Lutein-stevioside nanoparticle attenuates H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage in ARPE cells

In order to improve the bioavailability of lutein(LUT),a novel lutein-stevio side nanoparticle(LUT-STE)were prepared previously,but the information about LUT-STE on protecting of eye health was limited.This study investigated the effect of LUT-STE on antioxidant activity of H_(2)O_(2)-induced human retinal pigment epithelial(ARPE)cells.LUT and LUT-STE(final concentration of 5μg/mL)significantly enhanced cell viability from(74.84±5.10)%to(81.92±10.01)%(LUT)and(89.33±4.34)%(LUT-STE),and inhibited the cell apoptosis(P<0.05).After pretreatment with LUT-STE in ARPE cells,the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and glutathion peroxidase(GSH-Px)in ARPE cells were significantly increased(P<0.05),the contents of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdehyde(MDA)were decreased.In addition,the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)levels were inhibited by 13.61%and 17.39%,respectively,pretreatment with LUT and LUT-STE.Western blotting results showed that the pretreatment with LUT-STE inhibited the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and up-regulated Bcl-2/Bax pathway to inhibit H_(2)O_(2)-induced apoptosis.In summary,the novel delivery LUT-STE had more pronounced inhibitory effect on H_(2)O_(2)-induced damage in human ARPE cells.

植物黄体素(Lutein)与环氧化黄体素-黄体素循环

介绍黄体素的生物合成途径,其在光合膜中的定位、生理功能及调控因子,提高黄体素水平的基因工程研究与生产应用概况以及近年来对新发现的环氧化黄体素-黄体素循环在植物中的分布、运行动态与功能的初步研究进展,并提出尚需深入研究的问题。

Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanism by which blue light promotes lutein synthesis in strawberry

Carotenoids are an important component of the human diet, and fruit is a primary source of carotenoids. The synthesis and regulation of carotenoids in fruit are important contributors to the formation of fruit quality. In China, strawberry is one of the main seasonal fruits grown in the winter. Previous studies have shown that light has a significant effect on the metabolism of anthocyanins, sugars, and polyphenols in strawberry. However, the understanding of the role of light in regulating the metabolism of carotenoids in strawberry remains limited. This study investigated the effects of blue, red, yellow-green, and white light on carotenoid metabolism in strawberry.Blue light treatment promoted the synthesis of multiple carotenoids, including lutein, compared with the other three treatment groups. The RNA sequencing data revealed that blue light treatment promoted the expression of lycopene ε-cyclase(LCYE), and the transient overexpression of LCYE in strawberry fruit promoted lutein accumulation in strawberry. Overall, the results suggest that blue light can promote the synthesis of lutein in strawberry by inducing the expression of LCYE.

Effect of sodium alginate-based hydrogel loaded with lutein on gut microbiota and inflammatory response in DSS-induced colitis mice

In order to effectively deliver lutein to the inflamed colon and better exert its pharmacological activity,this paper constructed a sodium alginate hydrogel-based delivery system loaded with lutein nanoparticles,evaluated the regulation on the expression and secretion of related inflammatory factors in mice with colitis,and its impact on intestinal microbial environment.The results showed that comparing lutein crystal and its nanoparticle,lutein hydrogel alleviated dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)-induced colitis in mice more effectively by adjusting fecal heme content,colon tissue damage,and inflammatory factor levels.Moreover,lutein hydrogel increased the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins zonula occluden-1(ZO-1),claudin-1 and occludin to maintain the integrity of the intestinal-barrier,inhibited the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)pathway and reduced expression and secretion of inflammatory factors including tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),NOD-like receptors 3(NLRP3)and interleukin(IL)-1β.In addition,the intestinal microbial environment of mice with colitis was improved by down-regulating the relative abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae and up-regulating the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae and Rikenellaceae.As a slow-release carrier to load lutein nanoparticles,sodium alginate-based hydrogel has potential application prospect.

