Dermatoscope for the diagnosis of erythema with purpura induced by lidocaine/prilocaine cream:A case report

BACKGROUND Lidocaine/prilocaine(EMLA)cream is a local anesthetic that is applied to the skin or mucosa during painful therapeutic procedures with few reported side effects.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report the use of dermatoscopy to identify a case of erythema with purpura,a rare side effect,after the application of 5%EMLA cream.CONCLUSION We conclude that erythema with purpura is caused by irritation and toxicity associated with EMLA,but the specific mechanism by which the toxic substance affects skin blood vessels is unclear.In response to this situation and for cosmetic needs,we recommend tranexamic acid,in addition to routine therapy,to prevent changes in pigmentation in patients with dermatitis.

Analysis of the Effects of Local Injection of Epinephrine and Lidocaine on Postoperative Pain and Bleeding in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy

Objective:To explore the effects of local injection of epinephrine and lidocaine on postoperative pain and bleeding in children undergoing tonsillectomy.Methods:Sixty-eight children who underwent a tonsillectomy in our hospital from March 2019 to October 2020 were selected.The children were randomly divided into two groups of 34 cases each.The observation group received local anesthetic injections of lidocaine and the control group received local anesthetic injections of epinephrine.The postoperative pain,operation time,blood pressure changes,and intraoperative blood loss of the two groups of children were observed and analyzed.Results:The postoperative pain,operation time,and intraoperative blood loss scores of the children in the observation group were 4.36±0.69,0.36±0.09,and 39.36±1.78 respectively,which were significantly better than those of the children in the control group(P<0.05)at 5.36±0.77,0.79±0.05,and 45.36±1.56,respectively.The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the observation group 3 minutes before surgery and 180 minutes after surgery were no different from those of the control group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Local injection of epinephrine and lidocaine effectively relieved postoperative pain and reduced bleeding in children undergoing tonsillectomy as compared to epinephrine alone.

The Effect of pH on the Permeation of Lidocaine Hydrochloride Across Excised Rat Skin

The effect of pH on the permeation of Lidocaine hydrochloride (LH) across excised rat skin was studied, the steady state flux (JSS) at different pH being determined using improved Valia-Chien diffusion cells. JSS increased substantially when pH was close to the pKa of LH. The profile of JSS versus pH showed an 慡?shaped curve. JSS of Lidocaine free base (LFB) was fourteen times that of LH. The pH of vehicle influences the permeation of LH significantly and should be considered as an important factor when a formulation is developed.

Effect of TRPV1 combined with lidocaine on cell state and apoptosis of U87-MG glioma cell lines

Objective:To study the effects of Transient receptor potential cation channel,subfamily V,member 1(TRPV1) combined with lidocaine on status and apoptosis of U87-MG glioma cell line,and explore whether local anesthetic produces neurotoxicity by TRPVI.Methods:U87-MG cells were divided into control group,gene silencing group,empty vector group and TRPV gene up-rcgulation group.For cells in each group,flow cytometry was employed to detect the intracellular calcium ion concentration and mitochondrial membrane potential at different lime point from cellular perspective.Cell apoptosis of U87-MG was assayed by flow cytometry and MTT from a holistic perspective.Results:Calcium ion concentration increased along with time.The concentration in TRPV1 gene up-regulation group was significantly higher than those in other groups at each time point(P<0.05).After adding lidocaine.mitochondrial membrane potential in U87-MG significantly increased(P<0.05).This increasing trend in TRPV1 gene up-regulation group was more significant than other groups(P<0.05).while in TRPV1 gene silencing group,the trend significantly decreased(P<0.05).Flow cytometry result and MTT result both showed that cell apoptosis in each group significantly increased after lidocaine was added(P<0.05).This increasing trend in TRPV1 gene up-regulation group was more significant than other groups(P<0.05),while in TRPV1 gene silencing group,the trend significandy decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,apoptosis was more severe along with the increasing concentration of lidocaine(P<0.05).Conclusions:In this study,it was proved that lidocaine could dose-dependently induce the increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration,mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis in U87-MG glioma cell line.The up-regulation of TRPV1 enhanced cytotoxicity of lidocaine,which revealed the correlations between mem.Lidocaine might have increased intracellular calcium ion concentration by activating TRPVI gene and induced apoptosis of U87-GM glioma cell line by up-regulating mitochondrial membrane potential.

