease.These surveillance programs could be the basis of effective collaborations between hunters,researchers,and environmental managers.

Immune challenge of mating effort:steroid hormone profile,dark ventral patch and parasite burden in relation to intrasexual competition in male Iberian red deer

Testosterone secretion may regulate the reproductive effort and the development of sexual traits,but it may also involve costs at the immunological and metabolic levels.However,the evidence for this trade-off in wild populations is scarce.Cortisol also plays an important role in mediating the reproductive and immune functions.In this study,we analyzed whether the endoparasite burden relates to hormonal levels(fecal testosterone and cortisol metabolites)and/or morphological sexual traits(size of the dark ventral patch,a trait that indicates reproductive effort in males)in male Iberian red deer.For this purpose,we sampled male red deer harvested during hunting actions in 2 types of populations in south western Spain that differed in structure,affecting the level of male–male competition for mates.We used coprological analyses to estimate the parasite burden mainly of gastrointestinal and bronchopulmonary nematodes and of protozoa,and assessed testosterone and cortisol metabolite levels from fecal pellets.We found a positive relationship of host parasitation with both testosterone levels and the size of the dark ventral patch,but these relationships depended on the intensity of male–male competition in the population,being only found under the high-competition scenario.These results are discussed under the hypothesis of the testosterone immunocompetence handicap,suggesting a cost at the immunological level,and,therefore,higher susceptibility to parasite infection in males that make a greater reproductive effort.However,this effect seems to be modulated by the social environment(male–male competition)that might lead to different optima in testosterone production and sexual trait development.

浅析罗马时期以来伊比利亚历史对独立前拉美各国政治文化影响——兼比较同一时段英国历史对美国政治文化的影响

独立前的拉美可以说是中世纪西班牙的延伸和再现,美国是英国的前殖民地,母国对两地的影响十分深远。独立前的拉美和最初的美国存在巨大差异的原因:(一)母国的法律起源不同;(二)中世纪母国的差别便开始显现;(三)16世纪后母国间的差别进一步拉大;(四)母国对拉美和美国的统治政策不同;(五)因为母国的原因造成拉美和美国独立原因不同。

甜菜碱与共轭亚油酸对伊比利亚猪生产性能和胴体组成的协同效应

试验评价了日粮中添加甜菜碱、共轭亚油酸和两者混合对伊比利亚猪生产性能和胴体组成的影响。试验选择20头伊比利亚母猪(20kg),分别饲喂以大麦-豆粕型日粮,基础日粮+0.5%甜菜碱或1%共轭亚油酸(CLA)或0.5%甜菜碱+1%CLA。试验表明:日粮中添加甜菜碱+CLA,提高了生长猪的ADG、蛋白质、水和瘦肉的含量,说明同时添加甜菜碱和CLA,对以上的指标具有协同作用。

新疆阿尔泰山南缘产于泥盆纪火山-沉积盆地铅锌矿床地质特征——以可可塔勒铅锌矿为例

可可塔勒矿床位于新疆阿尔泰造山带南缘,产于泥盆纪火山-沉积盆地内铅锌矿(可可塔勒)体呈似层状、透镜状,矿石构造以条纹条带状、块状、斑杂状为主,矿物成分相对简单,矿体直接容矿围岩为火山-沉积岩。矿床属火山-沉积岩容矿的块状硫化物矿床。为介于典型的火山岩容矿的块状硫化物型矿床(VHMS)和典型沉积岩容矿的硫化物矿床(SEDEX型)之间的过渡类型(一种新类型块状硫化物矿床),其矿化特征与伊比利亚型矿床相类似。

葡萄牙Neves Corvo块状硫化物矿床锡石的微量元素地球化学

对葡萄牙 Neves Corvo Cu、 Sn多金属矿床锡矿石、富铜硫化物矿石和贫铜硫化物矿石中锡石的微量元素电子探针分析结果的综合研究表明，该矿床存在高温 (>300℃ )、富 W的早期锡矿化阶段，稍晚的贫 W、富 Cu、温度略低 (245～ 295℃ )的 Cu、 Sn主矿化阶段，以及更晚的贫 W、贫 Cu、温度更低（约 200℃）的 Cu、 Sn矿化阶段。结合 Pb同位素研究可以推测矿床中 Sn可能来源于矿体下部深处未出露的、与板块俯冲有关的富 Sn古老地壳岩石。与其他类型锡矿床的微量元素对比表明， Neves Corvo矿床属于处于火山岩容矿 (VHMS)型和沉积岩容矿 (SHMS)型块状硫化物矿床之间的一种过渡类型——伊比利亚型。

伊比利亚型—— 一种新类型块状硫化物矿床地质地球化学及成因

块状硫化物矿床主要有两种类型 :火山岩容矿型 (如日本黑矿 )和沉积岩容矿型 (如加拿大苏利文矿床 )。近年来 ,在西班牙和葡萄牙的伊比利亚区发现了一条长 2 50 km,宽 2 5～ 70 km的黄铁矿带 ,其中产有若干世界级的超大型锡多金属块状硫化物矿床。根据对这些矿床的地质特征、成矿流体包裹体、H、O、S、Pb同位素及成矿环境和成矿模式的研究表明 ,它们具有明显不同于火山岩容矿型或沉积岩容矿型块状硫化物矿床的特征 ,而是一种新类型的块状硫化物矿床 ,称之为伊比利亚型。

