Geological setting\;Jinding superlarge Pb\|Zn deposit lies in the Lanping basin between the Lancangjiang fracture zone and the Jinshajiang\|Ailaoshan fracture zone. The Lanping basin is a Meso\|Cenozoic rifting basin ...Geological setting\;Jinding superlarge Pb\|Zn deposit lies in the Lanping basin between the Lancangjiang fracture zone and the Jinshajiang\|Ailaoshan fracture zone. The Lanping basin is a Meso\|Cenozoic rifting basin whose basement consists of the Paleozoic strata. Mesozoic paralic and continental sediments with a thickness of about 20000m deposited in the basin. In the Paleocene, gypsum\|salt\|bearing strata with a thickness of more than 1000m accumulated. In the Cenozoic, collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate resulted in strong folding and napping and subsequent extensions in the Oligocene and Pliocene. The extensions were responsible for alkaline magmatic intrusion in the centre and alkaline magmatic extrusion in the east.Faulting is well developed. N\|S\|trending Bijiang fault with a length of 120km links with the Jinshajiang fracture zone in the north and with the Lancangjiang fracture zone in the south, controlling on the Cenozoic Lanping rifting basin and acting as passage\|way for ore fluids.展开更多
Nineteen volcanic and magmatic rock samples were collected from the Jinding lead-zinc deposit and its surrounding areas in Yunnan. The ICP and AES analyses, referred to the previous results, show that the metal minera...Nineteen volcanic and magmatic rock samples were collected from the Jinding lead-zinc deposit and its surrounding areas in Yunnan. The ICP and AES analyses, referred to the previous results, show that the metal minerals and altered rocks in the Jinding lead-zinc deposit display a decreasing trend of ΣREE from the early to late stages of mineralization, and similarities in REE distribution patterns, indicating that the ore fluids are characterized by high LREE enrichment, markedly negative δCe anomaly and slight δEu anomaly. These REE distribution patterns exhibit striking similarities to those of the Pliocene trachyte in the study area, both of which are similar in ΣREE, LREE/HREE ratio, δEu and δCe. The ore fluids besides the basin fluids in the deposit are also closely related to those associated with Pliocene trachyte magmas.展开更多
The distribution characteristics and existing state of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit were studied. It was discovered that Cd was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity. There was a good corr...The distribution characteristics and existing state of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit were studied. It was discovered that Cd was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity. There was a good correlation between Cd and Zn in the primary ore. With the oxidation and resolution of pyrite, sphalerite, sulfide, and etc., many secondary minerals, such as colloform sphalerite and smithsonite, were formed. The distribution of Cd is not symmetrical, and enrichment and dilution were observed in partial area of the oxidation zone in the deposit. Cd, except in external pore space or cracks of secondary minerals as independent minerals, such as greenockite, was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity in the secondary sphalerate and smithsonite in the oxidation zone. The research showed that Cd showed a very strong active transfer ability in the oxidation process, not only indicating that supergene leaching might be the main reason for Cd enrichment in some Pb-Zn deposits, but also reflecting that Cd was easily mobilizeed and transferred to pollute ore areas in the oxidation process. Furthermore, Cd in oxidation ore was more easily mobilized and transferred to induce bad hazards for ore areas with the effect from AMD which was produced from oxidation of sulfides.展开更多
The Jinding Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province is the representative of a Cd-enriched area and mining activities lead to the release of Cd into the hypergenic ecosystem, resulting in Cd pollution. The concentrations of ...The Jinding Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province is the representative of a Cd-enriched area and mining activities lead to the release of Cd into the hypergenic ecosystem, resulting in Cd pollution. The concentrations of Cd vary greatly from one type to another type of rocks in the mining district. In the host rock, Cd concentrations range from 50×10-6 to 650×10-6 with an average of 310×10-6. In primary ores, Cd concentrations range from 14×10-6 to 2800×10-6 with an average of 767×10-6. However, in oxidized ores, Cd concentrations are highest, varying within the range of 110×10-6 to 8200×10-6 , averaging 1661×10-6. It is shown that the oxidized ores are the main carrier and environmental source of Cd. Leaching test showed that Pb/Zn ores are easy to oxidize and thereafter release Cd and other harmful elements. These leached elements in the leachate may be precipitated rapidly in the order of Zn>Pb>Cd. As for the concentration distribution of Cd in the Bijiang River, it is estimated to be 15.7 μg/L Cd in water, 49.3 mg/L in suspended substances, and 203.7 mg/L in sediments. The average value of Cd in soil from the polluted area is 83.0 mg/kg. Natural weathering of Cd-rich rocks and minerals imposes a potential environmental risk on the aquatic ecosystem of the Bijiang catchment.展开更多