Chromosome-scale genome assembly of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.):An ornamental plant and feedstock for industrial lutein production

Marigold(Tagetes erecta L., African marigold) is a widely grown ornamental plant and a main source of the carotenoid lutein for the industrial production of pharmaceuticals, food coloring, and feed additives. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanism of lutein in marigold, a chromosome-scale assembly of the marigold(T. erecta V-01) genome was completed based on Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C reads. The707.21-Mb assembled genome consisted of 35 834 annotated protein-coding genes, with 97.7% genomic integrity. We anchored 87.8% of the contigs(covering 621.20 Mb) to 12 pseudochromosomes, bringing the scaffold N50 length to 54.15 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marigold was closely related to the Asteraceae species bitter vine(Mikania micrantha) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus), all three of which originated in the Americas. Marigold diverged from the sunflower clade 23.57 million years ago(MYA) and from M. micrantha 19.59 MYA.Marigold has undergone three whole-genome duplication events, as well as a recent whole-genome duplication event(WGD-2) common to H.annuus and M. micrantha. Marigold gene families were significantly less expanded than those of M. micrantha or H. annuus, and the marigold genome contained significantly fewer interspersed repeats, which might account for its smaller genome. In addition, a range of candidate genes involved in the lutein biosynthetic pathway were identified. The high-quality reference genome obtained in this study provided a valuable genomic resource for studying the evolution of the Asteraceae family and for improving marigold breeding strategies.

Comparison of vegetable oils on the uptake of lutein and zeaxanthin by ARPE-19 cells

AIM:To compare the effect of vegetable oils on the uptake of lutein and zeaxanthin by adult retinal pigment epithelial(ARPE)-19 cells in vitro.METHODS:ARPE-19 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium-F-12 supplemented with 10%foetal bovine serum and 1%penicillin–streptomycin in a humidified 5%CO_(2) incubator maintained at 37℃.Cells were treated with 247μmol/L lutein,49μmol/L zeaxanthin and 1%(v/v)of either coconut oil,corn oil,peanut oil,olive oil,sunflower oil,soybean oil,castor oil,or linseed oil for 48h.Lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the cells were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography.RESULTS:Among the oils tested,the highest lutein and zeaxanthin uptake was observed with coconut oil while the lowest was observed with linseed oil.CONCLUSION:ARPE-19 uptake of lutein and zeaxanthin are found to be dependent on the type of oils.

Photoprotective Effects of D1 Protein Turnover and the Lutein Cycle on Three Ephemeral Plants under Heat Stress

To clarify the characteristics of photoinhibition and the primary defense mechanisms of ephemeral plant leaves against photodestruction under high temperature stress,inhibitors and the technology to determine chlorophyll fluorescence were used to explore the protective effects of D1 protein turnover and the lutein cycle in the high temperature stress of the leaves of three ephemeral plants.The results showed that the maximum light conversion efficiency(Fv/Fm)of the ephemeral plant leaves decreased,and the initial fluorescence(Fo)increased under 35℃±1℃ heat stress for 1-4 h or on sunny days in the summer.Both Fv/Fm and Fo could be recovered after 8 h of darkness or afternoon weakening of the external temperature.Streptomycin sulfate(SM)or dithiothreitol(DTT)accelerated the decrease of Fv/Fm and the photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)in the leaves of three ephemeral plants at high temperature,and the decrease was greater in the SM than in the DTT treatment.When the high temperature stress was prolonged,the Y(II)values of light energy distribution parameters of PSII decreased,and the Y(NPQ)and Y(NO)values increased gradually in all the treatment groups of the three ephemeral plants.The results showed that the leaves of the three ephemeral plants had their own highly advanced mechanisms to protect against photodamage,which inhibited the turnover of D1 protein and xanthophyll cycle.This can damage the PSII reaction center in the leaves of the three ephemeral plants under high temperature.The protective effect of D1 protein turnover on heat stress in Erodium oxyrrhynchum and Senecio subdentatus was greater than that of the lutein cycle,while the protective effect of lutein cycle was greater than that of D1 protein turnover in Heliotropium acutiflorum subjected to heat damage.

