Climate Change and Its Effects on Runoff of Kaidu River, Xinjiang, China:A Multiple Time-scale Analysis

This paper applied an integrated method combining grey relation analysis, wavelet analysis and statistical analysis to study climate change and its effects on runoff of the Kaidu River at multi-time scales. Major findings are as follows: 1) Climatic factors were ranked in the order of importance to annual runoff as average annual temperature, average temperature in autumn, average temperature in winter, annual precipitation, precipitation in flood season, average temperature in summer, and average temperature in spring. The average annual temperature and annual precipi- tation were selected as the two representative factors that impact the annual runoff. 2) From the 32-year time scale, the annual runoff and the average annual temperature presented a significantly rising trend, whereas the annual precipita- tion showed little increase over the period of 1957-2002. By changing the time scale from 32-year to 4-year, we ob- served nonlinear trends with increasingly obvious oscillations for annual runoff, average annual temperature, and annual precipitation. 3) The changes of the runoff and the regional climate are closely related, indicating that the runoff change is the result of the regional climate changes. With time scales ranging from 32-year, 16-year, 8-year and to 4-year, there are highly significant linear correlations between the annual runoff and the average annual temperature and the annual precipitation.

Impact of climate change on the surface water of Kaidu River Basin

To reveal the changing trend and annual distribution of the surface water hydrology and the local climate in the Bayanbuluk alpine-cold wetlands in the past 50 years, we used temperature, precipitation, different rank precipitation days, evaporation, water vapor pressure, relative humidity, dust storm days and snow depth to analyze their temporal variations. We conclude that there were no distinct changes in annual mean temperature, and no obvious changes in the maximum or minimum temperatures. Precipitation in warm season was the main water source in the wetlands of the study area and accounted for 92.0% of the annual total. Precipitation dropped to the lowest in the mid-1980s in the past 50 years and then increased gradually. The runoff of the Kaidu River has increased since 1987 which has a good linear response to the annual precipitation and mean temperature in Bayanbuluk alpine-cold wetland. Climate change also affected ecosystems in this area due to its direct relations to the surface water environment.

Impact of climate factors on runoff in the Kaidu River watershed:path analysis of 50-year data

Runoff formation is a complex meteorological-hydrological process impacted by many factors,especially in the inland river basin.Based on the data of daily mean air temperature,precipitation and runoff during the period of 1958-2007 in the Kaidu River watershed,this paper analyzed the changes in air temperature,precipitation and runoff and revealed the direct and indirect impacts of daily air temperature and precipitation on daily runoff by path analysis.The results showed that mean temperature time series of the annual,summer and autumn had a significant fluctuant increase during the last 50 years（P 0.05）.Only winter precipitation increased significantly（P 0.05） with a rate of 1.337 mm/10a.The annual and winter runoff depthes in the last 50 years significantly increased with the rates of 7.11 mm/10a and 1.85 mm/10a,respectively.The driving function of both daily temperature and precipitation on daily runoff in annual and seasonal levels is significant in the Kaidu River watershed by correlation analysis.The result of path analysis showed that the positive effect of daily air temperature on daily runoff depth is much higher than that of daily precipitation in annual,spring,autumn and winter,however,the trend is opposite in summer.

Impacts of Global Warming Perturbation on Water Resources in Arid Zone: Case Study of Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China

The main goal of this study was to assess the long-term impacts of global warming perturbation on water resources of the Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China. Temperature, precipitation and hydrology data during the past 29 years from 1979 to 2007 were collected and analyzed using parametric and non-parametric methods, the connection between temperature and precipitation by the combination of grey correlation analysis method and the hypothesis testing for trend of climate change. The results show a high increase in temperature in the study area as well as an extreme and highly variable hydrological regime in this region, where flash floods can exceed the total runoff from a sequence of years. These variations may be due to the geographical location of the Kaidu River Basin in arid zone. It also reveals that precipitation has a much greater impact on stream flow than that of temperature. The development of new approaches was proposed as responses to climate change in this arid region.