The Jinding Zn-Pb deposit,Yunnan Province, southwestern China,represents the youngest,only continental sediment-hosted giant Zn-Pb deposit in the world.Various kinds of organic matters,such as the kerogen,light-and he...The Jinding Zn-Pb deposit,Yunnan Province, southwestern China,represents the youngest,only continental sediment-hosted giant Zn-Pb deposit in the world.Various kinds of organic matters,such as the kerogen,light-and heavy-oil,hydrocarbon gas, bitumen of different occurrences and maturation,have been observed in recent underground and open pit mining.Oil-gas traces and oil-and methane-in-展开更多
Sphalerite banding is a common texture in Jinding （金顶） Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan （云南）, southwestern China. The frequency distribution and irregularity of sphalerite grains observed in the bandings are characterize...Sphalerite banding is a common texture in Jinding （金顶） Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan （云南）, southwestern China. The frequency distribution and irregularity of sphalerite grains observed in the bandings are characterized quantitatively by fractal models. Fractal dimensions calculated by several fractal models including box-counting model, perimeter-area （P-A） model, and number-area （N-A） model show the gradual change from outer banding to inner banding, indicating a decrease in area percentage, in irregularity, in shape and in grain size, and an increase in the numbers of grains. These results may imply an inward growth of sphalerite during mineralization, and self-organization properties are involved in the nonlinear process of mineralization.展开更多
1 Introduction The Huize Zn-Pb district is located in the tectonic composite position,became one of the important production areas of zinc,lead and germanium in China.In the Huize lead-zinc deposit,the interlayer faul...1 Introduction The Huize Zn-Pb district is located in the tectonic composite position,became one of the important production areas of zinc,lead and germanium in China.In the Huize lead-zinc deposit,the interlayer faults are most展开更多
There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, ...There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110℃ to 280℃) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early Himalayan (58 to 67 Ma). The salinity of ore-forming fluids is surprisingly low (1.6% to 18.0 wt% (NaCl)eq). Affected by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the mantle is disturbed under the Lanping Basin. The large-scale mineralization is closely linked with the geodynamics of the crust movement, the mantle and mantle-flux upwelling and igneous activity. Giant mineral deposits and their geodynamic setting are unique in the Lanping Basin.展开更多
The numerous non-sulfide zinc ore deposits were the historical basis for the development of zinc mining in Iran.They include the Mehdiabad,Irankouh and Angouran world-class deposits,as well as the Zarigan and Haft-har...The numerous non-sulfide zinc ore deposits were the historical basis for the development of zinc mining in Iran.They include the Mehdiabad,Irankouh and Angouran world-class deposits,as well as the Zarigan and Haft-har deposits.These deposits were formed by supergene oxidation of primary sulfide minerals during the complex interplay of tectonic uplift,karst development,changes in the level of the water table,and weathering.Zn(Pb)carbonates,Zn-hydrosilicates and associated hydrated phases directly replace the primary ore bodies or fill cavities along fractures related to uplift tectonics.Direct replacement of primary sulfides is accompanied by distal precipitation of zinc non-sulfide minerals in cavities or internal sediments filling.The mineralogy of the non-sulfide mineralization in all six deposits is generally complex and consists of smithsonite,hydrozincite,and hemimorphite as the main economic minerals,accompanied by iron and manganese oxy-hydroxides and residual clays.Commonly,non-sulfide minerals in these deposits consist of two types of ore:red zinc ore(RZO),rich in Zn,Fe,Pb-(As)and white zinc ore(WZO),typically with very high zinc grades but low concentrations of iron and lead.Typical minerals of the RZO are Fe-oxyhydroxides,goethite,hematite,hemimorphite,smithsonite and/or hydrozincite and cerussite.Common minerals of the WZO are smithsonite or hydrozincite and only minor amounts of Fe-oxyhydroxides and hemimorphite.展开更多
