Quantitative Flow Visualization by Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry and Pitot Pressure Measurements for Leek Peeler Nozzle Jets

To optimize the leek peeling performance, a new nozzle has been developed in which the nozzle has a design Mach number of 1.68, an inner diameter of 2.0 mm at the throat, and an inner diameter of 2.3 mm at the exit. Experiments have been conducted over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 3.0 to 6.0. Flow field issued from the new nozzle is quantitatively visualized by the rainbow schlieren deflectometry and compared with that from a conventional nozzle. Density fields in the free jets are reconstructed by the Abel inversion method for the schlieren images with the horizontal rainbow filter. The density values at the exit of the conventional nozzle obtained by the rainbow schlieren are compared with the analytical results by the flow model proposed in the past. In addition, Pitot probe surveys along the jet centerline were made to obtain the impact pressure distributions. The Mach number and velocity distributions along the jet centerline are obtained from a combination of the density and Pitot pressure data to clarify the fundamental flow structure of leek peeler nozzle jets.

Occurrence Regularity and Control of Thrips on Leek

[Objective] The paper was to clear the species and occurrence regularity of thrips severely occurred in leek field, and to study the main control methods. [Methods] The species of thrips on leek were identified in Sichuan Province, and the damage symptoms, occurrence regularity and control methods of thrips in leek field were studied. [Result] The morphological characteristic of thrips on leek was Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande). ITS molecular identification results showed that the amplified fragment was 520 bp, which shared the similarity of 99.81% with the base se-quence of F. occidentalis. F. occidentalis concentrated at the height of 80 cm from the ground; in sunny days, the occurrence frequency of F. occidentalis was relatively high during 15:00 and 17:00; rainwater had obvious lethal effect on F. occidentalis, and the lethal rate was 29.30%. Field trial showed that 20% dinotefuran SG and 40% acetamiprid GR had good control effect against F. occidentalis. The control effect of 20% dinotefuran SG 1 500 times dilution was the best, up to 92.56%. [Conclusion] The results will provide effective technical support for large-scale control of thrips in leek field.

Comparative Effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) and Allium porrum (Leek) on Lacerated Wound Isolates

Background: The pharmacological properties of Allium family have been reported to include antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-aging and antilipidemic properties. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Allium sativum and Allium porrum on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms from chronic wound infections. Methods: Ten (10) isolates were obtained from infected open wounds from patients at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University teaching Hospital Amakwu and Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Anambra state, Nigeria. Gram reaction and other biochemical tests namely: Indole, Citrate, Catalase, coagulase and oxidase tests were done for identification of the isolates. The isolates are K. pneumoniae (three), S. aureus (two), Enterococcus (two), P. aeruginosa (two) and E. coli (one). The antibacterial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Allium sativum and Allium porrum were determined using the agar well diffusion method while Gentamicin (10 mcg) and Tetracycline (30 mcg) were used as positive controls. Result: The results of the study showed that the ethanolic extract of Allium sativum (500 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml) respectively had an inhibitory effect on all the bacteria isolates under study, except a strain of P. aeruginosa which was also resistant to Allium porrum and the conventional antibiotics (Gentamicin and Tetracycline) used as positive controls. The ethonolic extract of Allium porrum (500 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml) respectively inhibited all the bacteria under investigation except one strain of P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Worthy of note is that the extracts of both plants inhibited two (2) strains of K. pneumoniae and one (1) strain of S. aureus that were resistant to Gentamicin and Tetracycline. The combination of these two plant extracts did not produce any synergistic effects. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that extracts of Allium sativum and Allium porrum possess antibacteria properties and could serve as alternatives to conventional antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections from wounds.

Antibacterial Effects of Water Extracts of Various Broadleaf Wild Leeks （Allium ampeloprasum）

There are numerous reports regarding the antimicrobial effects of herbal extracts on bacteria and fungi. We have prepared water extracts of Wild Leek （A. ampeloprasum var. porrum）, Kurrat （A. ampeloprasum var. kurrat） and Elephant Garlic （A. ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum） by rotary vacuum distillation. As a result, the extraction was carried out in 40 ℃ thus omitting any risk of loss of anti-bacterial activity due to high temperatures reported in prior similar studies [ 1]. The five bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested against the extracts. While some extent of inhibition was observed when the bacteria were cultured in presence of the leek and kurrat extracts, elephant garlic was determined to possess an extreme inhibitory quality against all the aforementioned bacteria, completely inhibiting the growth of the bacteria after 24 hrs of culture in exposure to the extract. We propose that elephant garlic extract could be an effective alternative to chemical antibiotic treatments and disinfectants in hospital and other settings in which infections are common.