Effect of Lidocaine and Amiodarone on Transmural Heterogeneity of Ventricular Repolarization in Isolated Rabbit Hearts Model of Sustained Global Ischemia

Summary： To study the effect of of lidocaine and amiodarone on the transmural heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization in isolated rabbit hearts model of sustained global ischemia and to explore the mechanisms underlying the antiarrhythmic activity of lidocaine and amiodarone, rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups： control group, ischemia group, lidocaine group and amiodarone group. By the monophasic action potential （MAP） recording technique, MAPs of epicardium, midmyocardium and endocardium were simultaneously recorded across the left ventricular free wall in rabbit hearts perfused by low-flow ischemia （2. 5 mL/min） in Langendorff method to study the transmural dispcrsion of repolarization （TDR） and arrhythmic induced by ischemia.Our results showed that TDR of three myocardial layers in ischemia group were significantly lengthened after ischemia. TDR was increased from 17.5±3.9 ms to 31.2±4.6 ms at the time that concided with the onset of sustained ventricle arrhythmic. Amiodarone could decrease TDR, but lidocaine could increase TDR at initial ischemia, and no significant difference was found at other ischemia time points. 5 cases had ventriclar arrhythmia in ischemia group （62. 5%）, but no case in lidocaine group （P〈0.01） and only 1 case in amiodarone group had ventrilar arrhythmia （P〈 0.01）. No significant difference was found between amiodarone group and lidocaine group. It is concluded that TDR of of three myocardial layers increases significantly at ischemia and it is closely associated with development of ventricular arrhythmia, and amiodarone could decrease TDR, but lidocaine could increase TDR at initial ischemia and has no effects at other ischemia time points.

Local anesthetic lidocaine induces apoptosis in human corneal stromal cells in vitro

AIM:To demonstrate the apoptosis-inducing effect of iidocalne on human corneal stromal(HCS)cells fn vitm,and provide experimental basis for safety anesthetic usage In clinic of ophthalmology.METHODS:In vitro cultured HCS cells were treated with lidocaine at different doses and times,and their morphology was monitored successively with inverted phase contrast microscopy.The membrane permeability of them was detected by acridine orange/ethidium bromide(AO/EB)double staining.The DNA fragmentation of them was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis,and their ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM),respectively.RESULTS:Exposure to lidocaine at doses from0.3125g/L to 20g/L induced morphological changes of HCS cells such as cytoplasmic vacuolation,cellular shrinkage,and turning round,and elevated membrane permeability of these cells in AO/EB staining.The change of morphology and membrane permeability was doseand time-dependent,while lidocaine at dose below0.15625g/L could not induce these changes.Furthermore,lidocaine induced DNA fragmentation and ultrastructural changes such as cytoplasmic vacuolation,structural disorganization,chromatin condensation,and apoptotic body appearance of the cells.CONCLUSION:Lidocaine has significant cytotoxicity on human corneal stromal cells in vitro in a dose-and time-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis of these cells.The established experimental model and findingsbased on this model here help provide new insight into the apoptosis-inducing effect of local anesthetics in eye clinic.