Both the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits developed in the Lanping basin, which is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial clastic sedimentary basin. Their occurrences can easily lead many people to compare them with the ...Both the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits developed in the Lanping basin, which is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial clastic sedimentary basin. Their occurrences can easily lead many people to compare them with the Pb-Zn deposit hosted in sedimentary rocks, such as Mississippian Valley-, Sedex- and sandstone-type Pb-Zn deposits. However, the Lanping basin developed in the settings of strong tectonic activity of the continental crust, which could cause an effective material exchange between the lower crust and the upper mantle. The orebodies are clearly tectonically controlled without syngenetic features, which probably represents a new type of the sedimentary rock-hosted Pb-Zn deposit. The isotopic compositions of noble gases in ore-forming fluids indicate that 2%32% of helium (3He/4He = 0.19 Ra1.97 Ra) is derived from the mantle, 50.1% of neon (20Ne/22Ne = 10.4510.83; 21Ne/22Ne = 0.03) from the mantle, and considerable amount of xenon (129Xe/130Xe = 5.846.86; 134Xe/130Xe = 2.262.71) from the mantle, which show that mantle fluids played an important role in the ore formation. The ore-forming age of 6760 Ma obtained by Re-Os and 40Ar-39Ar dating methods is later than the host rock, which is coeval with the Himalayan alkali magmatism of the mantle source and mantle-crust source. In this paper, the mineralization of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits is considered to be related to the mantle fluids which move upward with the magma or along the deep faults, and mix with the meteoritic brine in the crust to result in large-scale deposition.展开更多
The study results of He and Ar isotopes from fluid inclusions in pyrites formed during mineralization stage of Jinding superlarge Pb-Zn deposit in west Yunnan, China are reported. The data show that the 40Ar/ 36Ar and...The study results of He and Ar isotopes from fluid inclusions in pyrites formed during mineralization stage of Jinding superlarge Pb-Zn deposit in west Yunnan, China are reported. The data show that the 40Ar/ 36Ar and 3He/ 4He ratios of fluid inclusions are respectively in the range of 301.7\385.7 and 0.03\0.06Ra, suggesting the ore-forming fluid is a kind of air saturated meteoric groundwater. On the basis of research on coupled relationships among He, Ar, S and Pb isotopes, the evolution history of ore-forming fluid of the deposit can be summarized as （i） air saturated meteogenic groundwater infiltrated down and was heated→ （ii） leached S, C and radiogenic He, Ar from the basinal strata → （iii） leached Pb and Zn from mantle-derived igneous rocks located in the bottom of the basin→ （iv） ore-forming fluid ascended and formed the deposit. Due to this process, the isotope signatures of crustal radiogenic He, atmospheric Ar （with partial radiogenic 40Ar）, crustal S and mantle-derived Pb remained in the ore-forming fluid.展开更多
基金theNationalClimbingProgram(95 Pre .393 1 2 )andMLMRStrategicKeyProgram (95 0 110 3)
文摘Geological setting\;Jinding superlarge Pb\|Zn deposit lies in the Lanping basin between the Lancangjiang fracture zone and the Jinshajiang\|Ailaoshan fracture zone. The Lanping basin is a Meso\|Cenozoic rifting basin whose basement consists of the Paleozoic strata. Mesozoic paralic and continental sediments with a thickness of about 20000m deposited in the basin. In the Paleocene, gypsum\|salt\|bearing strata with a thickness of more than 1000m accumulated. In the Cenozoic, collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate resulted in strong folding and napping and subsequent extensions in the Oligocene and Pliocene. The extensions were responsible for alkaline magmatic intrusion in the centre and alkaline magmatic extrusion in the east.Faulting is well developed. N\|S\|trending Bijiang fault with a length of 120km links with the Jinshajiang fracture zone in the north and with the Lancangjiang fracture zone in the south, controlling on the Cenozoic Lanping rifting basin and acting as passage\|way for ore fluids.
文摘Nineteen volcanic and magmatic rock samples were collected from the Jinding lead-zinc deposit and its surrounding areas in Yunnan. The ICP and AES analyses, referred to the previous results, show that the metal minerals and altered rocks in the Jinding lead-zinc deposit display a decreasing trend of ΣREE from the early to late stages of mineralization, and similarities in REE distribution patterns, indicating that the ore fluids are characterized by high LREE enrichment, markedly negative δCe anomaly and slight δEu anomaly. These REE distribution patterns exhibit striking similarities to those of the Pliocene trachyte in the study area, both of which are similar in ΣREE, LREE/HREE ratio, δEu and δCe. The ore fluids besides the basin fluids in the deposit are also closely related to those associated with Pliocene trachyte magmas.
