Effects of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of γ-TiAl alloy fabricated via laser melting deposition

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the as-deposited γ-TiAl-based alloy specimen fabricated via laser melting deposition and as-annealed specimens at different temperatures were investigated.The results show that the microstructure of as-deposited specimen is composed of fineα2(Ti3Al)+γlamellae.With the increase of annealing temperature,the bulk γ m(TiAl)phase gradually changes from single γ phase toγphase+acicularα2 phase,finally small γ phase+lamellar α2+γ phase.Compared with the mechanical properties of as-depositedγ-TiAl alloy(tensile strength 469 MPa,elongation 1.1%),after annealing at 1260℃ for 30 min followed by furnace cooling(FC),the room-temperature tensile strength of the specimen is 543.4 MPa and the elongation is 3.7%,which are obviously improved.

Microstructure and mechanical property of additively manufactured NiTi alloys:A comparison between selective laser melting and directed energy deposition

NiTi shape memory alloy(SMA)with nominal composition of Ni 50.8 at%and Ti 49.2 at%was additively manufactured(AM)by selective laser melting(SLM)and laser directed energy deposition(DED)for a comparison study,with emphasis on its phase composition,microstructure,mechanical property and deformation mechanism.The results show that the yield strength and ductility obtained by SLM are 100 MPa and 8%,respectively,which are remarkably different from DED result with 700 MPa and 2%.The load path of SLM sample presents shape memory effect,corresponding to martensite phase detected by XRD;while the load path of DED presents pseudo-elasticity with austenite phase.In SLM sample,fine grain and hole provide a uniform deformation during tensile test,resulting in a better elongation.Furthermore,the nonequilibrium solidification was studied by a temperature field simulation to understand the difference of the two 3D printing methods.Both temperature gradient G and growth rate R determine the microstructure and phase in the SLM sample and DED sample,which leads to similar grain morphologies because of similar G/R.While higher G×R of SLM leads to a finer grain size in SLM sample,providing enough driving force for martensite transition and subsequently changing texture compared to DED sample.

Effects of WC-Co reinforced Ni-based alloy by laser melting deposition: Wear resistance and corrosion resistance

WC-Co reinforced C276 alloy composite coatings are fabricated on Q235 steel by laser melting deposition.The microstructure,hardness,wear performance,and electrochemical corrosion behavior of composite coating are studied.The results show that WC-Co particles are mostly uniformly distributed in the coating and provide favorable conditions for heterogeneous nucleation.The microstructure of C276/WC-Co composite coatings is composed of γ-Ni solid solution dendrites and MoNi solid solution eutectics.The WC-Co particles can effectively improve the hardness and wear resistance of C276 alloy.The average hardness of the composite coating containing 10-wt% WC-Co(447 HV_(0.2)) are 1.26 times higher than that of the C276 alloy(356 HV_(0.2)).The wear rate of composite coating containing 10-wt% WC-Co(6.95 ×10^(-3) mg/m) is just 3.5% of that of C276 coating(196.23 × 10^(-3) mg/m).However,comparing with Hastelloy C276,the corrosion resistance of C276/WC-Co composite coating decreases.

Simulation and Analysis of Electromagnetic Force in Laser Melting Deposition by Electromagnetic Impact

Magnetic field was introduced in laser melting deposition to reduce the pores in workpieces.Finite 3-D model of the coil-deposition layer-substrate was established.Simulation results show that the electromagnetic force in deposition layer mainly concentrates in the projection area of the coil.Axial electromagnetic force shows repulsion in one cycle.The experimental results indicate that the magnetic field is beneficial for grain refinement,microhardness increasement and decline of quantities and average sizes of pores.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si titanium alloy

