CHARACTERISTICS OF DROPLET TRANSFER IN CO_2 LASER-MIG HYBRID WELDING WITH SHORTCIRCUITING MODE

LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment. Welding is carried out by using the CO2 laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in fiat position. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding. Because of the preheating action of CO2 laser to electrode and base material, the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process. When laser power is increased to a certain degree, the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole. Furthermore, through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process, the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.

Stability of fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding of high strength aluminum alloy

The effect of fiber laser on MIG arc was investigated with 8 mm 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy as base material.The arc shape,droplet transfer form and electrical signal in the process of MIG welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding were analyzed.The stability of the hybrid welding process was evaluated by standard deviation analysis.The results show that with the increase of laser power,a large number of laser-induced plasma enters the arc column area,providing more conductive channels,which makes the heat of MIG arc more concentrated and the short circuit transition disappear.Due to the continuous effect of laser,the keyhole becomes a continuous electron emission source,and a stable cathode spot will be formed near the keyhole,which enhances the stability of MIG arc at the base current state.By using the method of standard deviation analysis,the voltage standard deviation of single MIG welding arc and laser-MIG hybrid arc within 4 seconds was calculated.The standard deviation of single MIG arc voltage was 1.05,and the standard deviation of MIG arc voltage in laser-MIG hybrid welding was 0.71–0.86,so the hybrid welding process was more stable.

The numerical simulation of laser-MIG hybrid welding for Invar alloy

Composites are widely applied to the manufacturing of aircraft in aviation. Forming of large-scale composite component in aircraft requires the corresponding mold with precise size. The laser-MIG hybrid welding has a significant advantage in the manufacturing of Invar mold for aircraft composites. This paper mainly introduces the application of the laser-MIG hybrid welding,and the distribution of thermal field and flow field on the Invar alloy laser-MIG hybrid three-layer welding is analyzed and discussed specifically.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy laser-MIG hybrid welding joint

In this paper, 3 mm 6061 aluminum alloy sheets were welded by laser MIG hybrid welding. Based on the experiment, the best welding parameters were determined to ensure the penetration welding. The detailed microstructure,tensile and fatigue fracture morphology and surface fatigue damage of the welded joints were analyzed by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). The results show that there are two main kinds of precipitates, one is the long Si rich precipitates at the grain boundaries, the other is the intragranular Cu rich precipitates. The tensile test results show that the tensile strength of the joint is 224 MPa, which is only 70.2% of the base metal. Through the analysis of tensile fracture, there are great differences in the formation of tensile dimple. In the tensile-tensile fatigue test with a stress rate of 0.1, the conditional fatigue limits of base metal and welded joint are 101.9 MPa and 54.4 MPa, respectively. By comparing the fatigue fracture of the welded joints under different stress amplitudes, it was found that the main factor leading to the fracture of the joint is porosity. Through further analysis of the pore defects, it was found that there are transgranular and intergranular propagation ways of microcracks in the pores, and the mixed propagation way was also found.

Mathematical analysis of the role of recoil pressure in weld pool dynamics during laser-MIG hybrid welding

A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary iaser-MlG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter, moreover, typical phenomena of MIG welding, such as filler droplets impinging weld pool, electromagnetic force in the weld pool, and typical phenomena of laser beam welding, such as recoil pressure, Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption, Fresnel absorption were all considered in the model. The laser beam and arc couple effect were introduced into this model by the plasma width during hybrid welding. The role of recoil pressure in the weld formation was discussed. Transient weld pool shape and complicated liquid metal velocity distribution from two kinds weld pool to an unified weld pool were calculated. The simulated weld bead geometry with consideration recoil pressure was in good agreement with experimental measurement.