Sensitivity of mountain runoff to climate change for Urumqi and Kaidu rivers originating from the Tianshan Mountains

The mountain watersheds of Kaidu River and Urumqi River, which separately originate from the south and north-side of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, are selected as the study area. The characteristics and trends on variation of temperature, precipitation and runoff, and the correlativity between temperature, precipitation, and runoffwere analyzed based on the past 40 years of observational data from the correlative hydrological and weather stations in the study areas. Various weather scene combinations are assumed and the response models of runoff to climate change are established in order to evaluate the sensitivity of runoff to climate change in the study areas based on the foregoing analysis, Results show that all variations of temperature, precipitation, and runoff overall present an oscillating and increasing trend since the 1960s and this increase are quite evident after 1990. There is a markedly positive correlation between mountain runoff, temperature, and precipitation while there are obvious regional differences of responding degree to precipitation and temperature between mountain runoff of Ummqi River and Kaidu River Basins Also, mountain runoff of Urumqi River Basin is more sensitive to precipitation change than that of Kaidu River Basin, and mountain runoff of Kaidu River Basin is more sensitive to temperature change than that of Ummqi River Basin.

Multifractal process of runoff fluctuation of the Kaidu River in Xinjiang, China

Based on the hydrological data in the headwater region of the Kaidu River during 1972-2011, the multifractal process of runoff fluctuation was analyzed. Results indicated that, in the past 40 years, the overall runoff of the Kaidu River in Xinjiang has shown significant multifractal behavior. Its singular curve 1nχq（ε）-1n（ε） verified a favorable scale invariance over the entire time scale, r（q）-q proved that evolution of the runoff time series presented multifractal characteristics. Moreover, the multifractal spectrumf（α）-α curve was hooklike leftward which indicated that, compared to relatively large runoff events. And △f〈0 indicated that these relatively small events took the leading role; B〈0 explained the Kaidu River＇s daily-runoff ascending tendency presented during 1972-2011. Besides that, the multifractal behavior of the Kaidu River＇s runoff variability over four decades was also analyzed. Generally speaking, by decades, their four corresponding spectrum variations were not noticeable. These △α values showed larger runoff events occupied the leading position with some local values falling. During the 1970s to the 1990s, △f〈0 illustrated the probability of the daily runoff at the lowest point is always larger than that of the highest during three continuous decades. At the beginning of the 21 st century, for △f〉0 the trend presented was contrary from the 1970s to the 1990s. B values suggested an overall trend of increases during 1972-2011. Until the 21 st century, the runoff with a slightly descending tendency on the whole explained these relatively large runoff events taking the leading role for the Kaidu River; but sometimes, some small events also played the dominant role.

Impacts of climate change and agricultural activities on water quality in the Lower Kaidu River Basin,China

In the context of climate change and over-exploitation of water resources, water shortage and water pollution in arid regions have become major constraints to local sustainable development. In this study, we established a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for simulating non-point source (NPS) pollution in the irrigation area of the lower reaches of the Kaidu River Basin, based on spatial and attribute data (2010-2014). Four climate change scenarios (2040-2044) and two agricultural management scenarios were input into the SWAT model to quantify the effects of climate change and agricultural management on solvents and solutes of pollutants in the study area. The simulation results show that compared to the reference period (2010-2014), with a decline in streamflow from the Kaidu River, the average annual irrigation water consumption is expected to decrease by 3.84x108 m3 or 8.87% during the period of 2040-2044. Meanwhile, the average annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in agricultural drainage canals will also increase by 10.50% and 30.06%, respectively. Through the implementation of agricultural management measures, the TN and TP in farmland drainage can be reduced by 14.49% and 16.03%, respectively, reaching 661.56 t and 12.99 t, accordingly, and the increasing water efficiency can save irrigation water consumption by 4.41 x108 m3 or 4.77%. The results indicate that although the water environment in the irrigation area in the lower reaches of the Kaidu River Basin is deteriorating, the situation can be improved by implementing appropriate agricultural production methods. The quantitative analysis results of NPS pollutants in the irrigation area under different scenarios provide a scientific basis for water environmental management in the Kaidu River Basin.