A rectangular plate of Ti-6.5A1-3.5Mo-I.5Zr-0.3Si titanium alloy was fabricated by laser melting deposition （LMD） technology. Macrostructure and microstructure were characterized by optical microscope （OM） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Room temperature tensile properties were evaluated. Results indicate that the macro-morphology is dominated by large columnar grains traversing multiple deposited layers. Two kinds of bands, named the wide bands and the narrow bands, are observed. The wide band consists of crab-like a lath and Widmanstatten a colony. The narrow band consists of a lath and transformed ft. The formation mechanism of the two bands was explored. The influence of heat effect caused by subsequent deposition layers on microstructural evolution during deposition process was discussed. The room temperature tensile test demonstrates that the strength of laser deposited Ti-6.5A1-3.5Mo-I.5Zr-0.3Si is comparable to that of wrought bars.

Low cycle fatigue behavior of laser melting deposited TC18 titanium alloy

Low cycle fatigue （LCF） behavior of laser melting deposited （LMD） TC18 titanium alloy was studied at room temperature. Microstructure consisting of fine lamella-like primary α phase and transformed β matrix was obtained by double annealed treatment, and inhomogeneous grain boundaryαphase was detected. Fatigue fracture surfaces and longitudinal sections of LCF specimens were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that more than one crack initiation site can be detected on the LCF fracture surface. The fracture morphology of the secondary crack initiation site is different from that of the primary crack initiation site. When the crack grows along the grain boundaryαphase, continuous grain boundaryαphase leads to a straight propagating manner while discontinuous grain boundaryαphase gives rise to flexural propagating mode.

High-cycle fatigue crack initiation and propagation in laser melting deposited TC18 titanium alloy

This article examines fatigue crack nucleation and propagation in laser deposited TC18 titanium alloy. The Widmanstatten structure was obtained by double-annealing treatment,. High-cycle fatigue （HCF） tests were conducted at room temperature with the stress ratio of 0.1 and the notch concentration factor Kt = 1. Fatigue cracks initiated preferentially at micropores, which had great effect on the HCF properties. The effect decreased with the decrease of pore size and the increase of distance from the pore location to the specimen surface. The crack initiation region was characterized by the cleavage facets of a lamella and the tearing of β matrix. The soft a precipitated-free zone formed along grain boundaries accelerated the crack propagation. Subsurface observation indicated that the crack preferred to propagate along the grain boundary α or border of a lamella or vertical to a lamella.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ti_2Ni_3Si/NiTi Laves alloys

Two Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi Laves phase alloys with chemical compositions of Ni-39Ti-11Si and Ni-42Ti-8Si (%, mole fraction, the same below), respectively, were fabricated by the laser melting deposition manufacturing process, aiming at studying the effect of Ti, Si contents on microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys. The Ni-39Ti-11Si alloy consisting of Ti2Ni3Si primary dendrites and Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi eutectic matrix is a conventional hypereutectic Laves phase alloy while the Ni-42Ti-8Si alloy being made up of NiTi primary dendrites uniformly distributed in Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi eutectic is a new hypoeutectic alloy. Mechanical properties of the alloys were investigated by nano-indentation test. The results show that the decrease of Si and the increase of Ti contents change the microstructures of the alloys from hypereutectic to hypoeutectic, which influences the mechanical properties of the alloys remarkably. Corrosion behaviors of the alloys were also evaluated by potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves.

Microstructure evolution of laser deposited Ti60A titanium alloy during cyclic thermal exposure

Cyclic thermal exposure tests of infrared heating to 800 ℃ in 120 s followed by compressed air cooling to 150 ℃ in 60 s were performed for the laser deposited Ti60A （Ti5.54Al3.38Sn3.34Zr0.37Mo0.46Si） alloy. The effects of thermal exposure cycles on length ofβphase, area fraction ofαphase and microhardness of alloy were examined by OM, SEM and EDS. The results indicate that thermal exposure cycles have significant effects on length ofβphase, area fraction ofαphase and microhardness of the alloy. The original fine basket-weaveβand 78.5%αtransform to transient wedge-likeβ, finally leaving granularβand 97.6%coarsenedαwith the increased thermal exposure cycles. The formation mechanism of coarsenedαand broken-upβmicrostructure is discussed. The alloy after 750 thermal exposure cycles has the maximum microhardness, 33.3%higher than that of the as-deposited alloy.

