Nationalist Trends in the Transformation of New Zealand’s Maori Language Policy

Language is an important carrier of human culture and a specific method for communication between humans.It is one of the most important symbols of human identity and flags of dividing group identity.At present,in the modern national state,the government is paying more attention to language policy and being more and more prudent to it.In the process of making and implementing language policy,the government must take into account a range of factors such as the country’s national history,politics,culture,economy,and relations between different social groups.From the mid-nineteenth century,when New Zealand became a British colony,until the mid-twentieth century,the Maori people were inspired to defend their rights and respect for themselves by the rise of Maori nationalist ideology and Maori political radicalism in a struggle that lasted more than 100 years.Until 1994,there were more than 800 kohanga reo,early childhood institutions that established Maori language instruction independent of the school system,and the nationalism drives to revitalize the Maori national language was at its peak.The process of revolution on Maori language policies in New Zealand reflects a trend of nationalist thoughts from Maori becoming more deep.Exploring the process of change in New Zealand’s Maori language policy will help to develop the study of the social history of indigenous peoples during the colonial period and will contribute to the study of the development of colonized countries and regions in the post-colonial period.The change in New Zealand’s Maori language policy has provided an important example of the preservation and revitalization of the indigenous languages of the world’s former colonies,which is of great significance for the preservation of linguistic and cultural diversity.

Development of International Chinese Language Education in Iran:An Analysis in the Context of Iran’s Foreign Language Policy Characteristics

This paper focuses on examining the relevant policies concerning Chinese language education within Iran’s foreign language education policy framework from the perspective of its historical context.By analyzing the characteristics of Iran’s foreign language policy and the current situation of Chinese language teaching in Iran,this paper studies the future development of international Chinese language education in Iran.

Language Policy in Nigeria and Nigerian Language Policy： Implications for Effective Communication in Non-Monolingual Nations

In Nigeria, almost 500 indigenous languages continue to compete with the English language that has assumed the status of a global linguistic code. The contact, in different domains between English and indigenous languages in the country continues to affect performance in English and contact languages, making effective communication in either English or any of the indigenous languages unattainable. The purpose of this study is to show that although no particular document, so named, exists expressing the nation＇s policy on language, nonetheless, the country has a policy on language that accommodates the indigenous languages as substrates, while the English language holds sway in various linguistic domains. Using a simple descriptive survey with data from previous studies, this paper examines the linguistic implications of the contact between English and indigenous languages on the younger generations who are losing contact with the mother tongue, and also not demonstrating enough proficiency in the English language. It is recommended that the opportunities that competence and maturation afforded a second language learner should be latched onto to gain the needed proficiency in English thus making them effective bilinguals and communicators in a world that is fast becoming a global village, and the inhabitants global citizens.

The Effect of Globalization on the Language Policy in a Multi-Cultural Kazakhstan

This paper focuses on the language policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is intended to invite the readers for the broadening of the debate on the issues raised. The 20th century, for Kazakhs, became a century of tragic events which transformed them into the minority on their own native land. In spite of many collisions in history Kazakhs have not lost their language, the main wealth. At the beginning of the 21st century, Kazakhstan has tackled a lot of problems, connected with national and ethnic issues, social structure, and foreign and home policy. The influence of globalization is felt in every sphere of life in Kazakhstan. Serious ethno-demographic changes have occurred after gaining independence. Kazakhstan from the state with two dominating Kazakh and Russian diasporas has turned to the state with dominating one, the Kazakh ethnos. State language of the Republic of Kazakhstan now is Kazakh due to implementation of language policy

Environmental Issues In Indonesian Language Policy

Environmental issues are not inexhaustible, such as climate change, rubbish, nuclear waste, industrial cesspool, compost heap, etc.. Unfortunately, internalization of the environment is not passively done, for example, through language （literature）. Environmental issues seem to have not received the attention seriously. Those issues can be seen in Indonesia language policies （ILP） from pre-colonial until reform era. ILP can be classified into seven periods, namely： pre-colonial （1331-1627）, Dutch （1816-1942）, Youth Pledge （1928-1942）, Japanese （1942-1945）, Old Order （1945-1966）, New Order （1966-1998）, Reform （1998-present）. The seventh period discusses the language policies, but an article focuses on environmental issues in language policy and language planning.