Intracameral lidocaine as supplement to classic topical anesthesia for relieving ocular pain in cataract surgery

AIM: To evaluate safety, efficacy, and patient adherence of intracameral lidocaine as supplement of classic topical anesthetic drops in cataract surgery.METHODS: A prospective and controlled trial including a large cohort of 1650 individuals suffering with bilateral cataract not complicated, in program by phacoemulsification surgery, were randomly assigned to 2 different groups for the type of anesthesia received, 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride(INN) drops, and INN drops associated to intracameral 1% lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate. At the end of surgery, tables were assigned to each patient indicating the degree of pain(0-3) felt during the operation.RESULTS: Thirty-two percent of patients in group 1 declared to have not felt any pain against the 77% of patients in group 2. Fifty-nine percent of patients in group 1 complained about only a slight discomfort against 20% of group 2 patients. Only a small percentage of patients in group 1(5%) admitted severe pain, while no patient in group 2 admitted severe pain. Four patients of group 2 reported an episode of transient amaurosis, lasting several hours after surgery.CONCLUSION: Intracameral administration of lidocaine is a simple and secure method able to increase the analgesia during the cataract surgery, eliminating the discomfort and increasing also the cooperation of the patients during the steps of manipulation.

Usefulness of applying lidocaine in esophagogastroduodenoscopy performed under sedation with propofol

AIM:To determine whether topical lidocaine benefits esophagogastroduoduenoscopy(EGD) by decreasing propofol dose necessary for sedation or procedurerelated complications.METHODS:The study was designed as a prospective,single centre,double blind,randomised clinical trial and was conducted in 2012 between January and May(NCT01489891).Consecutive patients undergoing EGD were randomly assigned to receive supplemental topical lidocaine(L;50 mg in an excipient solution which was applied as a spray to the oropharynx) or placebo(P;taste excipients solution without active substance,similarly delivered) prior to the standard propofol sedation procedure.The propofol was administered as a bolus intravenous(iv) dose,with patients in the L and P groups receiving initial doses based on the patient’s American Society of Anaesthesiologists(ASA) classification(ASAⅠ-Ⅱ:0.50-0.60 mg/kg;ASA Ⅲ-Ⅳ:0.25-0.35 mg/kg),followed by 10-20 mg iv dose every 30-60 s at the anaesthetist’s discretion.Vital signs,anthropometric measurements,amount of propofol administered,sedation level reached,examination time,and the subjective assessments of the endoscopist’s and anaesthetist’s satisfaction(based upon a four point Likert scale) were recorded.All statistical tests were performed by the Stata statistical software suite(Release 11,2009;StataCorp,LP,College Station,TX,United States).RESULTS:No significant differences were found between the groups treated with lidocaine or placebo in terms of total propofol dose(310.7 ± 139.2 mg/kg per minute vs 280.1 ± 87.7 mg/kg per minute,P = 0.15) or intraprocedural propofol dose(135.3 ± 151.7 mg/kg per minute vs 122.7 ± 96.5 mg/kg per minute,P = 0.58).Only when the L and P groups were analysed with the particular subgroups of female,【 65-year-old,and lower anaesthetic risk level(ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ) was a statistically significant difference found(L:336.5 ± 141.2 mg/kg per minute vs P:284.6 ± 91.2 mg/kg per minute,P = 0.03) for greater total propofol requirements).The total incidence of complications was also similar between the two groups,with the L group showing a complication rate of 32.2%(95%CI:21.6-45.0) and the P group showing a complication rate of 26.7%(95%CI:17.0-39.0).In addition,the use of lidocaine had no effect on the anaesthetist’s or endoscopist’s satisfaction with the procedure.Thus,the endoscopist’s satisfaction Likert assessments were equally distributed among the L and P groups:unsatisfactory,[L:6.8%(95%CI:2.2-15.5) vs P:0%(95%CI:0-4.8);neutral,L:10.1%(95%CI:4.2-19.9) vs P:15%(95%CI:7.6-25.7)];satisfactory,[L:25.4%(95%CI:10-29.6) vs P:18.3%(95%CI:15.5-37.6);and very satisfactory,L:57.6%(95%CI:54-77.7) vs P:66.6%(95%CI:44.8-69.7)].Likewise,the anaesthetist’s satisfaction Likert assessments regarding the ease of maintaining a patient at an optimum sedation level without agitation or modification of the projected sedation protocol were not affected by the application of lidocaine,as evidenced by the lack of significant differences between the scores for the placebo group:unsatisfactory,L:5.8%(95%CI:1.3-13.2) vs P:0%(95%CI:0-4.8);neutral,L:16.9%(95%CI:8.9-28.4) vs P:16.7%(95%CI:8.8-27.7);satisfactory,L:15.2%(95%CI:7.7-26.1) vs P:20.3%(95%CI:11.3-31.6);and very satisfactory,L:62.7%(95%CI:49.9-74.3) vs P:63.3%(95%CI:50.6-74.7).CONCLUSION:Topical pharyngeal anaesthesia is safe in EGD but does not reduce the necessary dose of propofol or improve the anaesthetist’s or endoscopist’s satisfaction with the procedure.