基金supported by the National ‘973 Project’ (No. 2009CB421003)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No: KZCX2-YW-111-03, KZCX2-YW-136-2)the Foundation of State Key Lab. of Ore Deposit Geochemistry
文摘The distribution characteristics and existing state of cadmium in the Jinding Pb-Zn deposit were studied. It was discovered that Cd was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity. There was a good correlation between Cd and Zn in the primary ore. With the oxidation and resolution of pyrite, sphalerite, sulfide, and etc., many secondary minerals, such as colloform sphalerite and smithsonite, were formed. The distribution of Cd is not symmetrical, and enrichment and dilution were observed in partial area of the oxidation zone in the deposit. Cd, except in external pore space or cracks of secondary minerals as independent minerals, such as greenockite, was mainly distributed in sphalerite as an isomorphic impurity in the secondary sphalerate and smithsonite in the oxidation zone. The research showed that Cd showed a very strong active transfer ability in the oxidation process, not only indicating that supergene leaching might be the main reason for Cd enrichment in some Pb-Zn deposits, but also reflecting that Cd was easily mobilizeed and transferred to pollute ore areas in the oxidation process. Furthermore, Cd in oxidation ore was more easily mobilized and transferred to induce bad hazards for ore areas with the effect from AMD which was produced from oxidation of sulfides.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China（Grand No.40773072）；the “Western Talent Plan” sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences（2006）；the Special Fund provided by the Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources.
文摘The Jinding Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province is the representative of a Cd-enriched area and mining activities lead to the release of Cd into the hypergenic ecosystem, resulting in Cd pollution. The concentrations of Cd vary greatly from one type to another type of rocks in the mining district. In the host rock, Cd concentrations range from 50×10-6 to 650×10-6 with an average of 310×10-6. In primary ores, Cd concentrations range from 14×10-6 to 2800×10-6 with an average of 767×10-6. However, in oxidized ores, Cd concentrations are highest, varying within the range of 110×10-6 to 8200×10-6 , averaging 1661×10-6. It is shown that the oxidized ores are the main carrier and environmental source of Cd. Leaching test showed that Pb/Zn ores are easy to oxidize and thereafter release Cd and other harmful elements. These leached elements in the leachate may be precipitated rapidly in the order of Zn>Pb>Cd. As for the concentration distribution of Cd in the Bijiang River, it is estimated to be 15.7 μg/L Cd in water, 49.3 mg/L in suspended substances, and 203.7 mg/L in sediments. The average value of Cd in soil from the polluted area is 83.0 mg/kg. Natural weathering of Cd-rich rocks and minerals imposes a potential environmental risk on the aquatic ecosystem of the Bijiang catchment.
文摘The Jinding Zn-Pb deposit,Yunnan Province, southwestern China,represents the youngest,only continental sediment-hosted giant Zn-Pb deposit in the world.Various kinds of organic matters,such as the kerogen,light-and heavy-oil,hydrocarbon gas, bitumen of different occurrences and maturation,have been observed in recent underground and open pit mining.Oil-gas traces and oil-and methane-in-
基金the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources of Chinaan NSERC Discovery Research Grant (ERC-OGP0183993) NSFC (No. 40373003).
文摘Sphalerite banding is a common texture in Jinding （金顶） Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan （云南）, southwestern China. The frequency distribution and irregularity of sphalerite grains observed in the bandings are characterized quantitatively by fractal models. Fractal dimensions calculated by several fractal models including box-counting model, perimeter-area （P-A） model, and number-area （N-A） model show the gradual change from outer banding to inner banding, indicating a decrease in area percentage, in irregularity, in shape and in grain size, and an increase in the numbers of grains. These results may imply an inward growth of sphalerite during mineralization, and self-organization properties are involved in the nonlinear process of mineralization.
基金Funds for the Programs of the National Natural Science Foundation(Noes.41572060,U1133602)Projects of YM Lab(2011)Innovation Team of Yunnan province and KMUST(2008,2012)
文摘1 Introduction The Huize Zn-Pb district is located in the tectonic composite position,became one of the important production areas of zinc,lead and germanium in China.In the Huize lead-zinc deposit,the interlayer faults are most
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40272050)the State Key Basic Research Development Program(2002CB4126007 +1 种基金 G1999043201) the Chinese Post-doctorial Foundation.