Language Policy Debate in Ghana： A Means of Elite Closure

The language policy in Ghana＇s educational system has become an issue of debate in recent years. A change in the language policy from the local languages as the medium of instruction to English for the first three years of primary school in the year 2002 was reversed in 2004. It is obvious that the language policy adopted does not reflect in improvement in school achievement. The debate must go beyond the use of English or the local languages for the first three years of primary education to address the real issues that hinder school achievement. This paper examines the factors that hinder school achievement in Ghana and other developing countries. The paper argues that the problem of poor academic performance in Ghana is not due to the language policy adopted. The paper points out that the language policy is just a veil that the politicians use to perpetuate the use of English as the language of rule in the higher domains in order to preserve the privileges with which this language is associated. The paper concludes that politicians in Ghana use the language policy in education as a means to perpetuate elite closure.

A Comparison of Australian and Canadian Language Policy from the Perspective of Language Rights

This study contrasts the language policy of Canada and Australia from the angle of language right.The similarity resides in that both attaches much importance to language education right in language policies.The difference lies in that Canadian language policy is partly aimed to guarantee territory integrity while Australia has little such concern.

A Brief Introduction of EU Language Policy——Multilingualism and its Negative Implications

Recently, a rise in attention of Brexit has come to the public. The UK and European Union would both have an enormouamount of influence mutually. One of the important issues raised by the European Union(EU) is also deserved to cope with, namely language policy. In this paper, I develop an analysis aimed at presenting the basis introduction of multilingualism and its negative effectduring the implementary process. The paper focuses on the current language policy—how does the multilingualism work and some challenges confronted by EU language official institution, whether maintaining or abandoning the present form of institutional multilingualism or not to keep balance between promoting diversity and achieving efficiency.

Implementation of Language Policy in Taiwan： The Case Study of Recognizing Chinese Character Course

The language policy and curriculum in Taiwan have been balancing academic needs, ideology and political intention. This is an exploratory case study whose purpose is to explore the interrelationship between teachers and administrators and immigrants＇ perceptions of this language policy. Four teachers, three administrators and a male immigrant were interviewed. Data were collected through interviews and a classroom observation in northern and central Taiwan. This study found that present policy has caused teachers＇ difficulty in teaching these new immigrants due to diverse student body that contained elder Taiwan Residents and new immigrants with different Mandarin proficiency. Also, the textbook and limited resources and facility also had become the challenge for local schools to implement RCCC （Recognizing Chinese Character Class）.

The Situation, Policies, and Development of Foreign Language Education in Contemporary China

Foreign language education is an important part of Chinese education,but the overall foreign language education in China is still relatively underdeveloped.Foreign language education and policies in contemporary China are closely related to China’s political,economic,and social development.The contemporary Chinese foreign language education and policies,since the establishment of New China in 1949,can be divided into four periods.The first period is a period of domination by the Russian language(1949–1956),the second period is a period of exploration and transformation(1956–1966),the third period is a period of interruption(1966–1978),and the fourth period is a period of development and improvement(1978 to present).Understanding foreign language education and policies in contemporary Chinese universities can contribute to the future development of foreign language education and policies in China.

Higher Education in Taiwan:An Observation Through the Perspective of English Language Teaching

Globalization has developed into an ideological discourse that drives change,because of the perceived immediacy and need to adapt to a new world order.It has a significant impact on the political,social,economic,cultural,and educational aspects.A visible transition has also been occurring in higher education.The world has grown extremely competitive because of the expending of globalization.Universities all over the world have to enhance their competitiveness through Englishization in higher education.Taiwan is experiencing educational reforms in higher education,in a way in which it is similar to other Asian nations,in order to maintain its competitiveness in the world.This article focuses on how globalization exacerbates competitiveness around the world,particularly in the educational sectors.The aim of this study is to review and to define how globalization is affecting higher education and in what way it has an impact on education policy in the context of Taiwan’s higher education.The effects of globalization on global citizenship will also be examined,in order to give a full reflection.

Reflections on Foreign Language Education Policy Reform in China Under the Background of“One Belt and One Road”Initiative

The initiative of“One Belt and One Road”is an important development strategy under the new normal economic background of China,and foreign economic development relies heavily on foreign language talents of the nation.However,the current foreign language education in China has faced problems from a shortage of compound foreign language talents,inadequacy of foreign languages offered,and imbalanced regional development.Given that the initiative has higher requirements for cultivating foreign language talents,we hold that China’s current foreign language education policy may reform from conducting theoretical studies of foreign language teaching,offering more foreign languages and enhancing professional development of teachers.Conversely,China’s foreign language talents can contribute more to the effective and smooth implementation of the“One Belt and One Road”initiative.

Native-speakerism in China:An Investigation of Foreign Language Education Policy and Learners’Attitudes

With the development of globalization,the use of English is no longer restricted to native speaker(NS)but also widely spread to non-native speaker(NNS).The importance of English learning is also acknowledged by Expanding and Outer Circle,and English as a foreign language(EFL)education plays a significant role in China’s education.Admitting the fact that non-native English teachers(NNESTs)take up a large proportion of English teachers,English language teaching(ELT)is still greatly influenced by native-speakerism.This research aims to investigate language ideologies reflected in Chinese foreign language education policy(FLEP)at higher education level,and Chinese English learners’attitudes towards native-speakerism and English teachers.A mixed method of policy analysis and survey is adopted in this research.After conducting analysing two FLEPs in higher education level,it is found that linguistic instrumentalism is the prominent language ideology,although native-speakerism and standard English ideology is implicitly demonstrated.Questionnaire is used to investigate 58 Chinese English learners’attitudes,revealing that most participants do not demonstrate bias towards either NESTs or NNESTs.Instead,the strengths and weaknesses of both NEST and NNEST are identified,though participants adhere to native-speakerism in terms of English variety.Overall,English learner’s attitudes are consistent with language ideologies in FLEPs.This research may provide implications for future studies on addressing native-speakerism in Chinese FLEPs,as well as relationship of students’attitudes and language policies.

A Lonely Journey:An Autoethnography of the Fifteen-Year Identity Construction of a Female ESP Teacher in China

This autoethnographic study explores from a sociocultural perspective the author’s identity construction journey as a female English-for-specific-purposes(ESP)teacher at a university in China for more than 15 years.It delves into the author’s evolving exercise between teacher agency and language policy within both institutional and national contexts.The author aims to voice for marginalized ESP teachers and create a space for them to better negotiate with English-for-general-purposes(EGP)colleagues,academic staff,and policy makers.This study highlights the significance of autoethnography in teacher identity research,particularly for niche ESP teachers who direct novel enterprises through bottom-up implementation.Furthermore,the author emphasizes humanism behind ESP instruction,which significantly expands the view that the ESP features instrumental value.She also advocates for comprehensive support to sustain ESP teaching innovation,ESP teachers’identity construction,and their professional development.These insights have implications for all accountable parties in the context of educational reform to enable constructive negotiation,for ESP teachers to develop their sense of empowerment,and for inclusive education to become more accessible.

Non-official Languages in Secondary School Education in Cameroon： Attitudes and Prospects

This paper examines the teaching and learning of non-official languages in formal secondary education in Cameroon and the attitudes of learners to these languages. The data consist of a ten-item questionnaire administered in the University of Yaounde I during registration, a period when pupils from the ten regions of the country come to Yaounde to seek admission into this university＇. The informants, who were 432 learners having completed secondary education in Cameroon, were distributed as follows： 180 arts pupils, 192 science pupils and 60 parents. The findings revealed that these languages are compulsory school subjects that most learners hated but had to take them just to pass their examinations. As a result, they had very limited competence in them as most of them reported that they could not hold a three-minute conversation in these languages on completion of secondary education. They suggested that the pool of languages to choose from be increased from the current two languages to many others including Cameroonian, African and Asian tongues. Innovative ways for diversifying the pool of non-official languages and implementation strategies for a smooth integration of such a pool of languages in the school system are outlined.

A Comparative Study of the Value Orientations of Foreign Language Education Policies in China and the United States in the 21st Century

Since the 21 st century, both Chinese Mainland and the United States have formulated foreign language education policiesbased on their national needs. This paper makes a comparative study of the value orientations of foreign language education poli-cies in Chinese Mainland and the United States in the 21 st century and finds that both China and the United States have regardedtheir national interests as the essential value orientation of their foreign language education policies. To be specific,the core valueorientation of foreign language education policies in China is to enhance its cultural soft power.In contrast,the core value orienta-tion of foreign language education policies in the United States is to safeguard its national security. Through the comparison of thedifferent value orientations of foreign language education policies of the two countries, the paper provides some reference for the for-eign language education policy-making in Chinese Mainland.

