On Latin American Protests in 2019

A large-scale wave of mass protests broke out in fifteen Latin American countries during 2019.Some protests led to the resignation of the president and the collapse of the government.Others caused social unrest and bloody conflicts.Some protests led to a national"curfew",and the government was forced to cancel major international conferences.For a time,over ten countries were engaged in turbulent and chaotic activities.Accordingly,the 2019 Latin American protests were also dubbed"Latin America’s Turmoil"by the international media.The scale,scope and impact of the protests have been rarely seen over the last forty years.They constituted part of the global chaos of 2019.The cause was not only the anxious response of the Latin American countries facing global changes not seen for a century,but also a concentrated outbreak of political,economic and social contradictions that has been accumulating in certain Latin American countries over a long period of time.Facing unprecedented global change over a century,the Latin American countries will be able to usher in the"Latin American Spring"only if they carry out profound reform with great courage,and achieve significant progress in their political systems,economic structures,and social security systems.

Understanding the Urban Sprawl in the Mid-Size Latin American Cities through the Urban Form:Analysis of the Concepcion Metropolitan Area(Chile)

Latin American cities, like those from North America and Europe, experience problems of urban sprawl. However, few studies have dedicated exclusively to this phenomenon in specific cities, and this omission is particularly noticeable regarding cities not considered among the megalopolis of the continent. The present work analyzes urban sprawl through an urban form in the Concepción Metropolitan Area, Chile, between 1990 and 2009, considering local aspects that may have played a role in the process. The main empirical results obtained from this study reveal a metropolitan area that has expanded intensely over a 20-year period, growing from 9000 hectares to more than 17,000 ha for a 96% increment in the built-up area. The new urban surfaces consolidate a central conurbation that strengthens the role of the main downtowns, with less-intense occupation towards the sub-centers but in a structure that follows the transportation infrastructure. Over the last 20 years, the distance between the shapes has grown progressively by around 2 km, increasing the size of the ellipse by more than 1000 km2. In particular the complexity of the urbanized surfaces has grown, becoming more irregular in shape and less compact as they come to occupy larger areas. So our principal findings include: an increment of nearly 100% in the urban surface, the importance of a polycentric urban structure in the process of consolidation as a support for analyzing different spatial dynamics, and the growing morphological irregularity of the territory of the sprawl.

Characteristics and Trends of the Biden Administration’s Latin American Policy

Since taking office in 2021, US President Joe Biden has rectified former President Trump’s domestic and foreign policies. However, Biden has continued the Trump administration’s idea of “excluding China and protecting the courtyard,” which permeates the entire process of policy adjustment on Latin America. The purpose is to damage and hinder China–Latin America relations and cooperation. After the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, the Biden administration intensified efforts to exclude extraterritorial forces represented by China and Russia that seek to regain control of the backyard to a greater extent. The Biden administration has made progress in easing the antagonism between the US and Latin America and repairing ally system in the western hemisphere, however, its efforts to reshape U.S.–Latin America relations have encountered many challenges.

Hermeneutics of Identity： Latin American Philosophy＇s Search for Self-dependence

Does a Latin American Philosophy that is more than a copy of European thought exist？ This question determines the historical-systematic presentation of important philosophical approaches in the 20th century in the Spanish speaking part of Latin America. Jos6 Marti＇s essay, ＂Our America＂ （1891）, offers the essential topics of Latin American philosophy （liberation, literal plurality, continental and national identity, anti-positivistic emotionalism and intuitionalism, mestizo-philosophy, indigenous wisdom, unity of universal and regional principles, social-practical, ethical and intercultural orientation）. These topics are paradigmatically outlined by means of the portraits of pioneering poets, philosophers, and traditions of Latin America. The most convincing approach of the present seeks for an intercultural formatting and performance of philosophical issues, which includes a sensibility for the hybrid character of many Latin American realities and the attempt to identify universal insights in local traditions. Latin American intercultural philosophy avoids relativism and relies on discovering and developing communal ethical standards which link cultures.

