A series of Zn-xAl(x=0-35 wt.%)alloy filler metals were designed to join AZ31 Mg alloy to 6061 Al alloy by laser-TIG hybrid welding.The effect of Al content on the wettability of filler metals,microstructure evolution...A series of Zn-xAl(x=0-35 wt.%)alloy filler metals were designed to join AZ31 Mg alloy to 6061 Al alloy by laser-TIG hybrid welding.The effect of Al content on the wettability of filler metals,microstructure evolution and strength of joint was investigated.The results indicated that the strength of joints was improved with the increase of Al content in filler metals.When Zn-15Al filler was used,the ultimate fracture load reached the maximum of 1475.3 N/cm,which was increased by 28%than that with pure Zn filler.The reason is that the Al element acts as a"reaction depressant"in filler metal,which contributes to inhibiting the dissolution of Mg base metal and the Mg-Zn reaction.The addition of appropriate quantity of Al element promoted the precipitation of Al-rich solid solution instead of Zn solid solution.The MgZn_(2) IMCs have lower lattice mismatch with Al solid solution than Zn solid solution,thus the strength of joints is improved.However,the excessive addition of Al caused the formation of brittle Mg32(Al,Zn)49 ternary compounds,leading to the deterioration of joint performance.展开更多
The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. Withthe variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetrationwelding and heat conductive welding. The heat ...The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. Withthe variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetrationwelding and heat conductive welding. The heat flow model of hybrid welding is presented. As todeep-penetration welding, the heat source includes a surface heat flux and a volume heat flux. Theheat source of heat conductive welding is composed of two Gaussian distribute surface heat sources.With this heat source model, a temperature field is calculated. The finite element code MARC isemployed for this purpose. The calculation results show a good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
An experiment for determining the laser-TIG hybrid welding characteristics was carried out in three kinds of hybrid methods: CO_2 laser-TIG coaxial hybrid, CO_2 laser-TIG paraxial hybrid and Nd: YAG laser-TIG paraxial...An experiment for determining the laser-TIG hybrid welding characteristics was carried out in three kinds of hybrid methods: CO_2 laser-TIG coaxial hybrid, CO_2 laser-TIG paraxial hybrid and Nd: YAG laser-TIG paraxial hybrid. The experimental results indicate that hybrid welding has two welding mechanisms in CO_2 laser-TIG hybrid welding: deep penetration welding and heat conduction welding. As the effect of the laser-induced keyhole, the arc root is condensed, the current density and penetration depth increase significantly, the welding characteristic is apt to deep penetration welding. When current increases to some degree, the keyhole induced by laser disappears, which produces a shallow penetration and wide bead. The weld exhibits heat conduction welding characteristics. Furthermore, the arc images and weld bead cross-sections of three kinds of hybrid manners were also compared and analyzed at different welding currents, which established the foundation for understanding the welding characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding comprehensively.展开更多
The hybrid source that combined CO2 laser with TIG arc to proceed welding was analyzed. Based on an energymodel, the temperature field and weld shape were calculated numerically. The heat transfer characteristic of th...The hybrid source that combined CO2 laser with TIG arc to proceed welding was analyzed. Based on an energymodel, the temperature field and weld shape were calculated numerically. The heat transfer characteristic of thehybrid heat source to workpiece and its effect to weld shape were also analyzed. Through analyzing the enhancementeffect of the hybrid heat source, the absorption effect and defocusing effect of the hybrid arc to laser were calculated,and the regularity of the energy density to the current was obtained subsequently. At last, the critical energy matchesto induce the enhancement effect of CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding were obtained.展开更多
A series of laser-TIG double-side welding experiments for aluminum alloys were carried out to investigate the heat efficiency of the process. The melting efficiency was introduced to evaluate quantitatively the degree...A series of laser-TIG double-side welding experiments for aluminum alloys were carried out to investigate the heat efficiency of the process. The melting efficiency was introduced to evaluate quantitatively the degree of the mutual effect of the laser and the arc. The results showed that the melting efficiency of laser-TIG double-side welding exceeded the sum of the laser and the arc taken separately. With the increase of heat input, the weld depth and melting efficiency of the laser and the arc were increased signifwantly. This, in fact, implies the strong mutual effect of the laser and the arc as heat sources joined simultaneously in the process. Comparatively, the higher efficiency of the laser constituent of heat sources plays the main role in the increase of the process efficiency. The phenomena of arc column convergence, increased laser absorptivity and the formation of heat accumulation region are the causes of the improvement of heat efficiency.展开更多
