Opinion consensus incorporating higher-order interactions in individual-collective networks

In the current information society, the dissemination mechanisms and evolution laws of individual or collective opinions and their behaviors are the research hot topics in the field of opinion dynamics. First, in this paper, a two-layer network consisting of an individual-opinion layer and a collective-opinion layer is constructed, and a dissemination model of opinions incorporating higher-order interactions(i.e. OIHOI dissemination model) is proposed. Furthermore, the dynamic equations of opinion dissemination for both individuals and groups are presented. Using Lyapunov's first method,two equilibrium points, including the negative consensus point and positive consensus point, and the dynamic equations obtained for opinion dissemination, are analyzed theoretically. In addition, for individual opinions and collective opinions,some conditions for reaching negative consensus and positive consensus as well as the theoretical expression for the dissemination threshold are put forward. Numerical simulations are carried to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results, as well as the influence of the intra-structure, inter-connections, and higher-order interactions on the dissemination and evolution of individual opinions. The main results are as follows.(i) When the intra-structure of the collective-opinion layer meets certain characteristics, then a negative or positive consensus is easier to reach for individuals.(ii) Both negative consensus and positive consensus perform best in mixed type of inter-connections in the two-layer network.(iii) Higher-order interactions can quickly eliminate differences in individual opinions, thereby enabling individuals to reach consensus faster.

The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Family Resilience on the Relationship between Individual Resilience and Depression in Patients with Breast Cancer

Objective:This study evaluated the effect of resilience on depression among patients with breast cancer from individual and familial perspectives by exploring the mediating and moderating effects of family resilience between individual resilience and depression.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 337 patients with breast cancer who were admitted to the Oncology Department of Jiangsu Province Hospital.The survey included demographic information,the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC),the Family Resilience Assessment Scale(FRAS),and the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9)for Depression.The relationship among individual resilience,family resilience,and depression was analyzed using hierarchical regression and bootstrap test to assess the mediating and moderating effects of family resilience.Results:The depression scores were(13.50±5.16),the individual resilience scores were(48.62±17.50),and the family resilience scores were(105.98±24.35).Significant differences in depression scores were observed in terms of family monthly income,average weekly exercise before diagnosis,post-diagnosis interpersonal relationship quality,and overall sleep quality in the past month(p<0.05).Patients with lower individual resilience had significantly higher depression scores than those with higher resilience(F=24.314,p<0.001),and similarly,patients with lower family resilience had higher depression scores than those with higher family resilience(F=41.660,p<0.001).Individual resilience and family resilience were significantly negatively correlated with depression(r=-0.447 and-0.441,respectively,p<0.001).Hierarchical regression analysis and bootstrap test showed that family resilience(β=-0.310,p<0.001)had a partial mediating effect between individual resilience(β=-0.321,p<0.001)and depression.The indirect effect size was-0.038,the 95%CI was(-0.056,-0.020),and the direct effect ratio was 71.43%.The interaction of family resilience and individual resilience had a moderating effect on depression(B=0.166,p<0.001).Family resilience negatively moderated the relationship between individual resilience and depressive symptoms and enhanced the protective effect of individual resilience against depression with increasing family resilience.Conclusion:Family resilience has mediating and moderating effects between individual resilience and depression in patients with breast cancer.

Impact of asymptomatic infected individuals on epidemic transmission dynamics in multiplex networks with partial coupling

The theory of network science has attracted great interest of many researchers in the realm of biomathematics and public health,and numerous valuable epidemic models have been developed.In previous studies,it is common to set up a one-to-one correspondence between the nodes of a multi-layer network,ignoring the more complex situations in reality.In the present work,we explore this situation by setting up a partially coupled model of a two-layer network and investigating the impact of asymptomatic infected individuals on epidemics.We propose a self-discovery mechanism for asymptomatic infected individuals,taking into account situations such as nucleic acid testing in the community and individuals performing self-antigen testing during the epidemic.Considering these factors together,through the microscopic Markov chain approach(MMCA)and extensive Monte Carlo(MC)numerical simulations,we find that the greater the coupling between the networks,the more information dissemination is facilitated.In order to control the epidemics,more asymptomatic infected individuals should be made aware of their infection.Massive adoption of nucleic acid testing and individual adoption of antigenic self-testing can help to contain epidemic outbreaks.Meanwhile,the epidemic threshold of the proposed model is derived,and then miscellaneous factors affecting the epidemic threshold are also discussed.Current results are conducive to devising the prevention and control policies of pandemics.