Impact of Lutein-Based Food Supplement on Macular Pigment, Glare and Contrast Vision

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a specially formulated food supplement containing 20 mg free lutein and 2.8 mg zeaxanthin on macular pigment volume (MPV) and visual function. Methods: In this prospective non-comparative study healthy subjects were instructed to take one capsule of Eagle Eye Lutein 20 Vision Caps (Innomedis AG) per day with a meal for 6 months. MPV was measured with the MP-Eye system (AzulOptics) after 3 and 6 months of treatment. Mesopic vision (MV), glare sensitivity (GS) and contrast vision threshold (CVT) were measured with the Binoptometer 4P system (OCULUS Optikgeräte). Results: Twenty-three healthy subjects between 19 and 56 years were enrolled. A significant increase was observed in MPV (p Conclusions: The specially formulated food supplement containing lutein and zeaxanthin induced a significant increase in MPV, and consequently an improvement in the visual function after 3 and 6 months in healthy subjects.

Impact of Lutein-Based Food Supplement on Macular Pigment, Glare and Contrast Vision

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a specially formulated food supplement containing 20 mg free lutein and 2.8 mg zeaxanthin on macular pigment volume (MPV) and visual function. Methods: In this prospective non-comparative study healthy subjects were instructed to take one capsule of Eagle Eye Lutein 20 Vision Caps (Innomedis AG) per day with a meal for 6 months. MPV was measured with the MP-Eye system (AzulOptics) after 3 and 6 months of treatment. Mesopic vision (MV), glare sensitivity (GS) and contrast vision threshold (CVT) were measured with the Binoptometer 4P system (OCULUS Optikgeräte). Results: Twenty-three healthy subjects between 19 and 56 years were enrolled. A significant increase was observed in MPV (p Conclusions: The specially formulated food supplement containing lutein and zeaxanthin induced a significant increase in MPV, and consequently an improvement in the visual function after 3 and 6 months in healthy subjects.

Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers by high performance chromatography

Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers was quantitatively determined by high performance chromatography （HPLC） with ODS-C 18 column.A mixture of CH3CNCD*2CH3OHCD*2CH3COOCH2CH3 with volume ratio of 55∶1∶44 was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection was carried out at 460nm. The column temperature was about 20℃. The contents of lutein and lutein esters were determined by analytical curve of lutein since lutein and lutein esters have the same spectral characteristics. Determination results of hexane extracts and saponified samples of lutein show that the saponification transforms the esters into free lutein. The increase of the content of dipalmitate and palmitate stearate reveals that the reaction includes transesterifications.

叶黄素(Lutein)的结构、分布、物化性质及生理功能

本文简要介绍了叶黄素的结构、分布、物化性质和生理功能。

Nanoencapsulation of Lutein with Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose Phthalate by Supercritical Anfisolvent

Lutein was nano-encapsuled with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate （HPMCP） to maintain its bioactivity and to avoid thermal/light degradation. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation was applied to prepare lutein/HPMCP nano-capsule. The effects of several operating parameters on the yield, lutein loading, encapsulation efficiency, particle size and particle size distribution of the nanocapsule were investigated. The mean diameter of nanocapsules ranged from 163 nm to 219 nm under appropriate experimental conditions. The result of scanning electron microscope showed that the nanocapsules were nearly spherical. The highest yield reached 95.35% when the initial concentration of lutein was saturated. The highest lutein loading of 15.80% and encapsulation efficiency of 88,41% were obtained under the conditions of 11 MPa, 40℃ and CHPMCP： Clutein= 5：1. The results may promote the application of lutein in food industry.