Combining BPANN and wavelet analysis to simulate hydro-climatic processes a case study of the Kaidu River, North-west China

Using the hydrological and meteorological data in the Kaidu River Basin during 1957-2008, we simulated the hydro-climatic process by back-propagation artificial neural network （BPANN） based on wavelet analysis （WA）, and then compared the simulated results with those from a multiple linear regression （MLR）. The results show that the variation of runoff responded to regional climate change. The annual runoff （AR） was mainly affected by annual average temperature （AAT） and annual precipitation （AP）, which revealed different varia- tion patterns at five time scales. At the time scale of 32-years, AR presented a monotonically increasing trend with the similar trend of AAT and AP. But at the 2-year, 4- year, 8-year, and 16-year time-scale, AR presented non-linear variation with fluctuations of AAT and AP. Both MLR and BPANN successfully simulated the hydro- climatic process based on WA at each time scale, but the simulated effect from BPANN is better than that from MLR.

A simulation-based two-stage interval-stochastic programming model for water resources management in Kaidu-Konqi watershed,China

This study presented a simulation-based two-stage interval-stochastic programming （STIP） model to support water resources management in the Kaidu-Konqi watershed in Northwest China. The modeling system coupled a distributed hydrological model with an interval two-stage stochastic programing （ITSP）. The distributed hydrological model was used for establishing a rainfall-runoff forecast system, while random parameters were pro- vided by the statistical analysis of simulation outcomes water resources management planning in Kaidu-Konqi The developed STIP model was applied to a real case of watershed, where three scenarios with different water re- sources management policies were analyzed. The results indicated that water shortage mainly occurred in agri- culture, ecology and forestry sectors. In comparison, the water demand from municipality, industry and stock- breeding sectors can be satisfied due to their lower consumptions and higher economic values. Different policies for ecological water allocation can result in varied system benefits, and can help to identify desired water allocation plans with a maximum economic benefit and a minimum risk of system disruption under uncertainty.

气候变化对天山地区极端径流的影响—以开都河为例

【目的】揭示天山地区极端径流演变规律,预估不同气候变化情景下天山地区极端径流特征。【方法】基于Sen slope、MK检验、Pettitt检验、概率分布函数、SWAT模型和GCM模式分析极端径流演变特征。【结果】1959—2018年,开都河流域年、夏、秋和冬季径流呈不显著增加趋势,春季径流呈显著增加趋势,径流变化与降水的相关性大于与同期气温的相关性。极端径流频率、强度和持续时间呈增加趋势,初洪时间呈显著推迟趋势。Log-Pearson3函数对极端径流的模拟表现最优,50 a重现期洪水次数、高流量最长持续时间、平均峰值流量重现水平分别为7.09次、79.04 d和180.04 m^(3)/s。未来气候变化情景下,洪水次数增加,极端强度(平均年最大流量)增大,持续时间(高流量最长持续时间、高流量平均持续时间)和平均强度(平均极端径流流量、平均峰值流量)减小,初洪时间呈提前趋势,且最高和最低极端径流强度(平均极端径流流量、平均峰值流量、平均年最大流量)重现水平分别发生在SSP245和SSP370情景。【结论】气候变化对天山极端径流具有重要影响,未来该地区将经历更频繁的极端径流事件和更为严重的单次特大洪水,研究结果对制定气候变化适应策略和水资源管理方案具有重要的指导意义。

1955—2020年博斯腾湖水盐收支估算与水盐平衡分析

为了探讨变化环境下开都河来水、人类水土开发和水利工程调节等对博斯腾湖水盐收支变化规律的影响,根据开都-孔雀河流域河流-湖泊-水利工程间的水力联系及水盐运移转化过程,构建了博斯腾湖水盐收支平衡模型,基于1955—2020年气象、水文、矿化度、开发利用的观测资料,分析了博斯腾湖逐年、分阶段和多年平均水盐收支变化规律。结果表明,受开都河来水和人类活动的影响,1955—2020年博斯腾湖水盐变化具有明显的4阶段特征。1987年以来水盐变化速率明显升高;焉耆盆地和孔雀河引水量较为稳定,开都河入湖水量占总入湖水量的81.89%,在1955—2020年博斯腾湖水位变化中起主导作用;1955—1987年农田排盐量占总入湖盐量的37.24%,其中1972—1986年农田排盐量接近总入湖盐量的50%,农田排盐量是湖水矿化度急剧升高的主要原因;1983年博斯腾湖西泵站运行后,湖水矿化度整体处于下降趋势,2020年降低到1.0 g/L以下。新时期在对开都-孔雀河流域严格遵守水资源三条红线控制的同时,加强扬水泵站、宝浪苏木分水闸及达吾提闸的联合运行,完全可以将湖水矿化度控制在1.0 g/L水平以下。研究结论可为博斯腾湖可持续利用和管理提供参考。