Influence of Electroshocking Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si Thin-Wall Specimen Manufactured by Laser Melting Deposition

In order to improve the properties of titanium alloys manufactured by laser melting deposition(LMD),the electroshocking treatment(EST)was proposed in this work.The effects of EST on microstructure and mechanical properties of LMD Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si were investigated.The results showed that the width of the heat affected band decreased and disappeared under the thermal and athermal effects of EST,resulting in the uniform microstructure.In the microstructure,theαlaths became coarser gradually,and the quantity ofα/βinterface was reduced.The reduction of the quantity ofα/βinterface leads to make less resistant to dislocation,resulting in the reduction in hardness and strength.The discontinuous grain boundaryαphase and nucleationαcolony near grain boundary inhibited the crack propagation and improved the ductility.Summary,EST can manipulate the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of LMD titanium alloys.

单道多层LMD成形过程沉积尺寸波动分析与预测

激光熔化沉积技术(LMD)可快速制造高性能的复杂结构零件,但是在零件成形过程中存在沉积尺寸不稳定的工艺现象。面向激光熔化单道多层沉积过程,开展实验研究分析了关键工艺参数对沉积尺寸的影响规律。结果表明:同一沉积层内的沉积尺寸整体趋于稳定;由于热累积效应等因素,在接近基板的区域内的不同层间的沉积尺寸整体波动较大,而在堆积到一定层数后尺寸波动减小;进一步分析了不同沉积区域内激光功率和扫描速度与沉积宽度及高度之间的关系,并建立了基于工艺参数的多层沉积尺寸预测模型,模型预测误差在5%以内。该研究为后续激光熔化沉积过程的尺寸稳定控制及工艺参数优化提供了依据。

A novel Ti-5.55Al-6.70Zr-1.50V-0.70Mo-3.41Nb-0.21Si alloy designed using cluster-plus-glue-atom model for laser additive manufacturing

A novel Ti-5.55Al-6.70Zr-1.50V-0.70Mo-3.41Nb-0.21Si alloy was designed using the cluster formula approach(cluster-plus-glue-atom model)and prepared by laser melting deposition(LMD).Its composition formula 12[Al-Ti_(12)](AlTi_(2))+5[Al_(0.8)Si_(0.2)-Ti_(12)Zr_(2)](V_(0.8)Mo_(0.2)Nb_(1)Ti)features an enhancedβ-Ti via co-alloying of Zr,V,Mo,Nb and Si.The experimental results show that the cluster formula ofαandβphases in the novel alloy are respectivelyα-[Al-Ti_(11.5)Zr_(0.5)](Al_(1)Ti_(2))andβ-[Al_(0.8)Si_(0.2)-Ti_(13.2)Zr_(0.8)](V_(1)Mo_(0.4)Nb_(1.6)),both containing Zr elements.The fitted composition via the α andβphase cluster formulas has little difference with the actual alloy composition,suggesting that the validity of cluster-plus-glue-atom model in the alloy composition design.After hot isostatic pressing(HIP),both the Ti-6Al-4V and the novel alloy by LMD are characterized by prior-βcolumnar grains,while the typical<100>texture disappears.Compared with Ti-6Al-4V,Ti-5.55Al-6.70Zr-1.50V-0.70Mo-3.41Nb-0.21Si alloy exhibits a combination of higher strength(1,056 MPa)and higher ductility(14%)at room temperature and higher strength(580 MPa)at 550℃ after HIP,and can potentially serves as LMD materials.