Dissipation behavior, residue distribution and dietary risk assessment of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek using RRLC-QqQ-MS/MS technique

Commercial suspension emulsion(SE) of(8% chlorfenapyr + 20% clothianidin), as a pre-registered product in China, was firstly investigated under Chinese open-field conditions. A MWCNTs-based QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek was established and validated through rapid resolution liquid chromatography triples quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(RRLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Based on this method, the dissipation behaviors, residue distributions and dietary risk probability of these fungicides in leek from two representative locations in China in 2016, which were previously treated with these insecticides at the doses of 420–630 g a.i./ha twice applications, were further investigated for food safety. Dissipation behavior of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek followed first-order kinetics with the half-lives of 2.9–7.2 days, and the highest residues(HR) of these insecticides in leek were below 0.3811 mg/kg and 0.2989 mg/kg, respectively, at the pre-harvest interval(PHI, 7 days). For dietary risk assessments, the risk quotients(RQs) of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek were evaluated by comparing the value of national estimated daily intake(NEDI) with acceptable daily intake(ADI), based on the trials data under good agricultural practices(GAP) conditions. The results indicated that RQs of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek were21.5% and 0.29%, respectively, which exhibited an acceptably low health risk to leek consumption. The current study could not only guide reasonable usage of the formulation, but also facilitate the setting of maximum residue limits(MRLs) of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek for Chinese

Research and application of leek roots in medicinal field

Some Chinese herbs have been used to prevent and treat diseases,and are also used as common food ingredients.These Chinese herbs are potential resource for research and development of new drugs.Leek roots is a typical medicine of food and medicine continuum.It has a long history of medicinal applications and edible food in China.In this paper,the origin,biological active components,pharmacological action and clinical application of leek roots were introduced.We hope that this review will contribute to the development of leek roots for pharmaceutical research and clinical applications,as well as related health products.

The combined effect of ultrasound treatment and leek (Allium ampeloprasum) extract on the quality properties of beef

One of the most important physicochemical properties of meat is its tenderness.The impact of Leek (Allium ampeloprasum ) extract and ultrasound on meat quality and molecular weight distribution of Longissimus lumborum muscles was studied.Samples have been treated with ultrasound (100 and 300 W during 10,20,and 30 min) and Leek-derived exogenous proteases (16.9 and 33.8U/g) simultaneously and separately.The combined effect of enzyme and ultrasound in 10 and 20 min increased the pH value.It was also increased the proteolytic activity of meat.Regarding meat quality,the filtering residues,cooking loss,shear force,and hardness were reduced;water-binding capacity,emulsion capacity,and emulsion stability were improved.The electrophoretic pattern of myofibrillar proteins showed the muscle fibers were severely degraded in the combined treatments.It can be concluded that this process could be used as an alternative to the chemical tenderizing agents in the meat industry.

韭菜培土机设计与试验

根据农艺需求,韭菜进入动态生长期后要进行2~3次培土工作,且随着韭菜假茎不断长高,培土高度也不断增加。为此,针对国内外现有中耕培土机培土易损伤韭菜茎叶、扶苗困难、不适合韭菜多次培土的问题,设计了一种韭菜培土机,经过对扶苗装置、培土刀的理论研究,确定了工作参数,并采用离散元法模拟了韭菜培土过程,分析了培土装置作业参数对土壤颗粒各轴向运动速度和垄上颗粒数量的影响。通过数据处理软件对田间试验结果进行分析,得到了最优组合参数,即刀具转速为370r/min、内挡土板展开角为93°、外挡土板展开角为68°、培土宽度为365mm、培土厚度为94mm、韭菜真叶土壤覆盖量为72g。

韭菜新品种棚选18号的选育

棚选18号韭菜是以不育系p6c3为母本、自交系38-5-9-18为父本经杂交培育而成的不休眠型韭菜新品种。该品种叶色深绿,植株直立性强,生长速度快,品质优,产量高。株高在41.2~51.8 cm,叶长在41.6~48.4 cm,平均叶宽1.15 cm,最大叶宽1.40 cm,单株叶片数6~8片。露地干籽直播当年可收割2~3茬,667 m^(2)产量3000 kg以上,翌年667 m^(2)产量可达8000 kg以上;温室栽培全年可收割6茬,667 m2年产量12500 kg以上。粗纤维含量(w,后同)1.0 g·100 g^(-1)、蛋白质含量1.72 g·100 g^(-1)、胡萝卜素含量2.10×103μg·100 g^(-1),钙含量54.4 mg·100 g^(-1),铁含量1.17 mg·100 g^(-1),磷含量22.5 mg·100 g^(-1)。该品种适合于河北省廊坊市、石家庄市、衡水市及京津地区等生态条件类似地区种植。2023年通过河北省种子总站认定。