Joint performance of CO2 laser-MIG hybrid welding 5083-H116 alloy

Laser-MIG hybrid welding process was dealt with 6 mm thick 5083Hl16 Al-Mg alloy plate in butt-joint configuration. Weld formation principle during hybrid welding was explained. The joint properties and microstructure characteristics of welded joints were analyzed by tensile tests, fractographs observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Higher heat input could obtain better mechanical properties, and tensile strength and elongation reached 97.2%, 81% of the base metal, respectively. Fracture position traasited from fusion line to weld center in the higher heat input, and fracture location were only in the center of welded joints for the heat input relatively small.

Effect of Arc Energy on Morphology and Microstructure of Laser-MIG Hybrid Welded Joints of Invar Alloy

Laser-MIG hybrid welding experiments of 7 mm thick Invar alloy are carried out.The macro appearance of joints is observed and the influence of arc energy on the cross-section morphology is analyzed.The distribution of temperature field is simulated to explain the relationship between heat effect and microstructure.Besides,the average grain size of weld under different arc energies is quantitatively studied.The results indicate that welded joints with uniformity and good formation are obtained.The weld width and the weld seam area increase and the depth to width ratio decreases with the increase of arc heat input.The transition of columnar crystals to equiaxed crystals is observed from the fusion line to the weld center.It is found that the higher the arc energy,the coarser the columnar crystal.

Detection of butt weld of laser-MIG hybrid welding of thin-walled profile for high-speed train

Purpose–This study aims to solve the problem of weld quality inspection,for the aluminum alloy profile welding structure of high-speed train body has complex internal shape and thin plate thickness(2–4 mm),the conventional nondestructive testing method of weld quality is difficult to implement.Design/methodology/approach–In order to solve this problem,the ultrasonic creeping wave detection technology was proposed.The impact of the profile structure on the creeping wave detection was studied by designing profile structural test blocks and artificial simulation defect test blocks.The detection technology was used to test the actual welded test blocks,and compared with the results of X-ray test and destructive test(tensile test)to verify the accuracy of the ultrasonic creeping wave test results.Findings–It is indicated that that X-ray has better effect on the inspection of porosities and incomplete penetration defects.However,due to special detection method and protection,the detection speed is slow,which cannot meet the requirements of field inspection of the welding structure of aluminum alloy thin-walled profile for high-speed train body.It can be used as an auxiliary detection method for a small number of sampling inspection.The ultrasonic creeping wave can be used to detect the incomplete penetration welds with the equivalent of 0.25 mm or more,the results of creeping wave detection correspond well with the actual incomplete penetration defects.Originality/value–The results show that creeping wave detection results correspond well with the actual non-penetration defects and can be used for welding quality inspection of aluminum alloy thin-wall profile composite welding joints.It is recommended to use the echo amplitude of the 10 mm 30.2 mm 30.5 mm notch as the criterion for weld qualification.

焊接方法对铝合金焊接接头微弧氧化色差的影响

目的分析铝合金焊接接头微弧氧化过程中色差产生的原因。方法采用单激光和激光-MIG复合焊2种焊接方法焊接2A12铝合金,利用RGB值定性描述不同焊接试样的色差差异大小,采用金相、SEM和微区XRD观察2A12铝合金单激光和激光-MIG复合焊接头微弧氧化前后的组织、微观形貌和表面物相组成。结果经微弧氧化处理后,2A12铝合单激光焊焊件的焊缝和母材之间无明显色差,2A12铝合金激光-MIG复合焊焊件的焊缝和母材之间存在明显色差,结合金相组织、表面和截面的SEM形貌以及表面EDS和XRD测试分析结果可知,成分和表面熔融物颗粒的大小不同是铝合金焊接接头微弧氧化色差形成的主要原因,焊接接头的组织对铝合金焊接接头微弧氧化色差的产生没有影响。结论单激光焊接接头微弧氧化后的氧化色差较激光-MIG复合焊接头的小;铝合金(2A12)焊接接头产生氧化色差主要是因为焊接接头的成分和表面熔融物颗粒大小不同,而组织对色差无影响。