Biopolitics, Life, and Body... Considerations from Latin American Point of View

We intend to get a close look at Foucault＇s work on biopolitics with the aim of contrasting some of its aspects with the developments linked to the emancipatory and liberating potential of the notion of life （living corporeality） within the framework of Enrique Dussel＇s Latin American Political Philosophy. We are interested in these theoretical approaches （Foucault＇s biopolitics and Dussel＇s Liberation Politics） given the political implications and prominence they grant to the notions of body and life in contemporary societies. The works we are interested in to contrast present different standpoints： In the first one, life is related to the exercise of political power, whereas in the second one its approach concentrates on political emancipation processes. We believe, however, that it is possible to find convergence points between them that allow us to explain, to a certain extent, the importance of the notion of life in contemporary societies. For this purpose, we will carry out an analysis of the notion of ＂counter behaviors,＂ a concept that Foucault briefly develops to explain how life has not been thoroughly integrated to technologies that dominate or run it but instead escape them ceaselessly.

Latin American Leftist Governments Tackle Neo-liberalism

Throughout the 1990s, the United States and the international organizations under its control vigorously pushed for neo-

Energy Security and Climate Change in the European Union,China and Latin American Relationships:Major Challenges and Areas of International Cooperation

The author discusses the subject in both ecological and political perspectives based on a most comprehensive,authoritative and updated bibliography.Hence,Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC) is as much diversified as there are sub-regions and regional organizations in geopolitical and geo-economical terms and often dialectic regarding energy security,climate change and LAC ties with Europeans and China and so is the tripartite relations with the rest of the world so far as energy security and climate cha...

Planet Earth Strikes Back:Landscapes of Toxicity in Latin American Fiction

This essay discusses how contemporary Latin American literature(Argentina,Brazil,and Colombia)employs the discourse of toxicity-condensed in the metaphor of bio-engineering and mutation-to process and interrogate what Jason Moore has called the“Capitolecene.”Moore proposes to understand the“accumulation of capital,the pursuit of power,and the co-production of nature in dialectical unity.”This essay considers how the co-production of nature,impelled by greed(a recurring allegory of capitalism)goes terribly wrong by generating toxic biomes.As such,these texts function as ecocritical allegories of the Capitolecene(specifically in its iteration as biocapitalism)and its human and environmental consequences.

The Latin American Publishing Circuit in the 21st Century:Following the Trajectory of Cesar Aira

This essay poses a question about the identity of Latin American literature in the 21st century.In the 1960s and 1970s,the Latin America Boom received recognition both locally and internationally,becoming the dominant means of defining Latin American literature up to the present.This essay explores new ways to understand this notion of Latin America in the literary scene.The case of the Argentine writer Cesar Aira is relevant for analyzing alternative publishing circuits that connect various points of the region.These publishing houses foster a defiant way of establishing the value of literature.

Rise of the Right and Regression of the Left in Latin America

Though the turn to the right in Latin America will continue over the short term, the left has not diminished and its resurgence remains possible. The political situation in Latin America has undergone dramatic changes since 2015, when an ebbing of the"pink tide"and rise of the right in several countries occurred, coupled with US support to the right.Flexible political strategies and rightists' political pragmatism are occurring as the continent's middle class expands, coupled with US support to the right. Some conditions that promote the right's revival remain operative, but for the new right regimes, addressing economic vitality, the wellbeing of the poor, corruption, and divisions from within are imminent challenges against which a left resurgence has competitive ground.

Institutions and Intellectuals That Configure the Concept of the Environment and Development in Latin America and Its Global Impact

This paper is part of a research into the Latin American thinking on international affairs and a continuation of a line of work on Latin American contributions to the environmental discussion installed in the global political agenda in the early 70s. The premise was that Latin American contributions were initially made by professionals closely related to ECLAC, UNEP and the Bariloche Foundation. These professionals and agencies understood how poverty and backwardness were endured by the majority of the regional and world’s population was one of the main causes of environmental degradation;consequently, overcoming the environmental crisis meant that underdevelopment should be eradicated without delay. This view of the environmental problems was synthesized in the combined concept of “environment and development”, which was also understood in the region as “eco development”. Finally, the broad phenomenon they wanted to describe using the terms “environment and development” was summarized in the concept of sustainable development as defined in the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development report “Our Common Future”.