Exploring English Language Learning Policies in Iran Based on Secondary School Course Books for Learning English in Light of Globalization and Culture

With the globalization of English, the macro and micro cultures of the users of English around the world interact intensively. Considering these conditions, the local and global cultural interface seems an important issue which needs to be clarified in the materials and books used for learning English. Thus, the focus of this study was to explore the language learning policy of the new Iranian English course book at high schools, Prospect 1, recently published and taught for a year in Iran, in light of globalization and culture. This qualitative study was conducted through carrying out semi-structured interviews. The participants of this study were 30 teachers of Ministry of Education, who had the experience of teaching Prospect I for a year and they were mostly chosen from Mashhad and the rest from other cities of Khorasan province, Iran. The interview contained four main questions which were posed to the teachers. The findings of the study indicate that the language learning policy of Iran need to pay more attention to the learners＇ intercultural communicative competence because it mainly attempts at teaching English language focusing on the home culture in the Iranian context. The article ends with some pedagogical implications and more recommendations for developing research studies.

The Historical Role of the Policy of National Common Language on the Development of Ethnic Groups

In the work concerning ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China,the Communist Party of China(CPC)and the state adopted the policy of promoting national common language in line with the needs of ethnic development,while safeguarding the rights of various ethnic groups in using their languages.This paper reviews the role of the policy of national common language in facilitating the development of ethnic areas in different historical periods of China.It is believed that this practical and gradual policy of language conforms to the needs of social,economic and cultural development in different periods in China,which greatly improves the comprehensive abilities of the people of all ethnic groups and turns the Chinese nation into a community of shared future with higher acceptance and stronger cohesion.

Revamping School Bilingualism in Francophone Primary Education in Cameroon： Some Strategies to Avoid Another Failure

In order to revamp school bilingualism in FPE （Francophone primary education） in Cameroon some changes were brought about after the release of a new education orientation law in 1998. Those changes include the institution of NSE （new syllabuses of English）, the institution of an English paper at the end-of-primary school examination, the adoption new course books, the decision requesting all FPE teachers to teach English alongside other subjects This paper the data of which stem from a survey of teachers （n = 222）, pupils （n = 589）, parents （n = 293）, and head teachers （n = 23） in some 30 schools of Yaounde proposes some strategies to help curb the crucial lack of qualified teachers, the high cost of teaching and learning materials and the glaring lack of motivation of teachers. Strategies include how to train specialist teachers in numbers, the institution of a BPB （bilingualism promotion bonus） to generate sustained motivation to teach, a substantial subsidization of course book production With these measures the promotion of French/English school bilingualism in Cameroon primary education may turn from the myth of Sisyphus it has become into a successful undertaking

Central and Peripheral Cultures and the Problem of Social Conflict in Vietnam

This article deals with relationship between cultural globalization and local cultures, seen mostly as conflict between centre and peripheries on the world scale and also as conflict among ethnicities in the societies. It also suggests some solutions to the problem of conflict on the global scale in general and in Vietnam in particular. In the era of globalization, there exists a risk of cultural imperialism rising as a cultural centre. Nevertheless, the cultural imperialism always bears the economic and political motives. This is the very cause which leads to politico-cultural conflict. Therefore, in essence, cultural hegemony is also the very economic hegemony and it serves the economy. Thus, in fact, social conflicts are often the contradictions, but these contradictions could lead to conflict only when they are pushed to political and economic interests level, and then they are the truly economic and political conflicts and not cultural ones. Therefore, in essence, there are not purely cultural conflicts, but culture is only the medium for politico-economic conflict. There may be various kinds of solutions for the problem of conflict： the economic solutions, the social solutions, the political solutions, and the cultural ones. Vietnarrv--as a multi-ethnic natiorv--is not a country without social conflict. To solve the problem of conflict is to solve the contradictions in economic interests and to overcome the lack of democracy. Therefore, the most important solutions for the problem of conflict are the cultural and political solutions. Especially, the article emphasizes the democracy and the rule of law as the critical points in solving the problem of social conflict.