Ti6321合金激光-MIG复合焊接接头组织和力学性能分析

对6 mm厚的Ti6321钛合金板开展激光-MIG复合焊接试验,对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行了测试分析。结果表明,焊缝区金相组织主要为粗大的β柱状晶和细小的针状α’相形成的网篮组织;热影响区金相组织分布不均匀,近焊缝区组织主要由针状马氏体α’相和等轴α相组成,而近母材区组织主要由等轴α相、针状马氏体α’相和少量残余β相组成。拉伸断裂发生在远离焊缝的母材处,抗拉强度均值为935 MPa。焊缝和热影响区的硬度明显高于母材,最高硬度值出现在熔合线附近。

12 mm厚TC4钛合金激光-MIG复合焊接头疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

为探究12 mm厚TC4钛合金激光-MIG复合焊接头在不同区域的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,并分析微观组织与裂纹扩展之间的相互作用。利用体式显微镜、相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和电子背散射衍射技术分别对接头不同部位的裂纹扩展速率,裂纹扩展路径的变化,接头不同区域的显微组织与裂纹扩展的交互作用和裂纹尖端周边组织的变形特征进行了深入探究。结果表明,在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,母材区域的裂纹扩展速率最大,分别是热影响区和焊缝区域裂纹扩展速率的1.16倍和1.81倍。当ΔK=20 MPa·m^(1/2),母材裂纹扩展速率为3.39×10^(-4)mm/cycle。裂纹尖端的IPF图表明,在焊缝区中存在的50°~70°的大角度晶界占比为36.36%,高于母材的11.91%和热影响区的11.65%,大角度晶界的存在使裂纹沿晶界偏转或消耗更多能量穿过晶界,增大裂纹扩展阻力,表现出较好的裂纹扩展抗性。母材和热影响区表现出沿晶脆性断裂和韧性断裂的混合断裂模式,而焊缝区主要呈韧性断裂模式。此外,EBSD分析结果表明,焊缝区裂纹尖端附近具有更高的几何位错密度,位错在马氏体边界聚集,导致裂纹沿晶界发生偏转,进一步阻碍了裂纹的扩展。施密特因子分析也表明,焊缝区组织间的取向差差异较大,导致其裂纹扩展门槛值较高。综上,焊缝区中存在的大量大角度晶界和高位错密度是焊缝区具有较高裂纹扩展抗性的主要原因。

12 mm厚TC4钛合金激光-MIG复合焊接头组织与性能研究

目的探究TC4激光-MIG复合焊接头显微组织与基本力学性能之间的联系,分析接头不同区域的断裂行为。方法利用激光-MIG复合焊制备TC4钛合金对接接头,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察接头焊缝区、热影响区及母材的显微组织,在室温下进行了显微硬度测试、拉伸性能测试与断裂韧性测试,并对试样断口进行了观察分析。结果接头的焊缝区组织为粗大的β相柱状晶,晶内纵横分布着αʹ针状马氏体和针状α相,靠近焊缝一侧的热影响区则由针状αʹ相、α集束与少量细小的块状α相构成。随着远离焊缝中心,母材侧热影响区组织转变为块状的α相、少量α集束及初生β相,并最终趋于与母材组织相似。热影响区的显微硬度值达到最大,这是因为该区域存在比焊缝区更为细小的针状αʹ相。接头的平均抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为1020.22 MPa和7.38%。接头在拉伸时主要在焊缝区发生断裂。焊缝区展现出比母材区和热影响区更优异的断裂韧性,平均值为87.14 MPa·m1/2,焊缝区内纵横交错的网篮组织与集束是其断裂韧性较高的主要原因。结论在TC4钛合金的激光-MIG复合焊过程中,针状α相和αʹ马氏体的存在会提高焊缝的显微硬度和断裂韧性,但相较于母材塑性没有提升,通过调控焊缝区显微组织结构,可以获得所需性能的接头。