In continuous wave CO2 laser-TlG hybrid welding process, the laser energy is not fully utilized because of the absorption and defocusing by plasma in the arc space. Therefore, the optimal welding result can only be ac...In continuous wave CO2 laser-TlG hybrid welding process, the laser energy is not fully utilized because of the absorption and defocusing by plasma in the arc space. Therefore, the optimal welding result can only be achieved in a limited energy range. In order to improve the welding performance further, a novel hybrid welding method--pulse CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding by coordinated control is proposed and investigated. The experimental results indicate that, compared with continuous wave CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding, the absorption and defocusing of laser energy by plasma are decreased further, and at the same time, the availability ratio of laser and arc energy can be increased when a coordinated frequency is controlled. As a result, the weld appearance is also improved as well as the weld depth is deepened. Furthermore, the effect of frequency and phase of pulse laser and TIG arc on the arc images and welding characteristics is also studied. However, the novel hybrid method has great potentials in the application of industrials from views of techniques and economy.展开更多
The influence of laser parameters on are beharior of laser-TIC, dauble-side welding was investigated by utilizing CCD sensor and intage processing methods. It was found that are images had an obvious transformation fr...The influence of laser parameters on are beharior of laser-TIC, dauble-side welding was investigated by utilizing CCD sensor and intage processing methods. It was found that are images had an obvious transformation from laser preheating to laser plasma ejected from the keyhole bottom, resulting in the phenomena of arc column convergence and arc root constrictian. The attraction phenomenon of the laser and the arc is also found in laser-TIG double-side welding. More noteworthy is that the behavior of arc attraction or constriction became much obvious at a lower current or laser plasma ejected from the keyhole bottom. The decrease in arc voltage had a certain relation u＇ith the improvement of arc stabilio.展开更多
The weldability of in situ TiB2 reinforced ZL101 metal matrix composites （ MMCs） was examined using laser-TIG hybrid welding technology. High speed camera was employed to observe the coupled results between laser pl...The weldability of in situ TiB2 reinforced ZL101 metal matrix composites （ MMCs） was examined using laser-TIG hybrid welding technology. High speed camera was employed to observe the coupled results between laser plume and electric arc. Optical microscope （OM） , scanning electron microscope （SEM） , tensile machine and wearing equipment were used to evaluate the quality of welding joint. The effective hybrid welding was realized and defect-free seam was obtained when the laser power （8 kW）, TIG current （ 100 A） and welding speed （3 nv/min ） were combined. TiB2 distribution became much more homogeneous than the pre-welded, and microstructure of seam was .finer obviously. Tensile and wear resistance test showed that the weld seam presented higher strength and better wear-reslstance properties than the base metal. The results indicated that TiB2 reinforced aluminum matrix composites were successfully welded using the laser-T1G hybrid welding method.展开更多
The influence of welding parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of the welds of laser-TIG double-side welded 5A06 aluminum alloy was investigated. The results show that the weld cross-sectional shape h...The influence of welding parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of the welds of laser-TIG double-side welded 5A06 aluminum alloy was investigated. The results show that the weld cross-sectional shape has an intimate relation with the mechanical properties and microstructure of the welds. The symmetrical "X" cross-section possesses a relatively higher tensile strength and elongation than the others, about 91% and 58% of those of base metal, respectively. The good weld profiles and free defects are responsible for the improvement of tensile properties. Due to low hardness of the fusion zone, this region is the weakest area in the tensile test and much easier to fracture. The loss of Mg element is responsible for the decrease of mechanical properties of the joints. The microstructure of "X" cross-section has an obvious difference along the direction of weld depth, and that of the "H" cross-section is consistent and coarse.展开更多
