In this study the occurrence and ecology of plant assemblages are investigated, mainly for use as indicator plants of saline grounds in several locations in Jordan. High alkalinity and H2S-rich water tolerant species ...In this study the occurrence and ecology of plant assemblages are investigated, mainly for use as indicator plants of saline grounds in several locations in Jordan. High alkalinity and H2S-rich water tolerant species of plants are also discussed. Plants growing on salty grounds have distinct composition regarding their place in the taxonomic system. Plant assemblages and their degree of tolerance to salinity as in Karama area in the Jordan Valley are found to be distinct from that of Azraq Sabkha (Cental Jordan) with salt-tolerant flora. Karama area provides the living space for Mesembryanthemum on the saltiest ground, Suaeda further up on wetter surrounding and Salicornia succeeding on moist and less salty grounds. Drier places with rather salty grounds have bushes of Arthrocnemum, while slightly less salty places are preferred by Tamarix tetragyna. When Prosopis bushes appear, salt is only present periodically in the ground, as is also the case with Atriplex halimus and Capparis. In Azraq the former beach of a temporal lake is characterized by two species of Spergularia in its saltier parts and by Tamarix passerinoides. It was recognized that Tamarix, Phragmites, Chenopodium, and Inula represented alkaline water tolerant plants. The study concludes that the salt concentration in the ground is reflected in the composition of the flora growing on it. On the other hand, plants are also found vulnerable to fluctuation in the salt concentration of their environments with different resistance degrees. This makes them excellent bioindicators of salty environments.展开更多
The aim of the current research paper is to review what the Government of Egypt (GOE) has done to alleviate hardship conditions facing vulnerable low-income citizens, including its civil servants, during the implement...The aim of the current research paper is to review what the Government of Egypt (GOE) has done to alleviate hardship conditions facing vulnerable low-income citizens, including its civil servants, during the implementation of the recent International Monetary Fund Economic Reform program. The main research questions are: What policies and initiatives has the GOE pursued post its currency devaluation in order to alleviate hardships on the most vulnerable? And to what extent are we now a more “socially equitable” nation? The paper provides a background about the 2016 currency devaluation decision, presents a conceptual framework explaining the relation between different economic ideologies and the impact on the vulnerable groups in society, elaborates on why we should seek social justice in Egypt, and then finally examines and assesses some of the government’s efforts in trying to alleviate hardships, including the Takaful and Karama Program, the Amman certificate, and the impact on the pay scale of government employees. Some of the recommendations made by the paper include: the need to apply true conditionality in the claimed “Conditional Cash Transfer Programs”, to re-consider government employees’ compensation, and to re-allocate national resources to what matters in a more transparent manner.展开更多
文摘In this study the occurrence and ecology of plant assemblages are investigated, mainly for use as indicator plants of saline grounds in several locations in Jordan. High alkalinity and H2S-rich water tolerant species of plants are also discussed. Plants growing on salty grounds have distinct composition regarding their place in the taxonomic system. Plant assemblages and their degree of tolerance to salinity as in Karama area in the Jordan Valley are found to be distinct from that of Azraq Sabkha (Cental Jordan) with salt-tolerant flora. Karama area provides the living space for Mesembryanthemum on the saltiest ground, Suaeda further up on wetter surrounding and Salicornia succeeding on moist and less salty grounds. Drier places with rather salty grounds have bushes of Arthrocnemum, while slightly less salty places are preferred by Tamarix tetragyna. When Prosopis bushes appear, salt is only present periodically in the ground, as is also the case with Atriplex halimus and Capparis. In Azraq the former beach of a temporal lake is characterized by two species of Spergularia in its saltier parts and by Tamarix passerinoides. It was recognized that Tamarix, Phragmites, Chenopodium, and Inula represented alkaline water tolerant plants. The study concludes that the salt concentration in the ground is reflected in the composition of the flora growing on it. On the other hand, plants are also found vulnerable to fluctuation in the salt concentration of their environments with different resistance degrees. This makes them excellent bioindicators of salty environments.
文摘The aim of the current research paper is to review what the Government of Egypt (GOE) has done to alleviate hardship conditions facing vulnerable low-income citizens, including its civil servants, during the implementation of the recent International Monetary Fund Economic Reform program. The main research questions are: What policies and initiatives has the GOE pursued post its currency devaluation in order to alleviate hardships on the most vulnerable? And to what extent are we now a more “socially equitable” nation? The paper provides a background about the 2016 currency devaluation decision, presents a conceptual framework explaining the relation between different economic ideologies and the impact on the vulnerable groups in society, elaborates on why we should seek social justice in Egypt, and then finally examines and assesses some of the government’s efforts in trying to alleviate hardships, including the Takaful and Karama Program, the Amman certificate, and the impact on the pay scale of government employees. Some of the recommendations made by the paper include: the need to apply true conditionality in the claimed “Conditional Cash Transfer Programs”, to re-consider government employees’ compensation, and to re-allocate national resources to what matters in a more transparent manner.