Comparison of 1.5% lidocaine and 0.5% ropivacaine epidural anesthesia combined with propofol general anesthesia guided by bispectral index

Objective： To compare the effects of epidural anesthesia with 1.5% lidocaine and 0.5% ropivacaine on propofol requirements, the time to loss of consciousness （LOC）, effect-site propofol concentrations, and the hemodynamic variables during induction of general anesthesia guided by bispectral index （BIS） were studied. Methods： Forty-five patients were divided into three groups to receive epidurally administered saline （Group S）, 1.5% （w/w） lidocaine （Group L）, or 0,5% （w/w） ropivacaine （Group R） Propofol infusion was started to produce blood concentration of 4 lag/ml. Once the BIS value reached 40-50, endotracheal intubation was facilitated by 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium. Measurements included the time to LOC, effect-site propofol concentrations, total propofol dose, mean arterial blood pressure （MABP）, and heart rate （HR） at different study time points. Results： During induction of anesthesia, both Groups L and R were similar for the time to LOC, effect-site propofol concentrations, total propofol dose, MABP, HR, and BIS. The total doses of propofol administered until 1 min post-intubation were significantly less in patients of Groups R and L compared with Group S. MABP and HR were significantly lower following propofol induction compared with baseline values in the three groups, or MABP was significantly increased following intubation as compared with that prior to intubation in Group S but not in Groups R and L while HR was significantly increased following intubation in the three groups. Conclusion： Epidural anesthesia with 1.5% lidocaine and 0.5% ropivacaine has similar effects on the time to LOC, effect-site propofol concentrations, total propofol dose, and the hemodynamic variables during induction of general anesthesia.

Posterior lingual lidocaine: A novel method to improve tolerance in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

AIM: To evaluate the effect of posterior lingual lidocaine swab on patient tolerance to esophagogastro-duodenoscopy, the ease of performance of the procedure, and to determine if such use will reduce the need for intravenous sedation. METHODS: Eighty patients undergoing diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy in a tertiary care medical center were randomized to either lidocaine swab or spray. Intravenous meperidine and midazolam were given as needed during the procedure. RESULTS: Patients in the lidocaine swab group (SWG) tolerated the procedure better than those in the spray group (SPG) with a median tolerability score of 2 (1, 4) compared to 4 (2, 5) (P < 0.01). The endoscopists encountered less diffi culty performing the proceduresin the SWG with lower median difficulty scores of 1 (1, 5) compared to 4 (1, 5) in the SPG (P < 0.01). In addition, the need for intravenous sedation was also lower in the SWG compared to the SPG with fewer patients requiring intravenous sedation (13/40 patients vs 38/40 patients, respectively, P < 0.01). The patients in the SWG were more satisfi ed with the mode of local anesthesia they received as compared to the SPG. In addition, the endoscopists were happier with the use of lidocaine swab. CONCLUSION: The use of a posterior lingual lidocaine swab in esophagogastroduodenoscopy improves patient comfort and tolerance and endoscopist satisfaction and decreases the need for intravenous sedation.