The three dimensional transient temperature distribution of laser TIG hybrid welding was analyzed and simulated numerically. Calculations were based on a finite element model, in which the physical process of hybrid...The three dimensional transient temperature distribution of laser TIG hybrid welding was analyzed and simulated numerically. Calculations were based on a finite element model, in which the physical process of hybrid welding was studied and the coupling effect of the laser and arc in the hybrid process was fully considered. The temperature fields and weld cross sections of the typical welding parameters are obtained using present model. The calculation results show that the model can indicate the relationship of energy match between laser and arc to joints cross sections objectively, and the simulation results are well agreed with the experimental results.展开更多
The laser-TIG hybrid welding was mainly used to weld the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B. The technical characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding process was investigated and the interactional mechanism between laser ...The laser-TIG hybrid welding was mainly used to weld the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B. The technical characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding process was investigated and the interactional mechanism between laser and arc was discussed, at the same time the microstructure and mechanical properties of the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B using laser-TIG hybrid welding were analyzed by optical microscope, EPMA, SEM, tensile machine, hardness machine. The experimental results show that the presence of laser beam boosts up the stability of the arc during high speed welding and augments the penetration of weld; the crystal grains of magnesium alloy weld are fine without porosity and cracks in the best welding criterion and the microstructure of HAZ does not become coarse obviously. The elements profile analysis reveals that Mg content in the weld is lower than that of the base metal, but Al content is higher slightly. Under this experimental condition, the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B joint can be achieved using laser-TIG hybrid process and the tensile strength of the joint is equivalent to that of the base metal.展开更多
Hybrid laser-TIG （tungsten inert gas） welding technology was used to join the Mg to steel with Cu-Zn interlayer. The effect of Al content in Mg alloy on the interface bonding of AZ31BMg/Q235 steel dissimilar butt jo...Hybrid laser-TIG （tungsten inert gas） welding technology was used to join the Mg to steel with Cu-Zn interlayer. The effect of Al content in Mg alloy on the interface bonding of AZ31BMg/Q235 steel dissimilar butt joints was investigated. For comparison, ZK60 Mg alloy with no Al addition and AZ31 Mg alloy were utilized. The results showed that AZ31/Q235 butt joints with Cu-Zn interlayer, of which the fractures occurred in the Mg weld seam, showed quite sound and reliable interface bonding. The obvious concentration of element Al occurred along the Mg/steel interface. The results indicated that the addition of Cu-Zn interlayer, especially Zn, could significantly decrease the reaction temperature of Fe-Al at the Mg/ steel interface and promote the formation of reaction layer along the interface. The diffusion of Al element on the Mg-Fe interface was increased by the Cu-Zn interlayer. For ZK60 Mg alloy, Mg and Zn approaching the Mg-Fe interface were evaporated. The intense vaporizing could inhibit the direct contact between steel and Mg weld pool, even destroying the possible formation of reaction layer. The intimate interface bonding of AZ31/Q235 butt joints was attributed to the synergistic effect of element AI and Cu.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Funds of China(No.52175290 and No.51975090).
文摘A series of Zn-xAl(x=0-35 wt.%)alloy filler metals were designed to join AZ31 Mg alloy to 6061 Al alloy by laser-TIG hybrid welding.The effect of Al content on the wettability of filler metals,microstructure evolution and strength of joint was investigated.The results indicated that the strength of joints was improved with the increase of Al content in filler metals.When Zn-15Al filler was used,the ultimate fracture load reached the maximum of 1475.3 N/cm,which was increased by 28%than that with pure Zn filler.The reason is that the Al element acts as a"reaction depressant"in filler metal,which contributes to inhibiting the dissolution of Mg base metal and the Mg-Zn reaction.The addition of appropriate quantity of Al element promoted the precipitation of Al-rich solid solution instead of Zn solid solution.The MgZn_(2) IMCs have lower lattice mismatch with Al solid solution than Zn solid solution,thus the strength of joints is improved.However,the excessive addition of Al caused the formation of brittle Mg32(Al,Zn)49 ternary compounds,leading to the deterioration of joint performance.
