Visual sensing and morphological image processing of weld pool in laser spot welding

A visual sensing system was established to monitor the weld pool in laser spot welding. The top-hat and bottom-hat transformation algorithms based on mathematical morphology were used to compensate for non-uniform contrast of weld pool edge. Moreover, the canny edge detector was applied to extract the weld paol profile. The edge detected results show that the morphological operation is obviously superior to the traditional contrast enhancement method. In addition, the combination of dilation and erosion was applied to eliminate the irrelevant edge details, and the smooth weld pool edge was acquired. Based on the image processing technology described above, the dynamic process of weld pool diameter during laser spot welding was obtained.

Surface crack imaging based on delayed temperature difference at symmetric points by laser spot thermography

Laser spot thermography is a novel technique for the detection of surface cracks with a laser to heat sample locally and with an IR camera to record the surface temperature distribution. Common methods to characterize cracks are only suitable for the situation that the laser scanning path is vertical to the crack. But due to the randomness of cracks,when the scanning path is parallel to the crack,surface cracks cannot be detected by these methods. To tackle this problem,a method is presented which is suitable for the situation that the scanning path is parallel to crack. The main idea is to evaluate the crack-caused asymmetries of the surface temperature distribution. The effect of temperature gradient and the maximum scanning interval are analyzed by a 2D simulation. A new crack imaging technique is presented that is based on delayed temperature difference at symmetric points to characterize the crack in the thermal image. Compared well with those obtained by the spatial first derivative method,experimental results are shown to efficiently prove this method.

Laser spot associated high-saturation phosphor-in-glass film for transmissive and reflective high-brightness laser lighting

Phosphor-in-glass(PiG)film is a promising luminescent material in high-brightness laser lighting for its advantages of high efficiency,outstanding color quality,and low-cost preparation,which must bear high laser power(LP)and laser power density(LPD)simultaneously to enable high-luminance light.Herein,laser spot associated high-saturation PiG film was proposed for transmissive and reflective high-brightness laser lighting.Two types of PiG films were prepared by printing and sintering La_(3)Si_(6)N_(11):Ce^(3+)(LSN)phosphor-borosilicate glass pastes on a sapphire substrate(PiG-S)and an AlN substrate(PiG-A),respectively.The PiG films with perfect crystal structure of phosphor were reliably bonded on the substrates.The effects of laser spot areas on the luminescence saturation of LP and LPD were investigated in the PiG films.With the increase of laser spot area from 0.5 to 2.5 mm^(2),the LP threshold of PiG films is gradually raised,while the LPD threshold of PiG films is decreased.The PiG-S withstands a high LP of 23.46 W and a high LPD of 20.64 W/mm^(2),enabling white light with a luminous flux of 3677 lm.The PiG-A withstands a high LP of 41.12 W and a high LPD of 35.56 W/mm^(2),enabling white light with a luminous flux of 2882 lm.Moreover,the PiG-A maintains lower working temperature compared with the PiG-S,and the temperatures reduce with the increasing laser spot area.The results demonstrate that the laser spot associated PiG films realize high saturation thresholds of LP and LPD simultaneously,and enable high luminance for laser lighting.

Small laser spot versus standard laser spot photodynamic therapy for idiopathic choroidal neovascularization： a randomized controlled study

Background Idiopathic choroidal neovascularization （ICNV） affects young patients and thus may have a significant impact on vision and life quality over a patient＇s lifespan. This study was designed to compare the visual outcome and retinal pigment epithelium （RPE） damage after photodynamic therapy （PDT） with small laser spot and PDT with standard laser spot for idiopathic choroidal neovascularization （ICNV）. Methods This was a randomized controlled study. Fifty-two patients with ICNV were enrolled and randomly divided into a study group （small laser spot PDT, n=27） and a control group （standard laser spot PDT, n=25）. Best corrected visual acuity （BCVA）, optic coherence tomography （OCT） and fluorescein angiography （FA） findings were the main measurements. The patients were followed up 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 9 months and 1 year after PDT. Results BCVA improvement was statistically significantly higher in the study group than the control group at 6-month （（25.53±15.01） letters vs. （14.71±11.66） letters, P=-0.025） and 9-month follow-ups （（27.53±17.78） letters vs. （15.59±12.21） letters, P=0.039）. At 3- and 6-month follow-ups, the quadrants of RPE damage between the two groups varied significantly （P 〈0.001 and P=0.023, respectively）. In each follow-up, the number of cases with decreased or unchanged leakage of choroidal neovascularization by FA and reduced subretinal fluid by OCT did not vary significantly between the two groups. Ten cases （37.0%） in the study group and eight cases （32.0%） in the control group suffered from recurrent CNV （P=-0.703）. Conclusions Better visual improvements, less RPE damage, a similar recurrent rate of CNV and change of subretinal fluid were observed in the small laser spot PDT group than in the standard laser spot PDT group for ICNV.