基于网络药理学和分子对接探究韭菜籽治疗肾阳亏虚的机制

利用网络药理学、生物信息学和分子对接技术,全面解析韭菜籽治疗肾阳亏虚的分子机制。首先使用TCMSP数据库筛选韭菜籽潜在靶点及活性成分,借助OMIM数据库和Genecards数据库整合疾病靶点,使用Venny2.1.0工具构建韦恩图,获得交集靶点。再通过STRING11.0数据库探究药物与疾病交集靶点的互作关系,利用DAVID数据库对交集靶点进行GO富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析。最后使用Cytoscape3.9.1软件构建韭菜籽的活性成分-靶点-通路网络图,选用AutoDock Tools软件对蛋白与成分进行分子对接验证。研究表明,通过筛选得到4个活性成分,确定了41个作用靶标,反式贡多糖酸和β-谷甾醇被确认为主要活性成分。富集分析显示其主要通过调控编码炎症相关靶蛋白发挥作用,涉及神经活性配体-受体相互作用、钙信号通路、癌症相关通路、神经退行性疾病、环磷酸腺苷通路等。分子对接发现,韭菜籽中关键活性成分通过氢键与靶蛋白结合,主要通过与Asn-35、Thr-272、Lys-297和Glu-140等氨基酸残基结合调控靶点表达。

韭菜收获机圆盘切割装置设计与试验

针对现有韭菜收割机作业时出现的不完整、漏割等问题,结合韭菜的物理特性,设计一种兼具扶禾、切割、收集组合式韭菜收集机械。对关键部件圆盘刀进行结构参数、运动参数的确定,开展切割理论分析;利用MATLAB软件,选取机具作业速度分别为0.2 m/s、0.3 m/s、0.4 m/s、0.5 m/s,对切割圆盘进行运动仿真,得到不同作业速度下的切割区域变化规律;以机具的作业速度为试验因素,以割台损失率、漏割损失率为指标,进行单因素试验,确定机具作业速度范围。结果表明,当韭菜收获机圆盘刀转速为3000 r/min时,作业速度为0.4 m/s,韭菜切割收获装置性能最优,此时韭菜割台损失率均值为2.8%、漏割损失率均值为2.2%。

不同韭菜品种营养品质评价分析

为充分利用韭菜资源,筛选营养品质较高的韭菜品种,对7个青韭品种、3个韭黄品种共10个样品进行营养品质评价分析,测定氨基酸、可溶性淀粉及矿物质含量等13项营养品质指标,运用差异显著性分析、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和模糊隶属函数分析法对韭菜营养品质进行综合评价。结果表明:10个样品的13项营养品质指标差异显著,系统聚类分析将10个样品分为3类。第Ⅰ类为20-CJ37-1、20-CJ36-1、20-CJ17、20-CJ38;第Ⅱ类为21-CJ43、20-CJ37、20-CJ8、20-CJ26、20-CJ38-1;第Ⅲ类为20-CJ1。主成分分析提取了韭菜品质综合评价的3个主成分,获得总游离氨基酸、可溶性淀粉、含水量、可溶性蛋白、热值5个营养品质评价指标。通过模糊隶属函数模型分析表明20-CJ17、20-CJ36-1、20-CJ26的营养品质较高。

‘大金钩’韭菜消费评价调查及产业发展建议

‘大金钩韭菜’是山东省高密市夏庄镇优良地方品种,为全面了解‘大金钩韭菜’的消费现状以及消费者对‘大金钩韭菜’的评价,本文设计了网络问卷,通过调查消费者的购买习惯以及对‘大金钩韭菜’的评价等,分析了‘大金钩韭菜’的消费现状,并提出产业发展建议,为政府部门、科研工作者、韭菜种植户和消费者之间搭建沟通桥梁,以期推动当地以及其他地区韭菜产业的高质量发展。

包装内湿度和顶空气氛对韭菜品质和保质期的影响

分别使用商用的PET膜、自制的透湿性薄膜(A膜)对韭菜进行包装,并加入裸放组作为对比,探讨包装内顶空气氛(氧气和二氧化碳体积分数)和相对湿度(RH)对韭菜常温(26±1)℃下颜色、营养成分与货架期的影响。结果表明,与裸放组、PET组相比,A组建立12%~16%CO_(2)和7%~12%O_(2)的顶空气氛及(86±2)%的湿度环境,较高CO_(2)和低氧气氛及较高湿度(86±2)%利于维持韭菜可溶性固形物和维C含量,降低失水,保持色泽,将韭菜的货架期从2 d延长到4 d。