文摘The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. Withthe variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetrationwelding and heat conductive welding. The heat flow model of hybrid welding is presented. As todeep-penetration welding, the heat source includes a surface heat flux and a volume heat flux. Theheat source of heat conductive welding is composed of two Gaussian distribute surface heat sources.With this heat source model, a temperature field is calculated. The finite element code MARC isemployed for this purpose. The calculation results show a good agreement with the experimental data.
文摘An experiment for determining the laser-TIG hybrid welding characteristics was carried out in three kinds of hybrid methods: CO_2 laser-TIG coaxial hybrid, CO_2 laser-TIG paraxial hybrid and Nd: YAG laser-TIG paraxial hybrid. The experimental results indicate that hybrid welding has two welding mechanisms in CO_2 laser-TIG hybrid welding: deep penetration welding and heat conduction welding. As the effect of the laser-induced keyhole, the arc root is condensed, the current density and penetration depth increase significantly, the welding characteristic is apt to deep penetration welding. When current increases to some degree, the keyhole induced by laser disappears, which produces a shallow penetration and wide bead. The weld exhibits heat conduction welding characteristics. Furthermore, the arc images and weld bead cross-sections of three kinds of hybrid manners were also compared and analyzed at different welding currents, which established the foundation for understanding the welding characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding comprehensively.
文摘The hybrid source that combined CO2 laser with TIG arc to proceed welding was analyzed. Based on an energymodel, the temperature field and weld shape were calculated numerically. The heat transfer characteristic of thehybrid heat source to workpiece and its effect to weld shape were also analyzed. Through analyzing the enhancementeffect of the hybrid heat source, the absorption effect and defocusing effect of the hybrid arc to laser were calculated,and the regularity of the energy density to the current was obtained subsequently. At last, the critical energy matchesto induce the enhancement effect of CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding were obtained.
文摘A series of laser-TIG double-side welding experiments for aluminum alloys were carried out to investigate the heat efficiency of the process. The melting efficiency was introduced to evaluate quantitatively the degree of the mutual effect of the laser and the arc. The results showed that the melting efficiency of laser-TIG double-side welding exceeded the sum of the laser and the arc taken separately. With the increase of heat input, the weld depth and melting efficiency of the laser and the arc were increased signifwantly. This, in fact, implies the strong mutual effect of the laser and the arc as heat sources joined simultaneously in the process. Comparatively, the higher efficiency of the laser constituent of heat sources plays the main role in the increase of the process efficiency. The phenomena of arc column convergence, increased laser absorptivity and the formation of heat accumulation region are the causes of the improvement of heat efficiency.
文摘In continuous wave CO2 laser-TlG hybrid welding process, the laser energy is not fully utilized because of the absorption and defocusing by plasma in the arc space. Therefore, the optimal welding result can only be achieved in a limited energy range. In order to improve the welding performance further, a novel hybrid welding method--pulse CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding by coordinated control is proposed and investigated. The experimental results indicate that, compared with continuous wave CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding, the absorption and defocusing of laser energy by plasma are decreased further, and at the same time, the availability ratio of laser and arc energy can be increased when a coordinated frequency is controlled. As a result, the weld appearance is also improved as well as the weld depth is deepened. Furthermore, the effect of frequency and phase of pulse laser and TIG arc on the arc images and welding characteristics is also studied. However, the novel hybrid method has great potentials in the application of industrials from views of techniques and economy.
文摘The influence of laser parameters on are beharior of laser-TIC, dauble-side welding was investigated by utilizing CCD sensor and intage processing methods. It was found that are images had an obvious transformation from laser preheating to laser plasma ejected from the keyhole bottom, resulting in the phenomena of arc column convergence and arc root constrictian. The attraction phenomenon of the laser and the arc is also found in laser-TIG double-side welding. More noteworthy is that the behavior of arc attraction or constriction became much obvious at a lower current or laser plasma ejected from the keyhole bottom. The decrease in arc voltage had a certain relation u＇ith the improvement of arc stabilio.