Gut microbiota modulating therapy for diabetes mellitus should be individualized

In this editorial,we commented on two articles published online in August and September 2024 in the World Journal of Diabetes,which focused on modifying the gut microbiota(GM)to prevent or delay the progression of diabetes mellitus(DM)and DM-related complications.Numerous studies,many of which are animal studies,have indicated the potential role of GM in the pathogenesis of DM.However,the detailed causality and mechanisms between GM and DM have not been fully clarified.Although there have been some reports of a potential role of modifying the GM in treating DM,most lack long-term observations and are not mechanistic.Additionally,the GM and its role in DM might vary among individuals;therefore,GM-targeted interventions should be individualized to realize their therapeutic potential.

Exploration of cardiac rehabilitation nursing for elderly patients with myocardial infarction based on individualized cardiac rehabilitation

BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction is a high-risk condition prevalent among the elderly population,often leading to adverse clinical manifestations such as reduced cardiopulmonary function,anxiety,and depression post-surgery.Consequently,cardiac rehabilitation holds immense importance in mitigating these complications.AIM To evaluate the effect of individualized cardiac rehabilitation on blood pressure variability(BPV)and baroreflex sensitivity(BRS)in elderly patients with myocardial infarction.METHODS A cohort of 74 elderly patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction and admitted to our hospital between January 2021 and January 2022 were subjected to random selection.Subsequently,all patients were divided into two groups,namely the research group(n=37)and the control group(n=37),utilizing the number table method.The control group received conventional drug treatment and nursing guidance intervention,while the study group underwent individualized cardiac rehabilitation in addition to the interventions received by the control group.All patients were continuously intervened for 12 wk,and the BPV of these two groups in the 1st wk(T0),the 4th wk(T1)and the 12th wk(T2)were compared,BRS,changes in cardiopulmonary function measures,and adverse cardiovascular events.RESULTS Of 24 h diastolic BPV,24 h systolic BPV,carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent slope of the research group were lower than those of the control group at T1 and T2,BRS,peak heart rate and systolic blood pressure product,1 min heart rate recovery were higher than those of the control group,and the incidence of adverse events in the research group was lower than that of the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION In this study,we found that after individualized cardiac rehabilitation in elderly patients with myocardial infarction,BPV and BRS can be effectively improved,cardiac function is significantly enhanced,and a better prognosis is obtained.

Characteristics and demographic factors of traditional Chinese medicine constitution types among elderly individuals in China:A national multistage cluster random study Author links open overlay panel

Objective:To reveal the distribution characteristics and demographic factors of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution among elderly individuals in China.Methods: Elderly individuals from seven regions in China were selected as samples in this study using a multistage cluster random sampling method.The basic information questionnaire and Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire(Elderly Edition)were used.Descriptive statistical analysis,chi-squared tests,and binary logistic regression analysis were used.Results: The single balanced constitution(BC)accounted for 23.9%.The results of the major TCM constitution types showed that BC(43.2%)accounted for the largest proportion and unbalanced constitutions ranged from 0.9%to 15.7%.East China region(odds ratio[OR]=2.097;95%confidence interval[CI],1.912 to 2.301),married status(OR=1.341;95%CI,1.235 to 1.457),and managers(OR=1.254;95%CI,1.044 to 1.505)were significantly associated with BC.Age>70 years was associated with qi-deficiency constitution and blood stasis constitution(BSC).Female sex was significantly associated with yang-deficiency constitution(OR=1.646;95%CI,1.52 to 1.782).Southwest region was significantly associated with phlegm-dampness constitution(OR=1.809;95%CI,1.569 to 2.086).North China region was significantly associated with inherited special constitution(OR=2.521;95%CI,1.569 to 4.05).South China region(OR=2.741;95%CI,1.997 to 1.3.763),Central China region(OR=8.889;95%CI,6.676 to 11.835),senior middle school education(OR=2.442;95%CI,1.932 to 3.088),and managers(OR=1.804;95%CI,1.21 to 2.69)were significantly associated with BSC.Conclusions: This study defined the distribution characteristics and demographic factors of TCM constitution in the elderly population.Adjusting and improving unbalanced constitutions,which are correlated with diseases,can help promote healthy aging through the scientific management of these demographic factors.

An Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of Individualized Online Intervention for Mental Health Literacy of Community Residents

Background:Understanding how to improve mental health literacy is conducive to maintaining and promoting individuals’mental health and well-being.However,to date,interventions for mental health literacy primarily depend on traditional education and contact interventions,which have limitations with regard to pertinence and individualization.Artificial intelligence(AI)and big data technology have influenced mental health services to be more intellectual and digital,and they also provide greater technical convenience for individualized interventions for promoting mental health literacy.However,there is relatively little research on the effectiveness of individualized online intervention for mental health literacy in the literature.This study aims to fill this void.To verify whether individualized online intervention can improve the level of mental health literacy.Methods:We conducted a pretest–post-test control experiment.The participants were recruited from a large community located in central China.A total of 152 participants completed the research.We use mixed linear model estimation and paired t-tests to analyze the data.Results:Individualized online intervention can effectively improve the mental health literacy level of participants.Specifically,we found that compared with the control group,the mental health literacy in the experimental group was significantly improved after receiving individualized online intervention.Likewise,the mental health literacy of the control group has also improved after receiving individualized online intervention.In addition,we compared the mental health literacy level of the experimental group at Time 3 to those at Time 2 and found that the mental health literacy level at Time 3 had not decreased one month later.This shows that individualized online intervention was not only momentarily effective,but also had long-term efficacy.Conclusion:This study illustrates that the individualized online intervention has both great momentary and long-term effectiveness in improving community residents’mental health literacy.

Prevalence and Individual-Level Determinants of Uptake of Three or More Doses of Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy in Busia County, Kenya

Background: Malaria in pregnancy causes maternal anemia, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm deliveries. In malaria-endemic regions in Kenya, percentage of pregnant women hospitalized with malaria reach up to 60%. WHO recommends at least three doses of sulphadoxine pyrimethamine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy (IPTp) antenatally. This study sought to ascertain the prevalence and individual-level factors influencing the uptake of IPTp-SP3+. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study at Busia County Referral Hospital. 384 mothers were consecutively sampled at the maternity unit during delivery. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR were used to determine statistical significance of individual factors influencing uptake of three or more IPTp-SP. Results: 43.0% of participants took IPTp-SP3+. Individual factors that affected the uptake of IPTp-SP3+ included starting ANC visits in the first trimester (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.23 – 3.67, p = 0.046), having more than four ANC visits (aOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.49 – 6.50, p = 0.002), having a higher monthly income (aOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.24 – 5.36, p = 0.012), being aware of the advantages of IPTp-SP medications (aOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.40 – 9.74, p = 0.008), and having a positive attitude toward ANC services (aOR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.61 – 6.31, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Less than half of the pregnant mothers are complyingIPTp-SP3+. There should be aggressive efforts by the County and National Ministries of Health promoting initiation of ANC attendance early and attendance of all the recommended eight visits together with ensuring availability of the drugs.

Intracranial magnetic resonance venography in healthy individuals:normal anatomy and variations of the cerebral venous system