拉美现代化新解:以权力结构为中心

迄今为止,拉美地区的现代化并不成功,既往研究将其归咎于世界体系中中心国家的剥削、民粹主义、军人干政等因素。本文使用“权力平等发展理论”这一新的分析框架重新解读拉美现代化。独立200多年来,拉美地区的权力资源集中于经济精英和保守派政治精英组成的利益集团手中,这导致土地集中,使拉美国家走上了排斥型发展道路。由于多数人口始终被排斥在现代化进程之外,拉美国家无法产生经济增长的内生动力并实现结构升级,初级产品出口导向模式、内向型进口替代工业化战略和新自由主义模式先后归于失败,经济现代化受阻。拉美国家的上层集团还长期控制政治权力,通过立法、政治庇护主义、暴力等方式压制左翼和激进民粹主义力量,长期维持不平等的经济和社会结构,并导致“双面国家”现象和政治动荡,政治现代化同样受挫。拉美现代化的挫折可为其他发展中国家提供重要启示。

“边缘国家”何以成功塑造国际规范?——基于拉美国家经验的分析

当代国际秩序主要由在国际体系中占据中心地位的美欧国家主导和塑造。但是,处于边缘地带的国家并非完全是西方规范的接受者,其也主动参与国际规范秩序的塑造。本文通过明晰规范塑造中的道义逻辑和权力逻辑,探究“边缘国家”成功塑造国际规范的条件,并具体考察作为典型“边缘国家”的拉美国家参与塑造可持续发展目标规范、粮食主权规范以及毒品治理规范的案例,回答弱势方如何成功倡导规范并参与国际秩序塑造。研究发现,“边缘国家”能否提出与广大发展中国家产生共鸣的规范内容,并激活规范的道义逻辑,对于国际规范的形成具有决定性作用。“中心国家”的态度对国际规范效力的强弱具有调节性作用。“边缘国家”也可在国际组织中积极推动规则创新,借助学习机制促使“中心国家”改变其既有理念。

文明互鉴:16—19世纪中国器物在拉美的传播与影响

明代以来,伴随海上国际贸易航线的开通、海洋气象学与航海技术的进步,以及地理大发现与欧洲殖民扩张,中国器物外销拉美市场逐渐扩大。在三角贸易、官方贸易和民间贸易的共同推动下,中国和拉美国家的器物交往持续了250年的历史。流动的中国工匠与器物以特有的文化表达向拉美民众传递了中国的造物理念、审美情趣和人文思想,促使拉美民众在与中国文化的交流中,迸发出新的艺术灵感,并将其融入自身文化,创造出独特的文艺样态,也由此拓展了他们的生活空间。中国器物为拉美文化注入了新的元素,促进了拉美文化的多元化发展,并在拉美文明的进程中留下了不可磨灭的印记。

中国最终需求对拉美经济的拉动效应——基于全球价值链视角

新发展格局不是封闭的国内循环,而是开放的国内国际双循环。随着中国与拉美经贸合作跨越式发展,中国对拉美经济的积极影响日益加深。有鉴于此,测度和分析中国最终需求对拉美经济增长的拉动效应对中国构建新发展格局具有现实意义。本文基于全球价值链视角,在世界投入产出模型的基础上,使用OECD世界投入产出数据,测度了全球价值链中中国对拉美经济增长的需求拉动效应。研究认为:第一,1995—2018年,拉动率增长显著,中国最终需求每增长1%对拉美经济增长的拉动率由0.001 4%提升至0.025 3%,提升了17倍,且2018年中国的拉动率在拉美所有外部经济体中仅次于美国;第二,中国对拉美经济增长的拉动率中价值链依存度整体较高,上升趋势明显,在2000年之后始终保持在80%以上;第三,中国最终需求是中国对拉美经济增长拉动效应变化的决定性因素,中国经济增长将通过内循环到外循环有效拉动拉美经济增长。