Automatic Monitoring System for 3-D Deformation of Crustal Fault Based on Laser and Machine Vision

An automatic monitoring method of the 3-D deformation is presented for crustal fault based on laser and machine vision. The laser source and screen are independently set up in the headwall and footwall, the collimated laser beam creates a circular spot on the screen, meanwhile, the industrial camera captures the tiny deformation of the crustal fault by monitoring the change of the spot position. This method significantly reduces the cost of equipment and labor, provides daily sampling to ensure high continuity of data. A prototype of the automatic monitoring system is developed, and a repeatability test indicates that the error of spot jitter can be minimized by consecutive samples. Meanwhile, the environmental correction model is determined to ensure that environmental changes do not disturb the system. Furthermore, the automatic monitoring system has been applied at the deformation monitoring station(KJX02) of China Beishan underground research laboratory, where continuous deformation monitoring is underway.

The special shaped laser spot for driving indirect-drive hohlraum with multi-beam incidence

In indirect drive, reducing peak intensity of a single beam and controlling overlap of multi-beams are two opposite requirements for laser focal spot design. In this paper, an improved laser spot design technique for indirect drive built upon the geometric structures of laser propagation into hohlraum has been introduced. The proposed technique is able to generate appropriate continuous phase plate(CPP) producing a special shaped spot that can balance the opposite requirements. The corresponding CPP does not bring difficulties to the design and fabrication. Phase aberrations are more sensitive to the special shaped spot; however, it can be tolerable for the current beam control level.

Numerical simulation of residual stress field induced by laser shock processing with square spot

Laser shock processing（LSP）,also known as laser peening,is a novel surface treatment technique in the past few years.Compressive residual stresses which imparted by LSP are very important for improving fatigue,corrosion and wea rresistance of metals.Finite element analysis（FEA） simulation using ABAQUS software has been applied to predict residualstresses induced by LSP on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy with laser pulse duration 30 ns and water confined ablation mode.The residual stress field generated by different shape laser spots was studied,and the square laser spot is shown the most suitability for avoiding stress lack phenomenon and overlapping LSP.Surface residual stresses and plastically affected depth within single square spot both increased with the increase of laser intensity and laser shock times.Furthermore,compared with circle and ellipse spot,the residual stress distribution in overlapping square spots is very uniform only with small overlapping ratio.LSP with square spot can process advantageous residual stress field,and this technique will be used widely.

高温环境对激光火工品发火性能的影响

为了研究高温环境对激光火工品发火性能的影响,建立了激光火工品的热力场仿真模型,并搭建光学测试系统,探究了激光火工品自聚焦透镜在100℃高温下的激光光斑尺寸变化。仿真结果表明:高温环境下自聚焦透镜长度产生92.4μm的变形量,导致激光光斑尺寸从94μm增大至150μm;试验结果表明:高温环境下激光火工品输出光斑在243~272μm之间变化,自聚焦透镜变形量的增大导致激光火工品的刺激功率密度降低、作用时间超差。研究表明自聚焦透镜变形降低了激光火工品的发火可靠性。

TC4钛合金激光点焊工艺研究

研究了不同离焦量、焊接功率和焊接速度等参数下TC4钛合金激光点焊的内外部质量和力学性能。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜对焊点内外部质量进行观察,并经抗剪强度测试,分析了激光功率对抗剪强度的影响,对比了激光点焊与电阻点焊的抗剪强度差异。结果表明:离焦量可有效增加焊点的熔深,提高熔核直径;激光功率越高,焊点熔核直径越大;焊接速度的增加可改善焊点的表面质量,降低表面凹陷;激光点焊试件的抗剪强度与熔核直径之间呈正相关,与电阻点焊对比,激光点焊的抗剪强度要略低于电阻点焊。

First demonstration of improving laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums by using the cylindrical laser entrance hole