Objective:To evaluate the basic appearance and variation of the venous sinuses and veins in healthy individuals.Methods:Prospectively-recruited healthy volunteers completed a questionnaire and underwent magnetic resonance imaging plus contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography(CE-MRV)to measure their sinus diameters.Anatomical variations of cerebral venous sinuses were evaluated.Results:Fifty-eight individuals were included.The mean diameter of the left transverse sinus(LTS)(5.37±1.35 mm)was significantly smaller than that of the right transverse sinus(RTS)(6.65±1.57 mm)(P<0.001),and the average discrepancy was 19.2%.RTS dominance was noted in 55.1%of cases.Four superior sagittal sinus(SSS)anatomical variations were found.Type A was the most common and was present in 43 participants(74.1%).The SSS preferentially drained into the RTS in 32 patients(55.2%),and arachnoid granulation was observed in the transverse sinus(TS)and SSS in patients.According to our reclassification combined with Osborn’s previous research,we found that the SSS commonly drained into the RTS and that the straight sinus(StS)branched into both TSs.Conclusions:A 19%difference between the LTS and RTS provides a threshold for TS lateral dominance instead of a TS abnormality.Clinicians and radiologists should not ignore the influence of acquired pathology when the SSS drains in a non-RTS-dominant manner.Anatomical variations of the torcular herophili are frequent;the most commonly observed was the StS branching into both TSs,with the SSS draining into the RTS.

Application of patient-derived tumor models in anticancer drug development and individualized medicine

Malignant tumor is the second leading cause of death due to its high incidence, lack of effective treatment and poor prognosis. The evaluation of anticancer drugs used to based on NCI-60 cell line models, but the limited heterogeneity and the divorce from clinical practice of models lead to extremely low success rate of novel anticancer drugs during clinical trials (less than 10%). In recent years, because of the high heterogeneity and human derived tumor matrix, patient-derived tumor models have been gradually applied to the preclinical evaluation of various antitumor drugs, which shows certain advantages in predicting the clinical efficacy of antitumor drugs. Optimize the drug combination through patient-derived tumor models to achieve individualized medicine has gradually become an indispensable strategy in clinical cancer therapy. The current review summarized the development of patient-derived tumor models, characterized the application, advantages and challenges of them in preclinical antitumor drug evaluation and clinical precise medicine, which will provide a scientific basis and novel insights for further basic research, drug development and clinical application.

The Conflict between Individuals and Society in Seize the Day

This paper explores the existential problem in Seize the Day-the conflict between individuals and society in modern society.With a brief introduction of Saul Bellow and the novel,the paper emphasizes the analysis of the conflict and the sources of the conflict.Besides,Saul Bellow uses many rhetorical devices to intensify the conflict.The analysis of these rhetorical devices is beneficial for us to interpret and understand the true meaning of the novel.Through the study of Bellow’s vision and the novel’s metaphorical meaning,we may find an effective solution to the conflict that our human being is involved in,and realize the social values of this novel.

Analysis and Innovative Strategies of Tax Preferential Policies to Promote the Sustainable Development of Small-Scale Individual Businesses

This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the current tax preferential policies for small-scale individual businesses and compared them with similar policies both domestically and internationally,aiming to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the current system.After examining the impact of these tax preferential policies on the economic status of individual business owners and the broader social economy,this article proposes a set of innovative tax preferential strategies based on theoretical foundations.By developing these innovative strategies and clarifying their implementation paths,the aim is to promote the sustainable and healthy development of small-scale individual businesses,thereby fostering comprehensive socio-economic progress.The conclusion of this study not only summarizes policy recommendations with practical significance but also provides theoretical support for the optimization and innovation of future related systems.

The Impersonal Theory of Poetry in “Tradition and the Individual Talent” by TS Eliot

Eliot,an important poet,playwright,and literary critic of the nineteenth century in the United States,was the founder of Western modernism.He pioneered the modern poetic criticism.His practice of modernist poetry is the transition from traditionalist poetics to modernist poetics in the 20th century.His famous poetics theory declaration“Tradition and the Individual Talent”is an immortal classic in the field of poetics theory,in which he proposed the concept of“Traditional,”the theory of“Impersonal”poetry,“Objective Correlative,”and so on.All had a profound influence on the 20th-century poetry creation.This paper aims to analyze and discuss the important“Impersonal”theory from the three aspects of its connotation,the relationship between“Personality”and its intertextuality with New Criticism,so as to further understand Eliot’s poetic concepts.