Inhibitory effects of lidocaine on cerebral vasospasm in a rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Following subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasoconstrictor substances, cellular apoptosis, blood coagulation, and vascular cell proliferation affect the onset of cerebral vasospasm. Previous studies from our laboratory have revealed that injection of lidocaine （2 mg） into the cisterna magna reduces cerebral vasospasm and nerve functional impairment in an animal model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The present study determined the optimal lidocaine dose for vasospasm and brain injury by injecting different doses of lidocaine into the cisterna magna in a rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results showed that endothelin, tumor necrosis factor-a, and interleukin-6 levels significantly increased in plasma, and calcitonin gene-related peptide levels significantly decreased in plasma （P 〈 0.05）. The number of neurons was decreased, the number of cells expressing c-Fos increased in the hippocampus, and cross-sections and diameters of basilar arteries were reduced （P 〈 0.05）. These changes significantly improved following injection of lidocaine （1,2, 4, and 6 mg） into the cisterna magna. A dose of 6 mg lidocaine into the cisterna magna resulted in optimal effects on cerebral vasospasm and brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Why Labor Epidural Causes Fever and Why Lidocaine Burns on Injection? Role of TRPV 1 Receptor in Hyperthermia: Possible Explanation of Mechanism of Hyperthermia during Labor Epidural and Burning Sensation on Injection of Local Anesthetics

The mechanisms of epidural-associated fever remain incompletely understood [1-3]. We propose that action of local anesthetic on TPRV1. The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor can explain this effect and explain mechanism of burning sensation on local anesthetic injected subcutaneously or intramuscular. Role of TRPV1 receptor was not discussed previously in Obstetric Anesthesia literature. Based on available data, we propose that Local Anesthetics work as agonist/antagonist on TPRV1 receptors. Antagonist action may cause hyperthermia through modifying thermoregulation [4], agonist action may cause hyperthermia thru release of IL-6 and other mediators of inflammation [5-10]. Agonist action may explain burning sensation on injection of Local Anesthetics. Burning sensation can be diminished by increasing pH of Local Anesthetic solution, because vanillin receptors are stimulated by acidification through lower pH [11,12].

Effect of diltiazem and lidocaine on arterial pressure or heart rate and the quality of extubation in patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

Objective：To evaluate the effect of diltiazem and lidocaine on arterial pressure or heart rate and the quality of extubation in patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Methods： Sixty patients were randomly divided into 4 groups： In the control group patients were given saline; in the lidocaine group patients were given 1.0 mg/kg lidocaine ; in the diltiazem group patients were given 0. 2 mg/kg diltiazem; and in the lidocaine plus diltiazem group patients were given 1.0 mg/kg lidocaine and 0. 2 mg/kg diltiazem. These drugs were given 2 rain before tracheal extuhation. Values for SBP, DBP, and HR were recorded, on arriving at the operating room, immediately at the end of the surgery, at the time of injection of the study drugs, at tracheal extubation, at 1 min and 5 min after extubation. The quality of extubation according to the Sebel＇s grading scale were compared among the 4 groups. Results：During extubation in the control group HR, SBP and DBP increased significantly when compared to baseline levels. Both lidocaine （1.0 mg/kg） and diltiazem （0. 2 mg/kg） successfully alleviated these increases. The suppressive effect of diltiazem was greater than that of lidocaine. The combinative use of the two drugs minimized the increases. The administration of lidocaine significantly suppressed bucking or coughing compared with the other groups. Conclusions： The pressor responses and tachycardia occurring in patients with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty during emergence from anesthesia and tracheal extubation, can be easily blocked by a bolus dose of 1.0 mg/kg lidocaine, 0. 2 mg/kg diltiazem or the comhinative use of the two drugs. And the concurrent use of lidocaine and diltiazem alleviated the hemodynamic changes more obviously.