Application of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To compare serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin (L/Z) concentrations between patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NDR) and normal subjects,and to explore the effect of L/Z supplementation on serum L/Z level and visual function in NDR patients METHODS: Subjects were divided into three groups: 30 NDR patients supplied with Lutein 6mg/d and Zeaxanthin 0.5mg/d for three months (DR Group),30 NDR patients without L/Z supplementation (DR Control Group) and 30 normal subjects (Control Group).Serum L/Z concentrations were measured by liquid high-resolution chromatography (HPLC).Visual acuity was recorded at baseline,1 month,2 months and 3 months post initial supplementation.Serum L/Z concentration were measured at baseline,1 month and 2 months post initial supplementation.Contrast sensitivity (CS) and fovea thickness were recorded at baseline and 3 months post initial supplementation.RESULTS: Mean serum lutein concentrations in DR group were 0.0686±0.0296μg/mL and zeaxanthin concentration was 0.0137±0.0059μg/mL.The L/Z level of DR group was significantly lower compared to the control group( lutein: 0.2302±0.1308μg/mL,zeaxanthin: 0.0456±0.0266μg/m,P = 0.000).The concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin in the DR control group at base line was 0.0714±0.0357μg/mL and 0.0119±0.0072μg/mL,respectively.There was no significant change of L/Z concentration in the DR control group during the study.Serum L/Z concentrations of DR group increased significantly after supplementation(F=109.124,P=0.000;F=219.207,P=0.000).Visual acuity improved significantly after medication.Compared with pre-medication,the average CS values of 1.5cpd,3cpd and 6cpd after three months increased significantly (P =0.030,0.013,0.008) and the foveal thickness decreased.(P =0.05) CONCLUSION: Serum L/Z concentrations in DR patients are significantly lower than those in normal subjects,and L/Z intake can improve the visual acuity,CS and macular edema in DR patients,suggesting that L/Z supplementation might be targeted as potential potential therapeutic agents in treating NDR.

Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene(vgb)improves lutein production in Chlorella vulgaris

Vitreoscilla hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein that promotes oxygen delivery and reduces oxygen consumption under low oxygen conditions to increase the effi ciency of cell respiration and metabolism.In this study,we introduced a Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene(vgb)into Chlorella vulgaris by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation(ATMT).PCR analysis confi rmed that the vgb gene was successfully integrated into the Chlorella vulgaris genome.Analysis of biomass obtained in shake fl asks revealed transformant biomass concentrations as high as 3.28 g/L,which was 38.81% higher than that of the wild-type strain.Lutein content of transformants also increased slightly.Further experiments recovered a maximum lutein yield of 2.91 mg/L from the transformants,which was 36.77% higher than that of the wild-type strain.The above results suggest that integrated expression of the vgb gene may improve cell growth and lutein yield in Chlorella vulgaris,with applications to lutein production from Chlorella during fermentation.

A Method for the Measurement of Lutein in Infant Formula

Lutein is an antioxidant that is deposited in the macular region of the eye and is crucial to macular function. Lutein is present in human milk and recently has been added to infant and toddler formulas. A method for the extraction and quantification of lutein from lutein-fortified infant formula and toddler milk products was developed. The lipids and carotenoids were extracted from the samples with ethanol and hexane:tetrahydrofuran. Polar xanthophylls were ex-tracted from the organic mixture with ethanol:water, leaving behind lipids and less polar carotenoids. The ethanol:water extracts were dried, reconstituted in mobile phase, and the lutein was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A C30 carotenoid column and a mobile phase gradient of methyl-tert-butyl ether and methanol were used for the chromatographic separation. Validation data showed repeatability with relative stan-dard deviations < 4% and intermediate precision with relative standard deviations <20% at a low fortification level, 25 mcg lutein/L, and <12% at a high fortification level, 200 mcg lutein/L. Overall recoveries from sample matrix ranged from 88% to 106%. This liquid:liquid extraction method for the quantification of lutein in infant formulas is precise and accurate. Keywords: Lutein;carotenoid;infant formula;toddler milk;xanthophylls.