Skin color of Chinese women across different regions of China:An analysis based on both individual typology angle and hue angle

Skin color is considered an important beauty standard for women in China.The typical tool for skin color measurement,individual typology angle(ITA),was developed based on Caucasian skin features.The ITA effectively measures the brightness of facial skin,which is traditionally associated with beauty in Caucasian women.However,in Chinese women,whiteness is not the only determinant of skin esthetics,and other elements such as“yellowness”and“redness”are also important considerations.Thus,the hue angle system was developed based on the skin features of Chinese women,whose skin is typically on the“yellow-red”spectrum.Studies examining the skin color of Chinese women based on both the ITA and hue angle should be carried out.The skin colors of 4500 women aged 18–45 years across five different regions of China were measured using both the ITA and hue angle systems.The relationship of the“red pigment and melanin content”with the“brightness and redness of skin color”was also examined.Further,the different skin types of women across different regions were identified.Measurements based on the ITA system reveal a saddle-shaped distribution of skin brightness among Chinese women across five different regions,with skin brightness being high in the eastwest regions and low in the north-south regions.The ITA and hab values are not consistent in individual women,and thus,both need to be considered when evaluating skin color.Additionally,no correlation between the skin’s red pigment and melanin content and the skin’s ITA and hab values is identified.This study provides skin color data based on both the ITA and hue angle systems.The findings show that skin ITA/hab values cannot simply be explained by the red pigment/melanin content of the skin.Given the distribution of skin types across different regions of China,whitening ingredients causing little to no irritation should be used to formulate whitening cosmetics.

Research Progress on Individualized Treatment of Splenic Aneurysm

Splenic artery aneurysm has a hidden onset and atypical symptoms.There are various diagnostic methods for splenic aneurysms,among which ultrasound is the first choice for aneurysm screening.The diagnostic rate of CTA and DSA reaches 100%.In clinical practice,it is necessary to integrate medical history,symptoms and signs,and multiple imaging results to improve the diagnostic rate.In terms of treatment plans,both intervention and surgical procedures have their strengths,and the application of intervention will be more extensive.We need to adhere to the principle of individualization and choose a reasonable treatment plan for patients.At present,there are many reports on pregnant women with large splenic aneurysms both domestically and internationally.Some scholars believe that large splenic aneurysms may be related to hormonal imbalances during pregnancy,and the specific pathogenic mechanism will become a hot topic in future research.

Individual tree segmentation and biomass estimation based on UAV Digital aerial photograph

Digital aerial photograph(DAP)data is processed based on Structure from Motion(Sf M)algorithm and regional net adjustment method to generate digital surface discrete point clouds similar to Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)and digital orthophoto mosaic(DOM)similar to optical remote sensing image.In this study,we obtained highresolution images of mature forests of Chinese fir by unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)flying through crossroute flight,and then reconstructed the threedimensional point clouds in the UAV aerial area by SfM technique.The point cloud segmentation(PCS)algorithm was used for the individual tree segmentation,and the F-score of the three sample plots were 0.91,0.94,and 0.94,respectively.Individual tree biomass modeling was conducted using 155 mature Chinese fir forests which were correctly segmented.The relative root mean squared error(rRMSE)values of random forest(RF),bagged tree(BT)and support vector regression(SVR)were 34.48%,35.74%and 40.93%,respectively.Our study demonstrated that DAP point clouds had great potential to extract forest vertical parameters and could be applied successfully in individual tree segmentation and individual tree biomass modeling.

The personal protective equipment(PPE)based on individual combat:A systematic review and trend analysis

With the development of ordnance technology,the survival and safety of individual combatants in hightech warfare are under serious threat,and the Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),as an important guarantee to reduce casualties and maintain military combat effectiveness,is widely developed.This paper systematically reviewed various PPE based on individual combat through literature research and comprehensive discussion,and introduced in detail the latest application progress of PPE in terms of material and technology from three aspects:individual integrated protection system,traditional protection equipment,and intelligent protection equipment,respectively,and discussed in depth the functional improvement and optimization status brought by advanced technology for PPE,focusing on the achievements of individual equipment technology application.Finally,the problems and technical bottlenecks in the development of PPE were analyzed and summarized,and the development trend of PPE were pointed out.The results of the review will provide a forward-looking reference for the current development of individual PPE,and are important guidance for the design and technological innovation of advanced equipment based on the future technological battlefield.