基于MIKE耦合模型的开都河中短期径流预报

为提供开都河水库优化调度和水资源科学管理的依据,应用MIKE耦合模型进行流域中短期径流预报。选取欧洲天气预报中心(ECMWF)气象预报模式作为气象数据输入,构建包含6个子模块(蒸散发、非饱和带、饱和带、坡面流、河流与湖泊)和融雪模块的MIKE SHE模型。将MIKE Hydro river模型作为河道汇流计算与MIKE SHE模型耦合对未来10 d径流信息进行预报。选用相关系数(R^(2))、纳什效率系数(NSE)和相对误差(BAIS)评价模型率定与验证结果,添加预报效率(E)评价模型预报精度。研究表明:在开都河日尺度径流模拟中,验证期R 2和NSE均大于0.70,相对误差仅为-15%,可见模拟径流与实测径流之间具有较好的拟合性和相关性;预报期的NSE=0.53、R^(2)=0.61、E=0.51,说明模拟值与实测值的相关性达0.61。MIKE耦合模型的中短期径流预报可为开都河流域水资源优化利用提供参考。

基于Informer模型的开都河流域径流预测

为提高径流预测的准确性,本文通过应用长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)和Informer模型,对开都河流域察汗乌苏水文站2010年6月至2023年6月的逐日径流数据进行模拟。结果表明Informer模型的模拟性能最优,验证期的NSE达到0.96,而LSTM模型在径流峰值处的模拟存在低估。因此,基于Informer模型建立了开都河流域的单变量和多变量径流预测模型。结果表明,Informer模型在开都河流域察汗乌苏水文站具有较好的适用性。单变量和多变量预测模型在预测步长为1-3d时精度最高,R2>0.9,RMSE<15,MAE<10。对比单变量预测模型与考虑降水和气温的多变量预测模型的预测结果,结果表明,随着预见期逐渐增加,单变量预测模型性能更好。研究结果验证了Informer模型在径流预测领域的有效性,为研究区的水资源管理和防洪减灾等决策部门提供了一定参考。

20世纪下半叶开都河与博斯腾湖的水文特征

开都河属于雪冰融水和雨水混合补给的河流 ,流域共有冰川 72 2条 ,冰川总面积为 4 4 5km2 ,冰川总储量为 2 2 .4km3 .开都河年径流补给源中 ,积雪和冰川及地下水补给占有相当大的比例 .开都河是博斯腾湖的主要补给源 ,对博斯腾湖生态与环境起着至关重要的作用 .1987年以来 ,由于开都河天然年径流量的大幅度增加 ,博斯腾湖水位不断持续上升回复到上世纪 5 0年代水平 ,目前 ,已达到历史最高水位 .

干旱区资料稀缺流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程。以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入。利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关。

开都河流域径流对气候变化的响应研究

开都河属塔里木河的源流之一,随着塔里木河流域近期综合治理的深入进行,开都河径流变化对气候的响应关系已逐渐成为国内外科学家关注的热点问题之一。鉴于此目的,该文采用经典的Mann Kendall和Mann Whitney检验方法,利用该流域巴音布鲁克气象站和大山口水文站1958～2002年的实测资料,分析对比了气温、降雨和径流序列变化特征。结果表明:除春季外,其他季节的年径流基本表现为1958～1973年偏丰、1974年～1986年偏枯和1987年～2000年偏丰,并在1987年～2000年间表现为显著上升的趋势;年平均气温经历了高 低 高三阶段,其中夏季气温总体呈上升趋势;降雨的空间差异性明显,上游年降雨量1973后跳变减少,其中夏季降雨量于1977年～1988年间为多年最小值;中游夏季降雨量1987年后跳变增加。以径流自身的特征变化为时段划分基础,对比了径流、降雨和气温变化过程,研究表明:夏季年际降雨与气温变化是引起夏、秋、冬季径流变化的根本原因;其中年降雨变化对径流变化起主导作用,夏季气温变化导致的冰川融水变化对径流具有一定调节作用,70年代～80年代冰川融水减少使径流减少幅度大于降水减少幅度,而90年代冰川融水增加使径流增加幅度大于降水增加幅度。