Intracuff alkalinized lidocaine to prevent postoperative airway complications:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Post-extubation cough is a common phenomenon in surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia,which can lead to potentially dangerous complications.In this meta-analysis,we evaluated the efficacy and safety of intracuff alkalinized lidocaine in patients with tracheal intubation to prevent cough and other airway complications during the perioperative period.AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of intracuff alkalinized lidocaine for the prevention of postoperative airway complications.METHODS PubMed,Embase,Cochrane,and Web of Science were searched for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that compared intracuff alkalinized lidocaine to placebo.We used risk-of-bias assessment to assess the RCTs,and the quality of evidence was assessed using the grading of recommendations,assessment,development,and evaluations.RESULTS Twelve randomized trials(1175 patients)were analyzed.Meta-analysis showed that intracuff alkalinized lidocaine was associated with less cough compared to that produced by placebo[risk ratio(RR):0.38;95%confidence interval(CI):0.23-0.63].Similarly,intracuff alkalinized lidocaine was more effective than the control in reducing postoperative sore throat at 24 h(RR:0.19;95%CI:0.09-0.41)and postoperative hoarseness(RR:0.38;95%CI:0.21-0.69).CONCLUSION Intracuff alkalinized lidocaine is an effective adjuvant that can decrease airway complications,such as coughing,hoarseness,and sore throat.

Comparative efficacy of ketamine,lidocaine,acetaminophen,and dexmedetomidine combined with morphine patient-controlled analgesia in treating opium-addicted patients undergoing tibia fracture surgery:A randomized clinical trial

Objective:To compare the effect of ketamine,lidocaine,acetaminophen,and dexmedetomidine combined with morphine patient-controlled analgesia for opium addicts after tibial fracture surgery.Methods:This double-blind clinical trial included opium-addicted patients undergoing tibia fracture surgery.Patients were recruited and randomized to four different groups including the ketamine group,the lidocaine group,the acetaminophen group,and the dexmedetomidine group.The hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure,and arterial SaO2,alongside visual analog scale pain scores,sedation assessed by Ramsay score,nausea and vomiting,and opioid use were recorded and compared among the four groups.Results:This study included 140 patients,aged 37(32,41)years,with 92 males and 48 females,and each group had 35 patients.Dexmedetomidine-sedated subjects had the lowest blood pressure from 1 to 24 h after surgery,decreased HR at 12 and 24 h after surgery,and more satisfactory sedation(P<0.05).Notwithstanding no significant difference was noted in the pain scores,or nausea and vomiting among the groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:Dexmedetomidine has a better sedation effect compared to ketamine,lidocaine,and acetaminophen for pain control,but the final choice hinges on the patients’physical condition and the anesthesiologist's preference.Clinical registration:It is registered in Iranian Registry Clinical Trial by code IRCT20141209020258N146.

Effects of propofol combined with lidocaine on hemodynamics, serum adrenocorticotropic hormone, interleukin-6, and cortisol in children

BACKGROUND Children are a unique patient population.Anesthesia for pediatric abdominal surgery has long been achieved mainly with intravenous amiodarone and propofol alone or combined with other anesthetics.The incidence of complications and postoperative adverse reactions is relatively high owing to the imperfect development of various protocols for children.Choosing the most appropriate anesthesia program is an important means of reducing adverse reactions.AIM To explore the clinical value of propofol combined with lidocaine-assisted anesthesia in pediatric surgery.METHODS A total of 120 children who underwent abdominal surgery at our hospital from January 2016 to March 2018 were selected and divided into groups A and B using the random number table method,with 60 patients in each group.Group B received ketamine for anesthesia,while group A received ketamine,propofol,and lidocaine.The pre-and postoperative heart rate(HR);mean arterial pressure(MAP);arterial oxygen saturation(SpO_(2));serum adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),interleukin-6(IL-6),and cortisol(Cor)levels;restlessness score during the recovery period[Paediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale(PAED)];and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.RESULTS The HR,MAP,and SpO_(2) Level at five minutes before initiating anesthesia were compared between groups A and B,and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).At 10 and 20 minutes after anesthesia initiation,the HR and MAP were lower in group A compared with group B(P<0.05).The differences in preoperative serum ACTH,IL-6,and Cor levels between groups A and B were not statistically significant(P>0.05);however,the postoperative serum ACTH,IL-6,and Cor levels in group A were lower compared with group B(P<0.05).Furthermore,the visual analog scale scores of group A at 2 h and 8 h postoperative were lower than those in group B,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The mean PAED score in group A was lower than that in group B(P<0.05),and the incidence of restlessness in group A was 23.33%lower than that in group B(36.67%)(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was lower in group A than in group B(6.25%vs 16.25%).CONCLUSION The anesthetic effect of propofol combined with lidocaine and ketamine in pediatric surgery was better than that of ketamine alone,and had less influence on hemodynamics and pediatric stress response indices,lower incidence of restlessness in the recovery period,and lower incidence of adverse reactions.