The octahedral spherical hohlraums have natural superiority in maintaining high radiation symmetry during the entire capsule implosion process in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion.While,in contrast to the cylindrical hohlraums,the narrow space between the laser beams and the spherical hohlraum wall is usually commented.In this Letter,we address this crucial issue and report our experimental work conducted on the SGIII-prototype laser facility which unambiguously demonstrates that a simple design of cylindrical laser entrance hole(LEH)can dramatically improve the laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums.In addition,the laser beam deflection in the hohlraum is observed for the first time in the experiments.Our 2-dimensional simulation results also verify qualitatively the advantages of the spherical hohlraums with cylindrical LEHs.Our results imply the prospect of adopting the cylindrical LEHs in future spherical ignition hohlraum design.

LASER WELDING OF BEARING PROTECTIVE WASHERS

Spot laser welding was applied for fastening of protective bearing washers.Corresponding technology and laser welding plants are described. Correlation between appearance of the spot welds and their quality was discovered. Mechanism of the welding distortion has been revealed.

6063/6082铝合金焊接裂纹分析及其填丝焊改善

以6063/6082铝合金板为母材,采用环形光斑激光设备进行激光对接焊接,研究了焊接功率、焊接速度对6063/6082铝合金焊接裂纹的影响,采用填丝焊工艺对焊接裂纹进行了改善。结果表明:对于激光自熔焊,随着焊接功率的增加,焊接裂纹呈先减少后增加的特点,焊接功率>4800W后,熔合区、焊缝中心区均出现了大量河流状裂纹;随着焊接速度的增加,焊接裂纹明显增加,且尺寸变大,裂纹主要分布在熔合区及热影响区。当焊接功率为4400W、焊接速度为50mm/s时,焊缝裂纹相对较少,但无法完全消除。填丝焊工艺对6063/6082铝合金焊接裂纹起到了很好的抑制作用,同时提高了焊缝力学性能。添加ER5183焊丝的焊缝成形优异,未发现明显裂纹存在,焊缝剪切力达11260N,较自熔焊焊缝剪切力(8560N)提高了31.5%。填丝焊工艺抑制焊接裂纹形成的主要机制为降低焊缝冷却速度、调控焊缝Mg、Si元素含量、改善焊缝共晶组织的形态及分布。

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法微区原位定量分析锂铍矿物化学成分

锂、铍是当前全球战略性关键金属,采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)建立分析方法可以实现微区原位定量分析天然矿物样品中的锂、铍元素含量,为锂铍资源高效利用以及赋存状态的研究提供分析技术支撑。锂辉石和绿柱石等矿物是提取锂、铍元素的主要原料,微区分析常用的电子探针方法对于能量较低的轻元素难以准确定量,而LA-ICP-MS方法亟待改进降低非基体匹配校准带来的基体效应提高分析的准确度和精密度。本文探讨了仪器工作条件(同位素选择及计数模式、载气He气流速、样品气Ar气流速、束斑直径、能量密度大小)和数据处理方法(外部标准物质、内标元素)对定量结果精密度和准确度的影响。实验结果表明:He和Ar气体流速不仅会影响锂、铍信号强度,而且适当降低载气He流速(0.6L/min)可以减小相对误差。增加束斑直径虽可以将数据精密度提高10%以上,但是对于准确度影响不大;对于绿柱石这类硬度高的透明矿物应提高能量密度(相对强度>75%,通量>2.7J/cm^(2))以保证产生稳定剥蚀信号。测定7Li时选择现有标准物质中含量较高的GSE-1G校准、9Be选择NIST610校准,以Al作为内标补偿元素,计算结果相对误差较小。LA-ICP-MS方法通过调整仪器工作条件和数据处理方法,可以降低基体差异,提高数据准确度,解决微区原位准确定量分析锂、铍轻元素的难题,为锂、铍资源的勘探开发和高效利用提供有力的技术支撑。但是也亟待开发高锂、铍含量的微区标准物质,解决因现有标准物质与样品中含量差异造成的基体效应来进一步提高数据质量。

Surface profile and microstructure of laser peened Ti-6Al-4V

The surface profile of laser peening with square spots was compared with that of circle spots, and the microstructure of laser peened titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V in the center of a square spot and at the edge of the square spot was investigated in this paper. The results show that a smaller size crystal is produced at the edge of square spots because the shearing strain produces nanoscale crystals in laser peening titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V.