激光-MIG复合角焊缝成形工艺研究

目前,复合焊接技术研究多关注于薄板拼接焊,角焊缝焊接仍采用单热源,焊缝成形效果差。针对8 mm厚的Q235低碳钢板角焊缝,研究了激光-MIG复合焊接时,各工艺参数对角焊缝成形尺寸及熔池状态的影响。结果表明:MIG弧焊熔池飞溅较大,焊缝熔深、熔宽均较小,加入激光热源后,激光对电弧有一定的稳定作用,熔深、熔宽均增大,余高减小。弧焊熔池尺寸随电流增大而增大,当激光熔池与弧焊熔池耦合较好时,有利于稳定熔池、减少飞溅;随热源间距增大,熔滴不再滴入激光作用区,耦合作用下降;随焊接速度提升,热源在单位长度焊缝作用时间变短,熔深、熔宽下降。当激光功率为1.5 kW,焊接电流为220 A,热源间距为2 mm,焊接速度为600 mm/min时,弧焊熔池与激光熔池耦合好,熔池最为稳定,焊缝成形最佳。

装配间隙对铝合金激光-电弧复合焊接头成形及气孔的影响研究

采用激光先导方式的激光-电弧复合焊对高速列车车体常用的6082-T6铝合金锁底接头进行焊接试验。通过改变水平间隙和竖直间隙的大小,研究其对焊缝成形、熔深熔宽和气孔率的影响,并结合Fluent数值模拟软件进行验证。结果表明,随着水平间隙的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都呈现逐渐增大的趋势,特别地,当水平间隙从0 mm增大到1.2 mm时,熔深和下部熔宽分别从5.91 mm和1.65 mm增加至6.45 mm和2.46 mm,这主要归因于激光焊接热输入的增大;另外,接头气孔率呈现先下降后上升的趋势,当水平间隙为0.7 mm时,气孔率达到最小,仅为9.21%,小于无间隙时的10.86%和间隙为1.2 mm时的12.61%,这说明一定的水平间隙尺寸有利于提高匙孔稳定性,而过大的水平间隙尺寸则会造成匙孔稳定性变差;另外,随着竖直间隙的增加,尽管接头的熔深熔宽无明显变化,但气孔率呈现不断增大的趋势,从10.86%增大到15.85%,说明竖直间隙的存在不利于维持熔池匙孔的稳定性。最佳装配间隙尺寸为:水平间隙0.7 mm和竖直间隙0 mm。本研究将为采用激光-电弧复合焊接技术来实现高速列车用铝型材的高质量焊接提供工艺指导,并扩大激光-电弧复合焊接在相关领域的应用范围。

能量配比对铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接残余应力的影响

【目的】旨在探究不同能量配比下激光−MIG复合焊接7075铝合金的残余应力分布规律及机理。【方法】在焊接过程中对工件不同位置的焊接热循环进行了测量,焊后使用X射线衍射仪测量了激光−MIG复合焊接接头残余应力分布,分析了不同能量配比下接头残余应力的变化规律。【结果】结果表明,当总热输入不变时,随着激光功率增加及MIG功率减小,焊接穿透能力增强,焊缝熔深逐渐增加,熔宽逐渐减小;且当能量配比系数过大时,焊缝成形质量下降。残余应力在垂直于焊缝方向上整体呈现双峰分布,在焊缝区附近呈现拉应力,在母材区呈现压应力;在平行焊缝方向,残余应力表现为“压—拉—压”趋势。【结论】由于激光能量更为集中,热影响区峰值温度随能量配比系数的增加呈现明显的上升趋势,故而随着激光功率占比的增加,形成较高的温度梯度,导致集中受热区域的残余应力增大;同时,由于MIG功率占比的减小,焊缝及热影响区以外区域残余应力呈现明显的减小趋势。

Study of the Laser-MIG Hybrid Welded Al-Mg Alloy

The technology of laser-MIG hybrid welding is hotspot in welding researched field at present.It can improve the velocity of the welding,reduce the distortion of the welding,optimize the structure of the welding joint and etc..The 5052 aluminum alloy of the 10mm thick was welded by the laser-MIG hybrid welding.The structure,the alloy elements profile and the mechanical property of the welded joint are researched by the optical microscope,SEM,sclerometer and etc..The results showed:The medium thick Al alloy was welded in high speed by the laser-MIG hybrid welding.The appearance of the welding joint is well.The weld joint and the weld interface are fine.The intenerate region in the welding joint is small.The tensile strength in welding joint has achieved 94.4% of that in base metal.