Effect of individualized nutrition interventions on clinical outcomes of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)can lead to excessive pregnancy weight gain(PWG),abnormal glucolipid metabolism,and delayed lactation.Therefore,it is necessary to provide appropriate and effective interventions for pregnant women with GDM.AIM To clarify the effects of individualized nutrition interventions on PWG,glucolipid metabolism,and lactation in pregnant women with GDM.METHODS The study population consisted of 410 pregnant women with GDM who received treatment at the Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital of Jiangsu Provinceand Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital between December 2020 and December 2022,including 200 who received routine in-terventions[control(Con)group]and 210 who received individualized nutrition interventions[research(Res)group].Data on PWG,glucolipid metabolism[total cholesterol,(TC);triglycerides(TGs);fasting blood glucose(FPG);glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)],lactation time,perinatal complications(cesarean section,premature rupture of membranes,postpartum hemorrhage,and pregnancy-induced hypertension),and neonatal adverse events(premature infants,fetal macrosomia,hypo-glycemia,and respiratory distress syndrome)were collected for comparative analysis.RESULTS The data revealed markedly lower PWG in the Res group vs the Con group,as well as markedly reduced TG,TC,FPG and HbA1c levels after the intervention that were lower than those in the Con group.In addition,obviously earlier lactation and statistically lower incidences of perinatal complications and neonatal adverse events were observed in the Res group.CONCLUSION Individualized nutrition interventions can reduce PWG in pregnant women with GDM,improve their glucolipid metabolism,and promote early lactation,which deserves clinical promotion.

Early efficacy of individual regimens containing bedaquiline in patients with drug resistant tuberculosis

Objective:To evaluate early efficacy of sputum conversion within 6 months of individual regimens containing bedaquiline in patients with drug resistant tuberculosis.Methods:We conducted a retrospective study among patients with drug resistant tuberculosis who were receiving individual regimens containing bedaquiline.The primary outcome was sputum conversion of both smear and culture within 6 months of treatment.We used medical records of drug resistant tuberculosis patients from January 2020 to December 2021.The study was conducted at Dr.Soetomo Hospital,Indonesia from August to October 2022.Results:In this study,44 eligible drug resistant tuberculosis patients were initiated on regimens containing bedaquiline.There were 52.3%males and the median age was 45.5 years.The rates of previous treatment(70.5%)and lung cavity(36.4%)were high.The most common companion drugs included clofazimine,cycloserine,levofloxacin,and linezolid.Sputum smear and culture conversion was seen in 79.4%and 82.1%at the 2nd month,respectively.More than 97%patients had smear and culture conversion at the end of 6 months.Conclusions:Among drug resistant tuberculosis patients,individual regimens containing bedaquiline were associated with high rates of smear and culture conversion at the end of 6 months.Early efficacy of regimens containing bedaquiline can be used to predict cure rate at the end of treatment.

Establishment of organoid models for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and screening of individualized therapy strategy

Background:Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)who undergo surgical resection and receive effective chemotherapy have the best chance for longterm survival.Unfortunately,because of the heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer,it is difficult to find a personalized treatment strategy for patients.Organoids are ideal preclinical models for personalized medicine.Therefore,we explore the cultivation conditions and construction methods of PDAC organoid models to screen the individualized therapy strategy.Methods:Fresh PDAC tissues from surgical resection were collected and digested with digestive enzymes;then the tumor cells were embedded in Matrigel with a suitable medium to establish the PDAC organoid models.The genetic stability of the organoids was analyzed using whole exon sequencing;hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry of organoids were performed to analyze their consistency with the pathological morphology of the patient's tumor tissue;After 2 days of organoid culture,we selected four commonly used clinical chemotherapy drugs for single or combined treatment to analyze drug sensitivity.Results:Two cases of PDAC organoid models were successfully established,and the results of their pathological characteristics and exome sequencing were consistent with those of the patient's tumor tissue.Both PDAC organoids showed more sensitivity to gemcitabine and cisplatin,and the combined treatment was more effective than monotherapy.Conclusion:Both organoids better retained the pathological characteristics,genomic stability,and heterogeneity with the original tumor.Individual PDAC organoids exhibited different sensitivities to the same drugs.Thus,this study provided ideal experimental models for screening individualized therapy strategy for patients with PDAC.