Pulsed-Laser Annealing of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Thin Film

Local annealing of amorphous NiTi thin films was performed by using an Nd：YAG 1064 nm wavelength pulsed laser beam. Raw samples produced by simultaneous sputter deposition from elemental Ni and Ti targets onto unheated Si （100） and Silica （111） substrates were used for annealing. Delicate treatment with 15.92 W/mm^2 power density resulted in crystallization of small spots; while 16.52 and 17.51 W/mm^2 power densities caused ablation of the amorphous layer. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructure and surface morphology of the amorphous/crystallized spot patterns.

基于视觉传达技术的激光光斑图像超分辨率重建方法

激光光斑图像在成像过程中易受到成像条件和成像方式的限制,导致激光光斑图像的分辨率比较低,难以满足实际需求。为此,提出基于视觉传达技术的激光光斑图像超分辨率重建方法。采用视觉传达技术采集激光光斑图像,并使用双树复小波阈值方法对激光光斑图像去噪处理,通过改进稠密神经网络提取激光光斑图像特征,基于奇异值分解方法降低字典中原子的数目,改进稀疏表达正则化方法,实现激光光斑图像的超分辨率重建。实验结果表明,所提方法的低分辨率图像重建结果与原始图像更加接近,重建图像的结构相似度均在0.9以上,证明该方法的重建效果好、更适合实际应用。

多路激光集束的焦斑测试技术

为了实现多路激光集束焦斑测量,给出其时间和空间分辨的特性,搭建了基于成像系统、光电管结合示波器、条纹相机和科学CCD等主要部件组成的焦斑光学测试平台。实验之前,对科学CCD的灵敏度和动态范围及条纹相机增益系数、狭缝宽度、扫描时间等性能参数进行离线测试标定。采用CCD测试多路激光时间积分的集束焦斑空间分布;采用光电管结合示波器及条纹相机对多路激光到达靶点的时间同步进行测试;开展高质量集束焦斑的时间分辨特性测试,获得了光谱色散匀滑光束焦斑精细的时空演化图像。多路激光集束焦斑形态及多路光束时间同步测试为提升高功率激光装置焦斑测试技术和方法提供了支撑。

复杂光线环境下星载激光光斑图像特征参数提取

星载激光光斑图像易受采集时复杂光线背景的影响,导致激光光斑特征参数提取精度不佳,由此提出复杂光线环境下星载激光光斑图像特征参数提取方法。首先,基于光照校正的Retinex图像增强算法光照补偿及增强星载激光光斑图像,以消除复杂光线环境的影响;其次,基于二次阈值分割与形态学消噪结合方法提取光斑边界;最后,使用一阶灰度重心法与椭圆拟合结合方法完成激光光斑图像特征参数提取。仿真结果表明,所提方法的星载激光光斑图像特征参数提取精度保持在95%以上,具有较好的提取性能。

激光束光斑漂移反演大气湍流各向异性实验研究

设计了两束正交激光束光斑漂移的实时影像记录系统,进行了一系列的激光束大气传输外场实验,对比研究大气湍流环境下两正交方向激光束的光斑漂移,反演研究大气湍流的各向异性。实验结果表明,近地面大气湍流具有各向异性且表现为:一、与风向相关,当激光传输路径与风向夹角很小时,其垂直和水平方向的光斑漂移量会出现较大的差异,当激光传输路径与风向正交时,其垂直和水平方向光斑漂移量基本一致。二、与实时气温相关,表现为两正交激光束的光斑漂移量统计值在垂直和水平方向的四个分量中的不均匀分配,且气温降低会使不均匀分配的强度增加。分析研究成果,本文提出大气湍流各向异性强度指数A的概念,该指数的大小可以综合性的表征大气湍流各向异性特征及其强度。

The Enhanced Measurements of Laser Micro-jet Processing

In the paper, the enhanced measurements of the laser micro-jet processing are discussed. In fact, within pure water breakdown threshold of laser, the less focal which focused with the appropriate focusing lens and the small nozzle of water chamber enhance the laser power density ,at the same time, the laser beam transport in the wave guided water with the proper total reflection angle. The laser power which depended on the properties of the diameter, the coupling water chamber and the coupling efficiency of the micro-jet and laser beam expect of the properties of laser.