A Comparative Study between Dexmedetomidine Alone versus Combined Low Dose of Dexmedetomidine and Lidocaine for the Hemodynamic Response to Endotracheal Extubation in Patient Undergoing Abdominal Surgery—A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Background: Tracheal extubation is related to many side effects of hemodynamic, especially for patients with comorbid states. The study compared the validity of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg and low combination dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg plus Lidocaine 1 mg/kg in softening hemodynamic stress response and estimated quality of extubation in study groups. Materials and Methods: The patients in our study, one hundred and fifty of both gender, ASA class I &II patients, aged 20 - 50 years old subject to elective abdominal operations under general anesthesia were allocated into three equal groups. Anesthetic technique was standardized. Before extubation by 10 minutes, the patients in Group N, D, and DL have given 0.9% normal Saline intravenous bolus infusion, dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg and Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg, respectively within a 10-minute period. Before complete extubation by 90 seconds, in the three groups by syringe ten cc volumes and at time of extubation, Group N and D patients received 0.9% normal Saline intravenous bolus infusion, but in Group DL received Lidocaine 1 mg/kg then extubation completed. Heart rate (HR), Diastolic BP (DBP), Systolic BP (SBP), and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) were noted at baseline, at the reverse, extubation, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min and at the regular times after that for two hours. Extubation quality was assessed by extubation quality scale. Aldrete’s recovery score and Ramsay sedation score were also recorded and also any complications were noted and recorded. Results: All the hemodynamic parameters significantly elevated extubation and numerous periods of observation in the normal saline group than dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine plus Lidocaine group (p-value = 0.001). Response of tachycardia was seen in 41 (82%) in patients of N group, compared to 18 (36%) and 20 (40%) in D & DL group respectively (p = 0.001). Hypertensive response statistically significant noticed in 40 (80%) patients of N group, 9 (18%) of D group and 12 (24%) of DL group (p = 0.001). Tachycardia duration and the response of hypertension were significantly prolonged in the control group. As regards extubation quality, the three groups differed in D Groups (1.93 ± 0.57) and DL (1.51 ± 0.57) had decreased scores compared to group N (2.67 ± 0.48) modulating smoother extubation (p Conclusion: Low combined dose of (Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg plus Lidocaine 1 mg/kg) IV was useful as much as Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg IV in softening hemodynamic stress responses during emergence.

A Comparative Study of Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion, Gabapentin and Their Combination on Postoperative Analgesia after Thyroid Surgery