5%香芹酚水剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的田间防治

【目的】评价5%香芹酚水剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊(Bradysia odoripahaga)田间防效,以及对韭菜生长安全性影响。【方法】以0.3%苦参碱水剂作为对照药剂,通过灌根方式考察5%香芹酚水剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊防治效果,并通过增产率和品质感官评价评估其对韭菜生产安全性。【结果】田间试验表明,在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发生初期施药1次,药后3~14 d,5%香芹酚水剂450.00 g(a.i.)/hm^(2)、600.00 g(a.i.)/hm^(2)处理对韭菜保株效果维持在49.10%~85.60%,药后21 d韭蛆虫口减退率和防治效果最高达76.26%和84.32%,对韭菜增产率达14.59%。【结论】5%香芹酚水剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊具有较好防治效果,对韭菜生长安全,可作为防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的绿色杀虫剂推广应用。

细叶韭花化学成分及生物活性的研究进展

细叶韭(花)为百合科植物,是一种新型医食同源调味品资源,在北方地区的食用历史悠久。国内外的学者对常见葱属植物的研究较多,近年来细叶韭开始被国内学者关注。因细叶韭花含有多种活性物质,包括黄酮类、含硫化合物、蛋白质、维生素等,具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、软化血管和防治肿瘤等功效,是开发功能性食品的优质天然资源。对细叶韭花的化学成分,抗氧化与抗菌作用的相关研究进展进行综述,并对其今后的研究方向进行探讨,以期为细叶韭(花)开发相关功能性食品或其利用提供参考。

韭菜产业高质量发展全产业链标准体系构建

为了促进我国韭菜产业高质量发展,结合我国韭菜生产现状,对现行韭菜产业标准进行了详细的梳理和分析,厘清了现行韭菜标准之间的关系,指出了现行韭菜标准存在的问题。自2018年《中华人民共和国标准化法》修订后,韭菜产业标准在数量上有了较大的飞跃,以山东省较为突出;从标题看,我国现行韭菜标准,涉及韭菜产前、产中、产后的多个环节,多数标准集中在产中和产后环节,产中和产后标准分别有72项、40项,分别占全部标准的62.07%、34.48%,其中生产技术类标准最多;在韭菜的重点虫害(韭蛆或迟眼蕈蚊)防治方面,已经制定5项物理或者生物防治技术规程;但现行韭菜标准并未覆盖韭菜产业全产业链,而且部分标准质量欠佳,部分标准时效性不强,标准评价体系尚不完善。据此提出了完善我国韭菜标准体系的建议,构建了韭菜全产业链标准体系框架。

手扶式韭菜收割机的设计

针对北方小地块以及大棚小面积的韭菜种植模式,结合韭菜生产实际情况及韭菜物理特性,设计了一款适用于大棚、丘壑、梯田、田间套作等小地块环境工作的中小型韭菜收割机械。整机采用手扶自走式结构,由扶禾装置、切割装置、输送装置、传动装置等部件组成,并对关键部件进行结构设计和参数确定,并利用有限元分析软件对机架和割刀结构进行有限元分析,得出各部件在工作时的应力分布图和模态分析图。结果表明,机架在承受相应载荷时所承受的最大应力为小于材料的许用应力,割刀在作业过程中不会发生共振现象;因此机架和割刀结构均满足设计强度要求和稳定性要求。

用组培方法繁殖韭菜雄性不育无性系的研究简报

韭菜(Allium tuberosum Rottler)是以营养体叶片为商品,具有较强的分蘖能力,可以用分株方法繁殖的多年生蔬菜。我国有众多韭菜地方品种和新育成的品种,如能在韭菜品种中找到雄性不育株,以组培快繁技术建立雄性不育系的无性系,其后再利用田间分株繁殖与组培快繁并进的方法扩大不育系群体,加之韭菜又可以在良好的栽培条件下生长20年至30年,使利用雄性不育系的无性系生产一代杂交种具有实用意义。

不同种植方式下韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发生为害规律的研究

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊 (BradysiaodoriphagaYangetZhang)是为害韭菜、葱、蒜的主要害虫之一。通过研究明确了河北省中南部地区韭菜露地栽培和温棚栽培方式下 ,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊不同的发生、为害规律。露地栽培韭菜田中 ,韭蛆 1年发生 5代 ,为害高峰为春、秋两季 ;温棚栽培韭菜田中 ,1年发生 6代 ,冬季扣棚以后是该虫为害高峰 ,而掀棚后从春季到秋季养茬这段时间 ,成虫和幼虫发生量很小 ,为害极轻。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的发育速度及年发生代数主要受温度影响 ,而土壤湿度是决定其发生数量的关键因素。