航天高强不锈钢LMD成形缺陷分析及控制

为明晰航天高强不锈钢激光熔化沉积成形过程基础科学问题,推动其在航天液体火箭发动机领域的应用进程,针对航天高强不锈钢LMD成形过程中常见表面焊瘤、气孔、熔合不良等缺陷的形貌特征及产生机理进行深入分析,并提出对应的控制措施:通过优化边框扫描速度促进熔覆道的流动变形,极大减少了成形件侧表面及倾斜面的焊瘤缺陷;使用PREP方法制备粉末材料替代当前GA法制备的粉末材料,成形试件孔隙率降低至0.1%以下,气孔缺陷基本消除;采用提升“层间重熔能力”和减小相邻熔覆道间“沟壑”高度的方法,消除了成形件内部熔合不良缺陷。

激光熔化沉积Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金晶粒尺寸预测及成形工艺优化

通过激光熔化沉积试验分析了工艺条件(送粉速度、扫描速度和激光功率)对Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金晶粒尺寸的影响,构建了晶粒尺寸预测模型,优化了成形工艺参数,给出了工艺参数最佳区间。结果表明,相较于激光功率和扫描速度,送粉速度对晶粒尺寸的影响最为显著;随着成形能量密度的增加,合金晶粒尺寸呈现出先减小后增大的演变趋势;采用回归方程构建的晶粒尺寸-工艺参数关系模型能准确预测不同工艺条件下激光熔化沉积Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的平均晶粒尺寸,相对误差小于2%;通过响应面分析得到工艺参数最佳区间为:送粉速度2.8~3 g·min^(-1)、激光功率1000~1050 W、扫描速度4~5 mm·s^(-1)。

基于视觉传感的热丝激光金属沉积熔滴—熔池多特征信息同步监测

为了提高热丝激光金属沉积(HW-LMD)过程中的质量稳定性和实现熔滴—熔池多特征信息的同步实时监测,采用基于高动态视觉相机结合YOLO v8深度学习神经网络的高精度实时监控方法,通过相机捕捉HW-LMD过程中的动态变化,并利用YOLO v8神经网络对过渡方式和熔池行为进行同步监测,首先判断沉积过程是否为稳定的液桥过渡,然后在液桥过渡模式下提取熔池尺寸的关键点信息.结果表明,YOLO v8神经网络在检测沉积过程过渡方式和熔池关键点信息方面具有高精确度,精确率分别达到了98.8%和99.9%,熔池宽度的平均误差为4.1%,且推理时间平均仅为12 ms/帧,满足了HWLMD过程实时监控的需求.

激光熔化沉积过程缺陷识别方法

激光熔化沉积加工过程中的缺陷萌生是制约激光熔化沉积技术发展的关键性问题.实现对缺陷的精确自动识别是提高激光熔化沉积技术应用水平的重要途径.提出了熔池瞬态特征提取算法,分析了熔池瞬态特征对沉积层熔合不良缺陷的影响关系,建立了熔池瞬态特征数据集.对主流识别算法进行了模型训练测试,获取了相对最优模型ResNet 34.为解决ResNet 34训练损失拟合效果差、计算速度慢的问题,结合传统卷积网络和LSTM(long short-term memory)网络,建立了训练和测试精度高且计算速度快的LRCN 64模型,测试准确率达95.8%,实现了对熔合不良缺陷的识别,为实现沉积件在线无损检测提供了技术支撑.