西班牙的伊比利亚火腿

本文介绍了西班牙伊比利亚火腿的猪种、猪的饲养方式、加工过程、近年来的新发展以及其风味的形成。

Maternal undernutrition and offspring sex determine birth-weight, postnatal development and meat characteristics in traditional swine breeds

Background: The aim of this study was to determine how maternal undernutrition during pregnancy and offspring birth-weight can affect the postnatal development of offspring under farm conditions, which may lead to consequences in its meat and carcass quality. The current study involved a total of 80 litters from Iberian sows fed a diet fulfilling daily requirements(n = 47; control) or providing 70% daily requirements(n = 33; underfed) from d 38 to d 90 of gestation when fetal tissue development begins. After birth, piglets born live were classified as low birthweight(LBW; < 1 kg) and normal birth-weight(NBW; ≥1 kg). During the growing phase, 240 control and 230 underfed pigs(50% males and females) distributed by BW category and sex were studied until the slaughter.Results: At birth and weaning, there were significant differences in all morphological measures and weight between NBW and LBW piglets as expected(P < 0.0005), but few effects of the gestational feed restriction. During the growing phase, NBW pigs continued with higher weight than LBW pigs on all the days of evaluation(P < 0.05),even though control-LBW-females and LBW-males showed a catch-up growth. However, underfed pigs showed slower growth and higher feed conversion ratio than control pigs(P < 0.0001) at 215 days old. Moreover, the average daily weight gain(ADWG) for the overall period was greater for NBW, male and control pigs than for their LBW, female and underfed pigs(P < 0.0001, P< 0.0005 and P< 0.05, respectively) and NBW pigs were slaughtered at a younger age than LBW pigs(P < 0.0001). After slaughtering, control pigs also had higher carcass yield and backfat depth than underfed pigs(P < 0.0005) and the maternal nutritional effect caused main changes in the polar lipid fraction of liver and loin. The fatty acid composition of loin in control pigs had higher C18:1 n-9 and n-3 FA concentrations, as well as lower ∑n-6/∑n-3 ratio, than in underfed pigs(P < 0.005).Conclusions: In brief, results showed that the effects of maternal nutritional restriction appeared and increased with offspring age, causing worse developmental patterns for underfed pigs than for control pigs.

Glacier reconstruction of La Covacha Massif in Sierra de Gredos(central Spain) during the Last Glacial Maximum

A paleoglacier reconstruction during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) is presented for a high mountain area of La Covacha massif in Sierra de Gredos(Iberian Central System) in central Spain. The moraines that, according with the previous literature, had formed during the global LGM, were mapped through photo interpretation of digital aerial photographs and 3D images and detailed field surveys. The topography of the paleoglaciers was estimated using a simple steady-state model that assumed a perfectly plastic ice rheology, reconstructing the theoretical ice profiles and obtaining the ice thickness of the glaciers during the LGM. The reconstruction of the glaciers was carried out using automated and semi-automated physically-based models, obtaining more realistic results with semi-automated models. According to our study, the paleoglaciers in the study area covered an area of 34.79 km^2 during the global LGM, with a maximum ice thickness of 366 meters in La Vega gorge, a total volume of 34.25 × 108 m^3 and a mean paleoELA of 1932 meters. Most of the ice(~82%) was in paleoglaciers facing north, and the rest was in paleoglaciers with other orientations. This emphasizes the importance of orientation in relation to glacier dynamics and ice accumulation. The results obtained in the calculation of paleoELAs during the global LGM in Gredos are average compared to the Iberian mountains of the Northwest where the values were much lower, and with respect to those of the Southwest, much higher. This demonstrates the importance of the exposure of Mediterranean mountains to the humidity sources coming from the NW during the global LGM, as is the case at present.

Modeling of Rayleigh wave dispersion in Iberia

Phase and group velocities of 15-70 s Rayleigh waves propagating across the Iberian Penin- sula have been transformed into local dispersion curves by linear inversion of travel times. The procedure permits that the waveform dispersion to be obtained as a continuous period-dependent velocity function at grid points belonging to the area probed by the waves, thus providing phase- and group-velocity contour maps for several periods within the interval of interest. The regionalization process rests on a homoge- neous initial data set in which the number of observations remains almost constant for all periods of reference. Damped least-squares inversion of the local dispersion curves for shear-wave velocity structure is performed to obtain depth-dependent S-wave velocity profiles at the grid points covering the model region. The reliability of the results should improve significantly owing to the use of phase and group velocities simultaneously. On this basis, we have built horizontal depth sections that give an updated view of the seismic velocity structure of the peninsula at lithospheric and upper mantle depths （20--200 km）. After averaging all the pure-path S-wave velocities previously determined at each grid point, the velocity- depth models so obtained for major tectonic units allow the comparison between the Hercynian basement and other areas of Mesozoic folding and Tertiary hasins