开都河源区气候变化及径流响应

应用巴音布鲁克水文站和气象站1960—2005年的观测资料,分析了开都河流域源区气温和降水的变化特征以及径流对气候变化的响应.结果表明:近46 a来开都河源区气温总体呈上升趋势,而降水量年际波动较大,降水量自1989年以来增加显著,降水和气温是开都河源区径流量变化的主要影响因素.年降水量与年径流量的单相关系数最大,为0.73;年平均气温与年径流量的相关系数为0.36.在降水量不变的情况下,径流量随气温升高而减少;在气温不变的情况下,径流量随降水量的增加而增加;而在降水量和气温都增加的情况下,径流量将有所增加.

新疆博斯腾湖沉积物粒度的古环境意义初探

湖泊沉积物的粒度分析是一种研究古环境变化常用的手段,但是其环境意义具有多解性,尤其是沙(荒)漠干旱区的湖泊沉积物粒度变化,代表的是沙尘天气的多寡强弱还是其它环境因素的变化值得细致研究.在对我国最大的内陆淡水湖——新疆博斯腾湖的沉积物短岩芯进行了210Pbex,137Cs定年的基础上,对近50多年沉积物的粒度进行分析,结果表明平均粒径与粗颗粒含量与区域最大河流——开都河大山口站的最大一天洪量、洪峰流量、天山巴音布鲁克站年降水量、湖泊水位变化以及湖泊附近焉耆站3-6月风力强度变化记录等环境因素对比发现,湖泊中部沉积物中粗颗粒含量变化主要反映的是入湖河流径流量、区域洪水强度及频率、山地降水,而并不反映大风天气或者湖泊水位的变化.对其近千年沉积岩芯的多指标分析结果表明,即使在数百年时间尺度上,博斯腾湖沉积物粒度的环境意义依然与十年时间尺度上一致.

开都河流域上下游过去50a气温降水变化特征分析

利用开都河流域上下游4个气象台站(上游巴音布鲁克,下游焉耆、和静、和硕)1960-2009年的气温、降水资料,采用趋势分析与距平等统计方法,分析了近50 a来开都河流域的主要气象要素变化特征。研究发现:(1)1960-2009年开都河流域上下游年平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,增长强度分别为0.27℃/10 a和0.22℃/10 a。2000年后气温升高尤其显著,上游和下游的气温分别较50 a平均水平偏高0.97℃和0.69℃。该流域年最高温没有明显增加,而上下游年最低气温分别上升0.41℃/10 a和0.61℃/10 a,并与年平均气温有较好的相关性。通过对不同年代际各月气温的分析,发现该地区气温季节性特征在过去50 a发生了明显的变化。主要表现为冬季气温总体上升,夏季气温相对稳定,冬季与夏季温差逐渐减小,季节性呈变弱趋势。上游年代际间气温季节变化较下游更明显;(2)开都河流域降水主要集中在夏季,近50 a上下游降水量均呈增加趋势且上游达显著水平。上下游在降水分布及变化特征上有较大差异,上游年平均降水总量(273 mm)明显高于下游(77 mm),且上游降水量增加强度(9.13 mm/10 a)高于下游(5.34 mm/10 a)。降水量年代际之间有一定差异,降水波动主要是在夏季,上游降水量的波动性大于下游。

开都河下游灌区土壤盐渍化特征分析

以开都河下游灌区为研究区,在野外考察与样品实验分析的基础上,研究绿洲土壤盐渍化各特征值空间分布规律,运用相关分析和回归分析方法研究该绿洲土壤盐渍化特征之间的耦合关系。结果表明：土壤pH值的平均值大于8.0,属于微碱性土壤;土壤含盐量较高,0~10 cm土层中的含盐量最大,平均值达到2.83%;土壤阳离子主要以Na＋、K＋和Mg2＋为主,土壤阴离子主要以SO42-和Cl-为主;土壤含盐量与电导率、TDS之间正相关;通过统计分析表明,土壤溶液电导率和TDS的值可以直接反映土壤含盐量的大小。