Influence of leptin on luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone secreted from cultured rat anterior pituitary cells

BACKGROUND： Leptin may regulate reproductive function via release of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y. However, it is unknown whether this regulatory effect is limited to the hypothalamus. OBJECTIVE： To detect the effect of different dosages of leptin on luteinizing hormone （LH） and follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） secretion from in vitro cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. DESIGN： Contrast study based on cells. SETTING： This study was performed in the Basic Institute of Chengde Medical College, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China from March to June 2007. MATERIALS： Eighteen female Wistar rats of three months of age, weighing 200-220 g, and of clean grade were used. Leptin was provided by Peprotech Company, DMEM culture medium by Invitrogen Company, and the radioimmunological kit by Beijing Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. METHODS： Three glandular organs were regarded as one group for culture of anterior pituitary cells. In the control group, saline was added to the culture medium instead of leptin. In the leptin group, leptin was prepared into different concentrations of 1×10^-12, 1×10^-11, 1×10^-9, 1×10^-7, and 1×10^-6 mol/L for stimulation of cultured cells. The culture supernatant was obtained at three hours after additional of saline/leptin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Contents of LH and FSH were detected by radioimmunology. RESULTS： Following leptin stimulation, LH release increased with increasing concentrations of leptin up to 1×10^-9 mol/L, where LH release peaked. LH release then progressively decreased with increasing leptin concentrations （P 〈 0.01）. LH release in the leptin （1×10^-12, 1×10^-11, 1×10^-7, and 1×10^-6 mol/L） groups was significantly higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. FSH content in the leptin （1×10^-11, 1×10^-9, and 1×10^-7 mol/L） groups was significantly higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Leptin can directly affect pituitary tissue to promote the secretion of LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner.

Combination immunotherapy with Survivin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone fusion protein in murine breast cancer model

AIM To investigate the therapeutic potential of two recombinant proteins, Survivin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) fusion protein [LHRH(6 leu)-LTB] for immunotherapy of breast cancer.METHODS Murine 4 T-1 breast cancer model was used to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant proteins in vivo. Twenty four Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups of 6 mice each. Recombinant Survivin and LHRH fusion protein, alone or in combination, were administered along with immunomodulator Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) in Balb/c mice. Unimmunized or control group mice were administered with phosphate buffer saline. Each group was then challenged with syngeneic 4 T-1 cells to induce the growth of breast tumor. Tumor growth was monitored to evaluate the efficacy of immune-response in preventing the growth of cancer cells.RESULTS Preventive immunization with 20 μg recombinant Survivin and MIP was effective in suppressing growth of 4 T-1 mouse model of breast cancer (P = 0.04) but 50 μg dose was ineffective in suppressing tumor growth. However, combination of Survivin and LHRH fusion protein was more effective in suppressing tumor growth (P = 0.02) as well as metastasis in vivo in comparison to LHRH fusion protein as vaccine antigen alone.CONCLUSION Recombinant Survivin and MIP suppress tumor growth significantly. Combining LHRH fusion protein with Survivin and MIP enhances tumor suppressive effects marginally which provides evidence for recombinant Survivin and LHRH fusion protein as candidates for translating the combination cancer immunotherapy approaches.