激光增材制造钛合金微观组织和力学性能研究进展

激光选区熔化(SLM)技术与激光熔化沉积(LMD)技术在航空航天、生物医疗等领域的应用具有巨大潜力,但由于成形的Ti6Al4V合金构件存在较差的表面质量、较大的残余应力以及内部孔洞等问题,影响了构件的力学性能,从而制约了其大规模的应用。针对这一现状,首先概述了激光选区熔化技术与激光熔化沉积技术的制造原理,比较了2种增材制造技术的成形参数及其特点,并分析了2种不同成形技术的自身优势以及适用场合。其次,从2种增材制造技术成形钛合金的工艺参数入手,综述了激光功率、扫描速度、激光扫描间距、铺粉厚度、粉床温度等参数对SLM工艺成形钛合金的影响,以及激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率等参数对LMD工艺成形钛合金的影响。发现成形工艺参数直接影响了粉末熔化程度、熔合质量和成形显微结构,从而影响成形件的组织与力学性能。此外,综述了不同的扫描策略对两种增材制造技术成形钛合金的表面质量与力学性能的影响,可以发现在不同扫描策略下同一试样表面的不同区域表面质量、残余应力以及抗拉强度存在较大差异,同一扫描策略下试样的不同表面之间也存在各向异性。最后,探讨了不同热处理工艺对钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,通过合适的热处理能够降低成形构件应力,并调控组织相变和性能。

激光熔化沉积Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金单熔道成形质量预测

本研究探讨了激光熔化沉积(LMD)工艺参数对Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金单熔道成形质量的影响,并采用BP神经网络模型和改进的PSO-BP神经网络模型预测了不同工艺参数下的成形孔隙率。结果表明:Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的LMD单熔道成形孔隙率,随着激光线能量密度的增加呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势,在175 J/mm^(2)时孔隙率达到最小值,仅为1.38%。在相同的送粉工艺参数下,LMD成形熔道宽度和熔道深度均与激光功率呈现出正相关性,而熔道高度和熔道深度均与扫描速率呈现出负相关性。相较于BP神经网络模型,改进的PSO-BP神经网络模型的平均绝对误差降低了29.69%,平均相对误差降低了19.42%,均方误差降低了19.02%,相关系数提升了63.44%。

离子推力器溅射沉积物防剥离放电室的设计及激光选区熔化增材制造研究

为了抑制离子推力器寿命末期由溅射沉积导致的放电室膜层剥落物脱落,首先采用理论研究和试验的方法开展了剥落物抑制放电室的设计,基于零件结构和增材制造特点开展了零件工艺性分析并提出解决方案,实现了放电室增材制造,开展了离子推力器放电室溅射物防脱落性能测试。结果表明:放电室内表面设计纹理化结构排布形式为正六边形,凸起部分外接圆直径0.5 mm,间距0.25 mm,高度0.5 mm时可降低溅射沉积物脱落概率及碎屑尺寸,通过分层旋转扫描,选择激光功率425 W,扫描速度1200 mm/s工艺参数可实现大尺寸薄壁、具有复杂微小特征钛合金回转体制造,通过结构拓扑,镂空点阵结构、工艺参数和空间摆放位置优化,成型零件壁厚一致性偏差小于0.10 mm。放电室优化前后推力器性能稳定,各工作点关键参数相对误差小于4%。本文的研究为离子推力器放电室溅射沉积物脱落抑制方法和复杂结构的激光选区熔化增材制造成型提供了工程应用方案。

激光熔化沉积Al_(x)CoCrFeNi系高熵合金的组织与性能

本工作通过激光熔化沉积技术制备了Al_(x)CoCrFeNi(x=0,0.3,0.5)系高熵合金,并研究了Al的添加对激光熔化沉积CoCrFeNi合金的物相结构、组织形貌及性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:Al_(0)与Al_(0.3)高熵合金的微观结构为单相FCC结构固溶体,而Al_(0.5)高熵合金的微观结构为在FCC相基底的晶界/枝晶界处析出富集Al、Ni原子的B2相。合金样品的拉伸力学性能表明:Al_(0.5)CoCrFeNi高熵合金的屈服强度达到了原合金的2.66倍(140~372 MPa),抗拉强度达到约716 MPa,延伸率约为40%;电化学极化曲线分析表明,Al_(x)CoCrFeNi系高熵合金在1 mol/L的H_(2)SO_(4)溶液中均具有显著的稳定钝化区,Al添加引起的致钝电流和维钝电流随着Al含量的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势。