Based on the five-year long dynamic tracking and investigation of the peasant households of the Lishu village, the influences by small town construction on the economy and employment of the original peasant households...Based on the five-year long dynamic tracking and investigation of the peasant households of the Lishu village, the influences by small town construction on the economy and employment of the original peasant households are discussed. On the one hand, small town construction plays a positive role in adjustment of the industrial structure of the original peasant households and in the transfer of their employment towards non-agricultural industries. On the other hand the economic growth of the original peasant households is not so well sustainable, and is so fluctuating. Moreover, the unbalance of income distribution of the said households has been furthered, and small town construction has made the existing labor surplus of the original peasant households more serious, particularly the women labor surplus.展开更多
A socio-environmental survey amongst the inhabitants of the Sumava National Park and of the Nove Hrady Mountains took place in the summers of 2003 (Sumava), 2006 and 2007 (the Nove Hrady Mts.) The main aim of the stud...A socio-environmental survey amongst the inhabitants of the Sumava National Park and of the Nove Hrady Mountains took place in the summers of 2003 (Sumava), 2006 and 2007 (the Nove Hrady Mts.) The main aim of the study was to record the opinions and attitudes of local inhabitants of the both regions towards environmental conditions, nature conservation, tourism, and to carry out their subsequent comparison. The objectives included that of ascertaining how and on which issues opinions and attitudes have the potential to be changed. The method of a structured interview and a random selection of interviewees provided us with 200 questionnaires in Sumava and 150 questionnaires in the Nove Hrady Mountains. The most noticeable differences between Sumava and Nove Hrady Mts. respondents were found with respect to the following topics: assessment of environmental conditions;the attitude to potential public access to the most endangered parts of the nature;perceptions about the influence of tourism on the cost of living. Similar reflections were found in the assessment of personal profit from the tourist industry in the region.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Drug addiction involves two main central nervous systems, namely the dopamine and noradrenaline systems. These systems are primarily distributed in five brain regions： the ventral tegmental area, the nuc...BACKGROUND： Drug addiction involves two main central nervous systems, namely the dopamine and noradrenaline systems. These systems are primarily distributed in five brain regions： the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the locus coeruleus. OBJECTIVE： To investigate regional changes of guanine nucleotide binding protein-inhabitant 2 （Gi2） in dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in brains of morphine-tolerant and -dependent rats. DESIGN, TIME, AND SETTING： A randomized control study was performed at the Department of Neurobiology in the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA （Shanghai, China） between September 2002 and March 2004. MATERIALS： Thirty-six, healthy, male, Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were used to establish morphine-dependent models. Morphine hydrochloride was a product of Shenyang First Pharmaceutical Factory （China）; naloxone hydrochloride was a product of Beijing Four-Ring Pharmaceutical Factory （China）; and α subunit of Gi2 antibody was offered by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, lnc （USA）. METHODS： Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into six groups （n = 6）： （1） acute morphine-dependent group, （2） acute abstinent group, （3） acute control group, （4） chronic morphine-dependent group, （5） chronic abstinent group, and （6） chronic control group. Rats in the acute morphine-dependent and the acute groups were injected with morphine （5 mg/kg）, one injection every two hours, for a total of eight injections. In the acute and chronic morphine-dependent rat models, morphine withdrawal syndrome was precipitated by an injection of naloxone （5 mg/kg）. Rats in the acute control group were given a peritoneal injection of physiological saline at the same administration time as the above two groups. Rats in the chronic morphine-dependent and chronic abstinent groups were injected with morphine three times per day. The administration dose on day 1 was initially 5 mg/kg at 20：00, which increased by 5 mg/kg at 8：00, 12：00, and 20：00 until day 7. On day 13, the dose continuously increased by 10 mg/kg until a chronic morphine-dependent rat model was successfully induced. Afterwards, the rats presented with withdrawal syndromes on naloxone （5 mg/kg） at 8：00 on the same day. Rats in the chronic control group were injected with physiological saline at the same time of the two chronic groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The concentration of Gi2 protein in the five brain regions （ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, locus coeruleus, and hippocampus） was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： In the acute morphine-dependent and acute abstinent groups, Gi2 protein concentration was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens, compared to the acute control group （P 〈 0.01）, while no obvious changes were detected in other brain regions. In the chronic morphine-dependent and chronic abstinent groups, Gi2 protein concentration was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens, but significantly increased in the locus coeruleus （P 〈 0.01 ） compared to the chronic control group. CONCLUSION： Morphine dependence and tolerance may induce obvious reductions of Gi2 protein levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Chronic morphine dependence desensitizes the homologous neurons.展开更多
China boasts 56 nationalities who are mostly inhabited in the sparsely populated mountain regions in West China. Like many other places in the Han nationality distributed regions, minority nationality inhabited region...China boasts 56 nationalities who are mostly inhabited in the sparsely populated mountain regions in West China. Like many other places in the Han nationality distributed regions, minority nationality inhabited regions are also facing the challenge of sustainable development in terms of both natural and human factors. Taking the Tibetan inhabited regions (TIR) in Sichuan Province as a case, this paper points out some major problems in the process of economic development in perspective of sustainability and leaves some hints for development strategies. While natural conditions such as geological instability are playing a major role to the environmental degradation, human activities and improper use of resources might constitute an important agent in the environmental deterioration. In order to promote local economic development and improve people’s living standard, sustainable planning is expected to be made and people’s awareness of sustainability should be strengthened.展开更多
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCZ2-316)and Ecology and Environment Compensation Foundation from the Office of the TGP Construction commission of the State council of China(SX2001-021)
文摘Based on the five-year long dynamic tracking and investigation of the peasant households of the Lishu village, the influences by small town construction on the economy and employment of the original peasant households are discussed. On the one hand, small town construction plays a positive role in adjustment of the industrial structure of the original peasant households and in the transfer of their employment towards non-agricultural industries. On the other hand the economic growth of the original peasant households is not so well sustainable, and is so fluctuating. Moreover, the unbalance of income distribution of the said households has been furthered, and small town construction has made the existing labor surplus of the original peasant households more serious, particularly the women labor surplus.