文摘The weldability of in situ TiB2 reinforced ZL101 metal matrix composites （ MMCs） was examined using laser-TIG hybrid welding technology. High speed camera was employed to observe the coupled results between laser plume and electric arc. Optical microscope （OM） , scanning electron microscope （SEM） , tensile machine and wearing equipment were used to evaluate the quality of welding joint. The effective hybrid welding was realized and defect-free seam was obtained when the laser power （8 kW）, TIG current （ 100 A） and welding speed （3 nv/min ） were combined. TiB2 distribution became much more homogeneous than the pre-welded, and microstructure of seam was .finer obviously. Tensile and wear resistance test showed that the weld seam presented higher strength and better wear-reslstance properties than the base metal. The results indicated that TiB2 reinforced aluminum matrix composites were successfully welded using the laser-T1G hybrid welding method.
基金Project (41318.3.1.2) supported by the National Defence Pre-research Foundation of China
文摘The influence of welding parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of the welds of laser-TIG double-side welded 5A06 aluminum alloy was investigated. The results show that the weld cross-sectional shape has an intimate relation with the mechanical properties and microstructure of the welds. The symmetrical "X" cross-section possesses a relatively higher tensile strength and elongation than the others, about 91% and 58% of those of base metal, respectively. The good weld profiles and free defects are responsible for the improvement of tensile properties. Due to low hardness of the fusion zone, this region is the weakest area in the tensile test and much easier to fracture. The loss of Mg element is responsible for the decrease of mechanical properties of the joints. The microstructure of "X" cross-section has an obvious difference along the direction of weld depth, and that of the "H" cross-section is consistent and coarse.
文摘The three dimensional transient temperature distribution of laser TIG hybrid welding was analyzed and simulated numerically. Calculations were based on a finite element model, in which the physical process of hybrid welding was studied and the coupling effect of the laser and arc in the hybrid process was fully considered. The temperature fields and weld cross sections of the typical welding parameters are obtained using present model. The calculation results show that the model can indicate the relationship of energy match between laser and arc to joints cross sections objectively, and the simulation results are well agreed with the experimental results.
文摘The laser-TIG hybrid welding was mainly used to weld the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B. The technical characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding process was investigated and the interactional mechanism between laser and arc was discussed, at the same time the microstructure and mechanical properties of the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B using laser-TIG hybrid welding were analyzed by optical microscope, EPMA, SEM, tensile machine, hardness machine. The experimental results show that the presence of laser beam boosts up the stability of the arc during high speed welding and augments the penetration of weld; the crystal grains of magnesium alloy weld are fine without porosity and cracks in the best welding criterion and the microstructure of HAZ does not become coarse obviously. The elements profile analysis reveals that Mg content in the weld is lower than that of the base metal, but Al content is higher slightly. Under this experimental condition, the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B joint can be achieved using laser-TIG hybrid process and the tensile strength of the joint is equivalent to that of the base metal.
文摘Hybrid laser-TIG （tungsten inert gas） welding technology was used to join the Mg to steel with Cu-Zn interlayer. The effect of Al content in Mg alloy on the interface bonding of AZ31BMg/Q235 steel dissimilar butt joints was investigated. For comparison, ZK60 Mg alloy with no Al addition and AZ31 Mg alloy were utilized. The results showed that AZ31/Q235 butt joints with Cu-Zn interlayer, of which the fractures occurred in the Mg weld seam, showed quite sound and reliable interface bonding. The obvious concentration of element Al occurred along the Mg/steel interface. The results indicated that the addition of Cu-Zn interlayer, especially Zn, could significantly decrease the reaction temperature of Fe-Al at the Mg/ steel interface and promote the formation of reaction layer along the interface. The diffusion of Al element on the Mg-Fe interface was increased by the Cu-Zn interlayer. For ZK60 Mg alloy, Mg and Zn approaching the Mg-Fe interface were evaporated. The intense vaporizing could inhibit the direct contact between steel and Mg weld pool, even destroying the possible formation of reaction layer. The intimate interface bonding of AZ31/Q235 butt joints was attributed to the synergistic effect of element AI and Cu.