文摘There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110℃ to 280℃) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early Himalayan (58 to 67 Ma). The salinity of ore-forming fluids is surprisingly low (1.6% to 18.0 wt% (NaCl)eq). Affected by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the mantle is disturbed under the Lanping Basin. The large-scale mineralization is closely linked with the geodynamics of the crust movement, the mantle and mantle-flux upwelling and igneous activity. Giant mineral deposits and their geodynamic setting are unique in the Lanping Basin.
文摘The numerous non-sulfide zinc ore deposits were the historical basis for the development of zinc mining in Iran.They include the Mehdiabad,Irankouh and Angouran world-class deposits,as well as the Zarigan and Haft-har deposits.These deposits were formed by supergene oxidation of primary sulfide minerals during the complex interplay of tectonic uplift,karst development,changes in the level of the water table,and weathering.Zn(Pb)carbonates,Zn-hydrosilicates and associated hydrated phases directly replace the primary ore bodies or fill cavities along fractures related to uplift tectonics.Direct replacement of primary sulfides is accompanied by distal precipitation of zinc non-sulfide minerals in cavities or internal sediments filling.The mineralogy of the non-sulfide mineralization in all six deposits is generally complex and consists of smithsonite,hydrozincite,and hemimorphite as the main economic minerals,accompanied by iron and manganese oxy-hydroxides and residual clays.Commonly,non-sulfide minerals in these deposits consist of two types of ore:red zinc ore(RZO),rich in Zn,Fe,Pb-(As)and white zinc ore(WZO),typically with very high zinc grades but low concentrations of iron and lead.Typical minerals of the RZO are Fe-oxyhydroxides,goethite,hematite,hemimorphite,smithsonite and/or hydrozincite and cerussite.Common minerals of the WZO are smithsonite or hydrozincite and only minor amounts of Fe-oxyhydroxides and hemimorphite.
基金Major State Basic Research Program(Grant No.G1999043201) State Scie nces Fund Program(Grant No.40272050).
文摘Both the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits developed in the Lanping basin, which is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial clastic sedimentary basin. Their occurrences can easily lead many people to compare them with the Pb-Zn deposit hosted in sedimentary rocks, such as Mississippian Valley-, Sedex- and sandstone-type Pb-Zn deposits. However, the Lanping basin developed in the settings of strong tectonic activity of the continental crust, which could cause an effective material exchange between the lower crust and the upper mantle. The orebodies are clearly tectonically controlled without syngenetic features, which probably represents a new type of the sedimentary rock-hosted Pb-Zn deposit. The isotopic compositions of noble gases in ore-forming fluids indicate that 2%32% of helium (3He/4He = 0.19 Ra1.97 Ra) is derived from the mantle, 50.1% of neon (20Ne/22Ne = 10.4510.83; 21Ne/22Ne = 0.03) from the mantle, and considerable amount of xenon (129Xe/130Xe = 5.846.86; 134Xe/130Xe = 2.262.71) from the mantle, which show that mantle fluids played an important role in the ore formation. The ore-forming age of 6760 Ma obtained by Re-Os and 40Ar-39Ar dating methods is later than the host rock, which is coeval with the Himalayan alkali magmatism of the mantle source and mantle-crust source. In this paper, the mineralization of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits is considered to be related to the mantle fluids which move upward with the magma or along the deep faults, and mix with the meteoritic brine in the crust to result in large-scale deposition.
文摘The study results of He and Ar isotopes from fluid inclusions in pyrites formed during mineralization stage of Jinding superlarge Pb-Zn deposit in west Yunnan, China are reported. The data show that the 40Ar/ 36Ar and 3He/ 4He ratios of fluid inclusions are respectively in the range of 301.7\385.7 and 0.03\0.06Ra, suggesting the ore-forming fluid is a kind of air saturated meteoric groundwater. On the basis of research on coupled relationships among He, Ar, S and Pb isotopes, the evolution history of ore-forming fluid of the deposit can be summarized as （i） air saturated meteogenic groundwater infiltrated down and was heated→ （ii） leached S, C and radiogenic He, Ar from the basinal strata → （iii） leached Pb and Zn from mantle-derived igneous rocks located in the bottom of the basin→ （iv） ore-forming fluid ascended and formed the deposit. Due to this process, the isotope signatures of crustal radiogenic He, atmospheric Ar （with partial radiogenic 40Ar）, crustal S and mantle-derived Pb remained in the ore-forming fluid.