文摘A socio-environmental survey amongst the inhabitants of the Sumava National Park and of the Nove Hrady Mountains took place in the summers of 2003 (Sumava), 2006 and 2007 (the Nove Hrady Mts.) The main aim of the study was to record the opinions and attitudes of local inhabitants of the both regions towards environmental conditions, nature conservation, tourism, and to carry out their subsequent comparison. The objectives included that of ascertaining how and on which issues opinions and attitudes have the potential to be changed. The method of a structured interview and a random selection of interviewees provided us with 200 questionnaires in Sumava and 150 questionnaires in the Nove Hrady Mountains. The most noticeable differences between Sumava and Nove Hrady Mts. respondents were found with respect to the following topics: assessment of environmental conditions;the attitude to potential public access to the most endangered parts of the nature;perceptions about the influence of tourism on the cost of living. Similar reflections were found in the assessment of personal profit from the tourist industry in the region.
文摘BACKGROUND： Drug addiction involves two main central nervous systems, namely the dopamine and noradrenaline systems. These systems are primarily distributed in five brain regions： the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the locus coeruleus. OBJECTIVE： To investigate regional changes of guanine nucleotide binding protein-inhabitant 2 （Gi2） in dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in brains of morphine-tolerant and -dependent rats. DESIGN, TIME, AND SETTING： A randomized control study was performed at the Department of Neurobiology in the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA （Shanghai, China） between September 2002 and March 2004. MATERIALS： Thirty-six, healthy, male, Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were used to establish morphine-dependent models. Morphine hydrochloride was a product of Shenyang First Pharmaceutical Factory （China）; naloxone hydrochloride was a product of Beijing Four-Ring Pharmaceutical Factory （China）; and α subunit of Gi2 antibody was offered by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, lnc （USA）. METHODS： Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into six groups （n = 6）： （1） acute morphine-dependent group, （2） acute abstinent group, （3） acute control group, （4） chronic morphine-dependent group, （5） chronic abstinent group, and （6） chronic control group. Rats in the acute morphine-dependent and the acute groups were injected with morphine （5 mg/kg）, one injection every two hours, for a total of eight injections. In the acute and chronic morphine-dependent rat models, morphine withdrawal syndrome was precipitated by an injection of naloxone （5 mg/kg）. Rats in the acute control group were given a peritoneal injection of physiological saline at the same administration time as the above two groups. Rats in the chronic morphine-dependent and chronic abstinent groups were injected with morphine three times per day. The administration dose on day 1 was initially 5 mg/kg at 20：00, which increased by 5 mg/kg at 8：00, 12：00, and 20：00 until day 7. On day 13, the dose continuously increased by 10 mg/kg until a chronic morphine-dependent rat model was successfully induced. Afterwards, the rats presented with withdrawal syndromes on naloxone （5 mg/kg） at 8：00 on the same day. Rats in the chronic control group were injected with physiological saline at the same time of the two chronic groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The concentration of Gi2 protein in the five brain regions （ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, locus coeruleus, and hippocampus） was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： In the acute morphine-dependent and acute abstinent groups, Gi2 protein concentration was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens, compared to the acute control group （P 〈 0.01）, while no obvious changes were detected in other brain regions. In the chronic morphine-dependent and chronic abstinent groups, Gi2 protein concentration was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens, but significantly increased in the locus coeruleus （P 〈 0.01 ） compared to the chronic control group. CONCLUSION： Morphine dependence and tolerance may induce obvious reductions of Gi2 protein levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Chronic morphine dependence desensitizes the homologous neurons.
文摘China boasts 56 nationalities who are mostly inhabited in the sparsely populated mountain regions in West China. Like many other places in the Han nationality distributed regions, minority nationality inhabited regions are also facing the challenge of sustainable development in terms of both natural and human factors. Taking the Tibetan inhabited regions (TIR) in Sichuan Province as a case, this paper points out some major problems in the process of economic development in perspective of sustainability and leaves some hints for development strategies. While natural conditions such as geological instability are playing a major role to the environmental degradation, human activities and improper use of resources might constitute an important agent in the environmental deterioration. In order to promote local economic development and improve people’s living standard, sustainable planning is expected to be made and people’s awareness of sustainability should be strengthened.