Objective: This prospective randomized study aimed to evaluate the effect of IV lidocaine infusion or gabapentin and their combination in providing efficient analgesia after thyroid surgery. Methods: Eighty-eight patients scheduled for thyroidectomy were randomized into four equal groups (n = 22). Group P (placebo) patients received placebo capsules 1 h preoperatively and intravenous (IV) saline infusion. Group L (Lidocaine): patients received placebo capsules 1 h preoperatively and IV bolus lidocaine 1.0 mg/kg followed by infusion 2 mg/kg/h. Group G (Gabapentin) patients received 600 mg gabapentin capsules 1 h preoperatively and IV saline infusion. Group LG (Lidocaine-Gabapentin) patients received 600 mg gabapentin capsules 1 h preoperatively and IV bolus of 1.0 mg/kg lidocaine followed by infusion 2 mg/kg/h. (lidocaine or saline infusion started before induction of anesthesia and continued until the end of surgery). Intraoperative fentanyl consumption and hemodynamic changes were recorded. Postoperative total tramadol consumption, time to first analgesic request, visual analog scale (VAS) of pain, sedation level, and side effects were assessed for 24 hours. Results: (LG) group had significant lower intraoperative fentanyl and lower postoperative tramadol consumption (p < 0.001) compared to (P), (L) and (G) groups, with prolonged time of first analgesic request (p < 0.001) compared to (P) and (L) groups, and lower VAS compared to other groups (p < 0.001 or p < 0.01). There was significantly lower postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in G & LG groups compared to (P) group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The combination of preoperative gabapentin and intraoperative lidocaine infusion provided more analgesic effect than either drug alone with lower and more delayed postoperative analgesic requirements and lower VAS. (PONV) was lower in groups received gabapentin.

Nebulized lidocaine inhalation in the treatment of patients with acute asthma

BACKGROUND： Lidocaine can promote the apoptosis of eosinophils, which is normallydelayed by IL-5; it has a good effect on serious steroid resistant asthma （SRA）. The study aimed toexplore the effect of nebulized lidocaine inhalation on asthma.METHODS： It was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and prospective study. A totalof 36 patients with acute asthma were divided into groups A1, A2, B1 and B2, with 9 patients in eachgroup. The patients of groups A1 and A2 had steroid resistant asthma （SRA） and those of groups B1and B2 had steroid sensitive asthma （SSA）. Patients in groups A2 and B1 were administered nebulizedlidocaine in addition to routine treatment, while patients in groups A1 and B2 were given nebulizednormal saline apart from routine treatment and served as placebo-controlled groups.RESULTS： There were signifi cant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, and peak fi ow rate andforced expiratory volume in one second between the experimental groups and the placebo-controlledgroups. There was no signifi cant difference between groups A2 and B1, and between A1 and B2.CONCLUSION： Inhaled lidocaine is benefi cial to asthma patients, especially those with steroid-resistant asthma.

Intravesical Non-Alkalinized Lidocaine Instillation for Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Patients

Purpose: The effectiveness of daily or weekly instillation of non-alkalinized lidocaine for patients suffering interstitial cystitis and/or bladder pain syndrome was evaluated retrospectively. Patients and methods: Five female patients (40 - 71 years old) diagnosed as interstitial cystitis by cystoscopic findings and a 68 year-old bladder pain syndrome patient were enrolled. All patients, having interstitial cystitis, had undergone hydrodistention therapy previously and had not improved their symptoms by empirical therapies. Daily or weekly (upon their severity of symptoms) intravesical instillation of 20 ml of 4% non-alkalinized (pH 6.0 - 7.0) lidocaine solution was performed for several times, and patients were asked to keep them in the bladder as long as two hours each time. Previous medications such as anti-cholinergic drugs and analgesics were continued according to patient's requirements and symptoms. The treatment effect was evaluated comparing O'Leary-Sant Symptom Index for interstitial cystitis patients and visual analog pain scale before and after the series of lidocaine therapies. Results: Instillation was made 6 to 16 times. Patients with interstitial cystitis improved their symptoms from O'Leary-Sant Symptom Index 17.5 to 10, Problem Index from 14.8 to 6 in an average. Crouching pain disappeared in all these patients after the instillation therapy. Severe interstitial cystitis findings on cystoscopy disappeared completely in one patient after the therapy. One patient having bladder pain syndrome reduced her analgesics use, and bladder-filling pain decreased from 7 to 3 as a visual analog scale score. One patient complained palpitation at 11th instillation and abandoned treatment thereafter, otherwise, none of these patients showed side effect concerning lidocaine toxicity. Conclusions: Intravesical non-alkalinized lidocaine instillation therapy for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients were an easy, safe and effective treatment.