5083铝合金激光-MIG复合单面焊双面成形打底焊工艺优化

采用激光-熔化极惰性气体保护电弧(MIG)复合焊对5083铝合金板进行打底焊,以模拟铝合金罐体单面成形对接焊缝,研究了激光束摆动方式(不摆动、直线摆动、圆形摆动、方形摆动)、激光功率(2.5~4.0 kW)、组对间隙(0,1 mm)和错边(0,1 mm)对焊缝成形质量的影响,并分析了优化工艺下接头的力学性能。结果表明:在3.0 kW激光功率下,当激光束不摆动时,焊缝背面不连续并伴有凹坑,当激光束直线摆动时,焊缝内部存在大量气孔;在圆形激光束摆动模式下,当激光功率为2.5 kW时,焊缝背面未形成连续的全熔透焊缝,当激光功率为4.0 kW时,焊缝出现严重的下塌现象。3.0~3.5 kW激光功率以及圆形或方形激光束摆动模式能够实现单面焊背面自由成形,且焊缝成形良好,在不同组对间隙和错边条件下表现出较强的适应性;在激光功率为3.0 kW、激光束摆动模式为圆形摆动的优化工艺下,焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材的90%,正弯和背弯后接头中均未出现裂纹和其他开口缺陷,满足工程应用要求。

中厚板铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接工艺及组织性能

针对8 mm厚6005A-T6铝合金,分别采用I形坡口和Y形坡口进行激光-MIG复合焊接试验,通过对比研究不同坡口形式接头的焊缝成形、组织特征、硬度分布和拉伸性能,分析坡口形式对接头性能的影响规律。结果表明,两种坡口形式均能获得高质量的焊缝,但I形坡口焊缝的电弧主要作用区熔深更大。焊缝中心均为树枝状晶并且晶粒尺寸类似,与Y形坡口相比,I形坡口焊缝柱状晶区的宽度更大,且热影响区存在晶粒粗大的现象。I形坡口焊缝区和熔合线附近的硬度均低于Y形坡口,而热影响区的硬度高于Y形坡口。I形坡口和Y形坡口接头的平均抗拉强度分别为202.0 MPa和205.2 MPa,试样均断裂在熔合线附近,断裂路径与熔合线一致,断口呈现典型的塑性断裂特征。

7xxx系铝合金焊接技术研究进展

7xxx系铝合金作为所有系列铝合金强度最高的金属材料,具有优良的综合性能,被广泛应用于各领域中。本文从7xxx系铝合金焊接质量和焊接效率出发,综述了几种常见的7xxx系铝合金焊接技术的发展现状,重点介绍了熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG焊)、冷金属过渡焊(CMT)、钨极惰性气体保护焊(TIG焊)等传统电弧焊以及激光焊、电子束焊、搅拌摩擦焊等新型焊接技术的技术特点与应用前景,总结了不同焊接技术相应的优势与不足以及目前各焊接技术急待解决的问题,最后对7xxx系铝合金焊接技术发展前景进行了总结。

高速列车底板型材激光-熔化极惰性气体保护复合焊接试验

进行高速列车铝合金底板型材激光-熔化极惰性气体保护复合焊接试验,对焊接接头的硬度、形貌、力学性能、显微组织进行分析。结果表明,焊接接头内部熔合良好,无气孔缺陷,焊缝形状狭长,呈上宽下窄形貌。焊接接头平均抗拉强度为230 MPa,达到母材强度的73.5%,拉伸断裂于热影响区。焊缝和热影响区软化区是焊接接头的薄弱部位。受激光焊接作用,焊缝组织为等轴晶和柱状晶,组织分布均匀且细小。