Impact of Luteinized Unruptured Follicles on Endometrial Receptivity

This study examined the impact of luteinized unruptured follicle （LUF） on endometrial receptivity. The menstrual cycle of 17 LUF patients （LUF group） and 13 ovulatory women （control group） was monitored by measuring LH level in urine and by ultrasonic examination. An endometrial biopsy at the sixth to tenth day after LH surge was taken in all the patients. The expressions of endometrial ER, PR and integrin ανβ3 were immunohistochemically determined. At the same time, the serum levels of E2 and P were detected by chemiluminescence. The results exhibited that （1） The mean serum P level in LUF group （7.32±2.56 ng/mL） was significantly lower than that in control group （11.17±3.17 ng/mL） （P0.01）. But there was no significant difference in the mean serum E2 levels between LUF group （179.35±81.60 pg/mL） and the control group （198.58±75.23 pg/mL） （P0.05）; （2） The mean expression intensities of ER, PR in endometrium of LUF group （183.86±2.43, 167.94±3.04） were significantly higher than those in control group （109.35±6.31, 105.98±4.07） （P0.01）; （3） The mean expression intensities of integrin ανβ3 in endomtrium of LUF patients （114.90±11.38） were significantly lower than those in control group （191.34±1.82） （P0.01）; （4） The change profile of integrin ανβ3 expression in the endometrium of LUF patients was in positive relation with serum P level （r=0.77, P0.01）, but bore no significant relationship with serum E2 level （r=0.01, P0.05）. It was concluded that the depression of serum P levels in LUF patients was closely related to the failure of the down-regulation of ER and PR, and the low expressions of integrin ανβ3 also suggested that the delayed implantation and the impaired endometrial receptivity had impact on embryonic implantation.

Lutein delays photoreceptor degeneration in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa is a retinal disease characterized by photoreceptor degeneration.There is currently no effective treatment for retinitis pigmentosa.Although a mixture of lutein and other antioxidant agents has shown promising effects in protecting the retina from degeneration,the role of lutein alone remains unclear.In this study,we administered intragastric lutein to Pde6brd10 model mice,which display degeneration of retinal photoreceptors,on postnatal days 17(P17)to P25,when rod apoptosis reaches peak.Lutein at the optimal protective dose of 200 mg/kg promoted the survival of photoreceptors compared with vehicle control.Lutein increased rhodopsin expression in rod cells and opsin expression in cone cells,in line with an increased survival rate of photoreceptors.Functionally,lutein improved visual behavior,visual acuity,and retinal electroretinogram responses in Pde6brd10 mice.Mechanistically,lutein reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Müller glial cells.The results of this study confirm the ability of lutein to postpone photoreceptor degeneration by reducing reactive gliosis of Müller cells in the retina and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jinan University(approval No.LACUC-20181217-02)on December 17,2018.

Ameliorative effects of lutein on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats

AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of lutein against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and the related underlying mechanism.METHODS: After 9 d of acclimation to a constant temperature-controlled room(20 ℃-22 ℃) under 12h light/dark cycles,male Sprague-Darley rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed a standard commercial diet(n = 8) or a high-fat diet(HFD)(n = 32) for 10 d.Animals receiving HFD were then randomly divided into 4 groups and administered with 0,12.5,25,or 50 mg/kg(body weight) per day of lutein for the next 45 d.At the end of the experiment,the perinephric and abdominal adipose tissues of the rats were isolated and weighed.Additionally,serum and liver lipid metabolic condition parameters were measured,and liver function and insulin resistance state indexes were assessed.Liver samples were collected and stained with hematoxylin eosin and Oil Red O,and the expression of the key factors related to insulin signaling and lipid metabolism in the liver were detected using Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses.RESULTS: Our data showed that after being fed a high-fat diet for 10 d,the rats showed a significant gain in body weight,energy efficiency,and serum total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride(TG) levels.Lutein supplementation induced fat loss in rats fed a highfat diet,without influencing body weight or energy efficiency,and decreased serum TC and hepatic TC and TG levels.Moreover,lutein supplementation decreased hepatic levels of lipid accumulation and glutamic pyruvic transaminase content,and also improved insulin sensitivity.Lutein administration also increased the expression of key factors in hepatic insulin signaling,such as insulin receptor substrate-2,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,and glucose transporter-2 at the gene and protein levels.Furthermore,high-dose lutein increased the expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-α and sirtuin 1,which are associated with lipid metabolism and insulin signaling.CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that lutein has positive effects on NAFLD via the modulation of hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance.