Kyoto-1保存液保存的移植用肺Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞钠-钾泵的研究

目的 临床认为肺水肿已成为肺移植过程中的最大障碍 ,近年来资料表明 :过量肺泡液的吸收与 型肺泡上皮细胞 Na+的跨膜能力有关 ,保存中若能保持肺上皮 Na+- K+- ATPase的活性 ,对成功的肺移植是非常必要的 ,本实验研究0℃、 4℃ Kyoto- 1(New ET- K)保存液保存供体肺脏 , 型肺泡上皮细胞 Na+- K+- ATPase的活性变化 ,为 Kyoto- 1在临床上最大时限地保存供体肺提供基础理论依据。方法 取 Wistar大白鼠 ,随机分为对照组和实验组 ,对照组取新鲜肺脏 ,实验组分别灌注 0℃、 4℃的 Kyoto- 1保存液 ,分别放入 0℃、 4℃冰箱中保存 4h、 2 4h、 48h,进行光、电镜酶组织化学研究 ,使用图像分析系统进行定量测定。结果 4℃、 2 4h实验组钠泵活性可以得到较好的保存 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论 钠泵可以作为检测供肺保存质量的重要指标。

Kyoto-1保存液中移植用肺钙泵活性的研究

目的 :研究不同温度Kyoto 1(NewET K)保存液保存供体肺脏 ,不同时间内钙泵活性的变化 ,为Ky oto 1在临床上最大时限地保存供体肺提供理论依据。方法 :Wistar大鼠对照组取新鲜肺脏 ,实验组分别灌注 0℃ ,4℃的Kyoto 1保存液 ,分别放入 0℃ ,4℃冰箱中保存 4 ,2 4 ,4 8h ,进行光、电镜酶组织化学研究 ,使用图像分析系统进行定量测定。结果 :4℃ ,2 4h钙泵活性可以得到较好的保存 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :Kyoto 1保存供体肺 ,4℃钙泵活性可以较好的保存 2 4h。钙泵可以作为检测供肺优质保存的重要指标。

Endoscopic Kyoto classification of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer risk diagnosis

Recent advances in endoscopic technology allow detailed observation of the gastric mucosa.Today,endoscopy is used in the diagnosis of gastritis to determine the presence/absence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection and evaluate gastric cancer risk.In 2013,the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society advocated the Kyoto classification,a new grading system for endoscopic gastritis.The Kyoto classification organized endoscopic findings related to H.pylori infection.The Kyoto classification score is the sum of scores for five endoscopic findings(atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,nodularity,and diffuse redness with or without regular arrangement of collecting venules)and ranges from 0 to 8.Atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,and nodularity contribute to gastric cancer risk.Diffuse redness and regular arrangement of collecting venules are related to H.pylori infection status.In subjects without a history of H.pylori eradication,the infection rates in those with Kyoto scores of 0,1,and≥2 were 1.5%,45%,and 82%,respectively.A Kyoto classification score of 0 indicates no H.pylori infection.A Kyoto classification score of 2 or more indicates H.pylori infection.Kyoto classification scores of patients with and without gastric cancer were 4.8 and 3.8,respectively.A Kyoto classification score of 4 or more might indicate gastric cancer risk.

Endoscopy-based Kyoto classification score of gastritis related to pathological topography of neutrophil activity

BACKGROUND Endoscopy-based Kyoto classification for gastritis and pathological topographic distribution of neutrophil infiltration are correlated with gastric cancer risk.AIM To investigate the association between Kyoto classification and the topographic distribution of neutrophil activity.METHODS Kyoto classification score,ranging from 0 to 8,consisted of atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,nodularity,and diffuse redness.Neutrophil activity was scored according to the updated Sydney System using biopsy samples obtained from the greater curvature of the corpus and the antrum.The participants were divided into four categories,inactive stomach,antrumpredominant gastritis,pangastritis,and corpus-predominant gastritis,based on the topographic distribution of neutrophil activity.Effects of sex,age,body mass index,drinking habit,smoking habit,family history of gastric cancer,serum Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)antibody,and Kyoto score on topography of neutrophil infiltration were analyzed.RESULTS A total of 327 patients(comprising 50.7%women,with an average age of 50.2 years)were enrolled in this study.H.pylori infection rate was 82.9%with a mean Kyoto score of 4.63.The Kyoto score was associated with the topographic distribution of neutrophil activity.Kyoto scores were significantly higher in the order of inactive stomach,antrum-predominant gastritis,pangastritis,and corpuspredominant gastritis(3.05,4.57,5.21,and 5.96,respectively).Each individual score of endoscopic findings(i.e.,atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,nodularity,and diffuse redness)was correlated with the topographic distribution of neutrophil activity.On multivariate analysis,the Kyoto score,age,and serum H.pylori antibody were independently associated with the topographic distribution of neutrophil activity.CONCLUSION The Kyoto classification score was associated with the topographic distribution of neutrophil activity.

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target

Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves(MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbon market, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex, dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared. Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties' total reduction requirements range from 503—1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140—612 MtC after USA's withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21—77 BUSD with USA and from 5—36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions' share in the all mitigation strategies drops to only 0—16%.

Kyoto classification in patients who developed multiple gastric carcinomas after Helicobacter pylori eradication

BACKGROUND Endoscopic Kyoto classification predicts gastric cancer risk;however,the score in the patients with primary gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication therapy is unknown.AIM To elucidate the Kyoto classification score in patients with both single gastric cancer and multiple gastric cancers developed after H.pylori eradication.METHODS The endoscopist recorded the Kyoto classification at the endoscope and the Kyoto classification score at the time of the first diagnosis of gastric cancer after H.pylori eradication.The score was compared between single gastric cancer group and multiple gastric cancers group.RESULTS The Kyoto score at the time of diagnosis of 45 cases of gastric cancer after H.pylori eradication was 4.0 points in average.The score was 3.8 points in the single gastric cancer group,and 5.1 points in the multiple gastric cancers group.The multiple group had a significantly higher score than the single group(P=0.016).In the multiple gastric cancers group,all the patients(7/7)had 5 or higher Kyoto score,while in single gastric cancer group,the proportion of patients with a score of 5 or higher was less than half,or 44.7%(17/38).CONCLUSION Patients diagnosed with gastric cancer after H.pylori eradication tended to have advanced gastritis.In particular,in cases of multiple gastric cancers developed after H.pylori eradication,the endoscopic Kyoto classification score tended to be 5 or higher in patients with an open type atrophic gastritis and the intestinal metaplasia extended to the corpus.

Comparison of endoscopic gastritis based on Kyoto classification between diffuse and intestinal gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Gastric cancers can be categorized into diffuse-and intestinal-type cancers based on the Lauren histopathological classification.These two subtypes show distinct differences in metastasis frequency,treatment application,and prognosis.Therefore,accurately assessing the Lauren classification before treatment is crucial.However,studies on the gastritis endoscopy-based Kyoto classification have recently shown that endoscopic diagnosis has improved.AIM To investigate patient characteristics including endoscopic gastritis associated with diffuse-and intestinal-type gastric cancers in Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)-infected patients.METHODS Patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy at the Toyoshima Endoscopy Clinic were enrolled.The Kyoto classification included atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,nodularity,and diffuse redness.The effects of age,sex,and Kyoto classification score on gastric cancer according to the Lauren classification were analyzed.We developed the Lauren predictive background score based on the coefficients of a logistic regression model using variables independently associated with the Lauren classification.Area under the receiver operative characteristic curve and diagnostic accuracy of this score were examined.RESULTS A total of 499 H.pylori-infected patients(49.6%males;average age:54.9 years)were enrolled;132 patients with gastric cancer(39 diffuse-and 93 intestinal-type cancers)and 367 cancer-free controls were eligible.Gastric cancer was independently associated with age≥65 years,high atrophy score,high intestinal metaplasia score,and low nodularity score when compared to the control.Factors independently associated with intestinal-type cancer were age≥65 years(coefficient:1.98),male sex(coefficient:1.02),high intestinal metaplasia score(coefficient:0.68),and low enlarged folds score(coefficient:-1.31)when compared to diffuse-type cancer.The Lauren predictive background score was defined as the sum of+2(age≥65 years),+1(male sex),+1(endoscopic intestinal metaplasia),and-1(endoscopic enlarged folds)points.Area under the receiver operative characteristic curve of the Lauren predictive background score was 0.828 for predicting intestinal-type cancer.With a cut-off value of+2,the sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of the Lauren predictive background score were 81.7%,71.8%,and 78.8%,respectively.CONCLUSION Patient backgrounds,such as age,sex,endoscopic intestinal metaplasia,and endoscopic enlarged folds are useful for predicting the Lauren type of gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer incidence based on endoscopic Kyoto classification of gastritis

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)incidence based on the endoscopic Kyoto classification of gastritis has not been systematically investigated using time-to-event analysis.AIM To examine GC incidence in an endoscopic surveillance cohort.METHODS This study was retrospectively conducted at the Toyoshima Endoscopy Clinic.Patients who underwent two or more esophagogastroduodenoscopies were enrolled.GC incidence was based on Kyoto classification scores,such as atrophy,intestinal metaplasia(IM),enlarged folds(EFs),nodularity,diffuse redness(DR),and total Kyoto scores.Hazard ratios(HRs)adjusted for age and sex were calculated using a Cox hazard model.RESULTS A total of 6718 patients were enrolled(median age 54.0 years;men 44.2%).During the follow-up period(max 5.02 years;median 2.56 years),GC developed in 34 patients.The average frequency of GCs per year was 0.19%.Kyoto atrophy scores 1[HR with score 0 as reference:3.66,95%confidence interval(CI):1.06 to 12.61],2(11.60,3.82-35.27),IM score 2(9.92,4.37-22.54),EF score 1(4.03,1.63-9.96),DR scores 1(6.22,2.65-14.56),and 2(10.01,3.73-26.86)were associated with GC incidence,whereas nodularity scores were not.The total Kyoto scores of 4(HR with total Kyoto scores 0-1 as reference:6.23,95%CI:1.93 to 20.13,P=0.002)and 5-8(16.45,6.29-43.03,P<0.001)were more likely to develop GC,whereas the total Kyoto scores 2-3 were not.The HR of the total Kyoto score for developing GC per 1 rank was 1.75(95%CI:1.46 to 2.09,P<0.001).CONCLUSION A high total Kyoto score(≥4)was associated with GC incidence.The endoscopy-based diagnosis of gastritis can stratify GC risk.

THE THIRD WFAS GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND THIRD WORLD CONFERENCE ON ACUPUNCTURE HAVE COME TO A SUCCESSFUL CLOSE AT KYOTO

The Third WFAS General Assembly and the Third World Conference on Acupuncture were heldat Kyoto,Japan,from Nov.20 to 23,1993.80 representatives and observers from 22 countries andregions attended the assembly.Dr.Zhang Xiaorui,responsible for division programma of TraditionalMedicine was invited to this assembly.The Third WFAS Executive Committee was elected by secretballot voting.Chen Shaowu,the vice-president of Chinese Association of Acupuncture and Moxibus-tion,the President of the China-Japan Friendship Hospital,was elected as the president of WFAS^Deng Liangyue,the stating member of Chinese Association of Zhenjiu,the Director of Institute

Kyoto classification of gastritis:Advances and future perspectives in endoscopic diagnosis of gastritis

This editorial provides an update of the recent evidence on the endoscopy-based Kyoto classification of gastritis,clarifying the shortcomings of the Kyoto classification,and providing prospects for future research,with particular focus on the histological subtypes of gastric cancer(GC)and Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection status.The total Kyoto score is designed to express GC risk on a score ranging from 0 to 8,based on the following five endoscopic findings:Atrophy,intestinal metaplasia(IM),enlarged folds(EF),nodularity,and diffuse redness(DR).The total Kyoto score reflects H.pylori status as follows:0,≥2,and≥4 indicate a normal stomach,H.pylori-infected gastritis,and gastritis at risk for GC,respectively.Regular arrangement of collecting venules(RAC)predicts noninfection;EF,nodularity,and DR predict current infection;map-like redness(MLR)predicts past infection;and atrophy and IM predict current or past infection.Atrophy,IM,and EF all increase the incidence of H.pylori-infected GC.MLR is a specific risk factor for H.pylori-eradicated GC,while RAC results in less GC.Diffuse-type GC can be induced by active inflammation,which presents as EF,nodularity,and atrophy on endoscopy,as well as neutrophil and mononuclear cell infiltration on histology.In contrast,intestinal-type GC develops via atrophy and IM,and is consistent between endoscopy and histology.However,this GC risk-scoring design needs to be improved.

Contribution of Forest Management Credits in Kyoto Protocol Compliance and Future Perspectives

Article 3 paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of the Kyoto Protocol （KP） allow parties to use credits from land-based activities for offsetting their emission reduction/limitation target committed in the KP. Forest management （FM） is the dominant activity accounted by Annex I parties of the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change in the first commitment period of KP （2008-2012）. Data reported for 2008 and 2009 indicate that over half of the emission reduction target of 24 Annex I parties that expect to use FM removals can be offset by FM credits in the first commitment period. EspeciMly the majority of the emission reduction target of Slovenia, Sweden, Latvia, Finland, Japan, and Croatia may be achieved through FM credits. The total FM CAP as contained in decision 16/CMP.1 in the first commitment period was over-estimated significantly by 50% for all KP parties and 36% for parties that elected FM. Some parties such as Russia, Japan, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland that elected FM activity may benefit largely from the over-estimated CAP. Presuming a significant increase of the harvest rate, the FM reference level （FMRL） for 2013-2020 is only 1/5 of the historical mean value of FM removals even though most parties show an increasing or a steady trend of net removals from 1990 to 2009. As a result Annex I parties would be able to use FM credits in the future that are over 4 times of FM CAP in the first commitment period. This potentiM FM credit would account for 7.7% of total emissions by sources without land use, land-use change and forestry activities （LULUCF） in the base year or 1990, and more Annex I parties would share the ＂benefit＂ from the FMRL accounting approach.

Restructuring the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Mechanism for a Post Kyoto Agreement

With the possibility of a new climate agreement being formed in 2015 at COP 21 in Paris, there is a vital need to restructure REDD+ for formal inclusion into such an agreement. There are two vital questions that need to be assessed if REDD+ is to be effective as a policy tool within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). First, can REDD+ be financially self-sustaining if it remains as a fund based mechanism or will a market based system be more effective? Second, will REDD+ remain primarily a carbon offsetting mechanism or can it also deliver co-benefits (poverty alleviation, biodiversity conservation, and promoting indigenous rights protection)?

Analysis of the Causes of Australia’s Attitude towards Kyoto Protocol--From Howard to Rudd Government

As the country with the highest per capita carbon emissions in the world,Australia’s government,represented by Howard,refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol due to various factors,however,this attitude has undergone a great transformation after the government represented by Kevin Rudd took office,not only to comply with the trend of the times,but also by other factors.This paper will analyze the reasons for the Australian government’s attitude toward the Kyoto Protocol during the Howard and Rudd periods,in order to make some contributions to the environmental protection of other countries.

Kyoto classification of gastritis,virtual chromoendoscopy and artificial intelligence:Where are we going?What do we need?

Chronic gastritis(CG)is a widespread and frequent disease,mainly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection,which is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer.Virtual chromoendoscopy improves the endoscopic diagnostic efficacy,which is essential to establish the most appropriate therapy and to enable cancer prevention.Artificial intelligence provides algorithms for the diagnosis of gastritis and,in particular,early gastric cancer,but it is not yet used in practice.Thus,technological innovation,through image resolution and processing,optimizes the diagnosis and management of CG and gastric cancer.The endoscopic Kyoto classification of gastritis improves the diagnosis and management of this disease,but through the analysis of the most recent literature,new algorithms can be proposed.

Local interests meet global regime:China’s subnational politics in clean development mechanism of Kyoto Protocol

As the Kyoto Protocol enters its second commitment phase,local states are adapting to the new reality.An analysis of the responses of three provincial authorities(Guangdong,Zhejiang and Shanghai)demonstrates that local authorities of China have sought project development that offers capital and technological transfers from Annexe 1 parties made possible by the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM),one of the flexibility mechanisms of the global climate regime.Apart from offering technical advisory and assistance to interested firms,extending fiscal incentives and regulatory supports and leveraging their connections with central counterparts and international partners to facilitate the local market development,Guangdong and Shanghai have also been proactively responding to the changing market and policy outlook of the CDM framework,piloting carbon emissions reduction strategies at the local level to foster their interests.These affirm the relevance of local interests and help complete our understanding of the subnational dynamics underlying the global climate regime.

EU and China: Destined to Be Partners in Shaping the Post-Kyoto Regime?

This paper argues that China and the EU are destined to be partners in fighting for a second period of commitments for global climate change governance and shaping the post-Kyoto regime to meet the anticipated challenges of the 21st century. The basic idea backing this argumentation is the assessment that, in comparison with other nations （the United States, Russia, India, Japan and Canada）, Europe and China would have most to lose if the upgrading of the Kyoto Protocol fails; and conversely, they would have most to win if the regime survives in a modernized form and with a more comprehensive application of international binding commitments. This is to say, the EU and China have no choice but to work together if they want to achieve their respective political objectives relating to the issue of global climate change in a less costly and more effective way.

SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Comparison of inositol phosphates formation and gene expression of Gq alpha subunit in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats

Abstract Objecitve To explore whether phosphoinositide specific phospholipase C (PLC) activation via G protein in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods The VSMCs derived from aortae of SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were loaded for 48 hours with myo inositol. Inositol phosphate release was initiated by the addition of 10 5 mol/L norepinephrine in intact cells or by guanosine 5' 0 (3 thio tri sphosphate) (GTP gamma S) in permeabilized cells. In the meantime, growth arrested VSMCs were stimulated by 10% calf serum for 0, 30, 45, or 60 min, then gene expressions of Gq alpha subunit (G alph a q) were observed. Results There were no significant differences in inositol 1, 4,5 triphosphate (IP 3) level and expression of G alpha q mRNA between quiescent VSMCs from SHR and that from WKY. When stimulated by norepinephrine, IP 3 production increased transiently with a peak level at 10 s in VSMCs from WKY, and a rapid biphasic IP 3 response, which was significantly higher than that of WKY, in VSMCs from SHR had been observed. G proteins activated by GTP gamma S significantly raised IP 3 production in VSMCs from SHR compared to WKY (SHR vs WKY: 234.8%±29.2% vs 142.4%±12.0% of basal IP 3, P<0.05). In addition, the serum effect showed an significant increase in expression of G alpha q mRNA in VSMCs from SHR. Conclusions The hereditary factors are not the only variable regulating IP 3 metabolism and G alpha q gene expression. Influences of multi environmental factors such as vasoactive compounds, together with genetic predisposition, palys an important role in the highly sensitive response of IP 3 production and G alpha q gene over expression in SHR.

当代设计召唤古老文化——Kyoto Hyatt Hotel Regency

"京都是一个容纳日本多种传统文化的城市,但很少人知道这里也充满了崭新的创意及好奇。于是我们尝试混集各种传统形象,并且以新颖的姿态及样式把它们呈现出来。"Super Potato杉本贵志。

Exhibition of Chinese Characters Held in Kyoto

To commemorate the 45th anniversary of the normalization of Sino-Japanese diplomatic relations,a large-scale relics exhibition of Chinese characters titled A Legacy and Marvel Perfected over Three Millennia was presented in Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art from March 24 to April 21.Attending the opening ceremony were Mr Hu Sishe,vice-president of the Chinese People’s Association