安第斯山脉的绿色基础设施:高山人居的合作性景观设计策略

以“绿色基础设施”为核心概念,剖析了拉丁美洲的安第斯山脉地区的城市化不同历史进程中孕育出的传统绿色基础设施要素和体系。以秘鲁卡奇河流域的阿亚库乔的城乡结合区域为例,具体展现了在气候变化和政府规划职能不完全的情况下,当代高山人居需要基于传统智慧、与社区内外的多主体联动,在知识生产和转化过程中进行多维合作,才能推动绿色基础设施体系成型和运作,以应对人地和城乡发展不平衡的挑战。分析指出,绿色基础设施与高山聚落的空间社会文化密不可分。借助《安第斯城市化》项目,探讨了宏观流域、中观城乡一体化和微观社区尺度各自对应但相互耦合的的三种景观设计策略。上述设计研究和景观策略在安第斯山脉语境中展现了绿色基础设施的多样构成、综合作用和合作意义,并为中国的绿色基础设施体系建设提供借鉴。

当代拉美女性导演的电影创作取向与价值表达

20世纪90年代以来,拉美女性导演作为一支重要的创作力量开始活跃在世界影坛,在创作取向和价值表达上,女性导演群体关注到了女同性恋群体在男权社会中的生存困境,并通过塑造同性之间的“姐妹情谊”来建构女同性恋群体的主体性。作为一种反抗男权的同盟关系--“姐妹情谊”能够大胆地冲破传统的性别角色禁忌,并颠覆异性恋对于同性恋群体的刻板印象。在聚焦性别问题同时,女性导演群体亦关注了在拉美历史和现实中少数族裔女性所遭受的来自种族、阶层等方面的压迫,并通过赋予少数族裔女性一种“对抗性凝视”能力,来抵抗白人话语权威,从而实现自我的价值认同。反映离散女性在跨国阈限空间的边缘状态,同样是当代拉美女性导演电影中常见的主题。在全球化语境中,身处他国的拉美女性往往面临双重边缘的处境,她们既被本国父权制所压制,又被他国的种族主义思想所剥削。在电影创作中,女性导演群体不仅还原了离散女性的边缘状态,也刻画了她们是如何积极构建自身主体价值的。此外,女性导演群体还强调了历史现场中女性的生存体验,她们以女性独有的世界观表达了自己对于拉美社会历史的见解,从而为观众还原了拉美历史叙述中缺席的女性记忆。

新中国十七年间的亚非拉文学翻译研究

“十七年”是中国社会历史发展进程中重要而特殊的阶段,出于外交和政治目的,该时期对亚非拉文学翻译掀起了高潮,但目前国内外学术界在此方面的研究十分有限。国外研究停留在“冷战”时期,且多聚焦政治、经济、军事和外交领域,冷战时期的文化研究被严重遮蔽。国内相关研究虽然也处于沉寂状态,但相较于国外而言,在翻译文学史和中外文学交流史著作中多有关于亚非拉文学翻译的讨论,而且也有研究专门讨论了十七年间拉美文学、亚洲文学在中国的翻译情况,但研究该时期非洲文学在中国翻译的成果依然缺席。在“一带一路”倡议背景下,十七年间亚非拉文学翻译的研究具有重要价值和现实意义,学界应深化相关研究,为当下中外文学交流互鉴和国际关系发展提供经验。

博观约采与融汇创化:阿来的拉美文学论与其创作

阿来阅读了大量的拉美文学作品,又常常在序跋、创作谈、随笔等中针对拉美文学进行言说和评论。在阿来的拉美文学论中,拉美作家对日常事物的诗意开掘,对民间传统的转化,叙事上的创新,拉美作家的文学技法与文学观念等是阿来关注的重心。阿来的文学创作则与其拉美文学论展现出了深度互动。阿来对待拉美文学的态度值得当代作家借鉴。

拉丁精神和身份构建——罗多《爱丽儿》的美洲主义构想

乌拉圭现代主义作家罗多在其哲学散文《爱丽儿》中,基于莎士比亚戏剧《暴风雨》的人物情节,重新塑造了爱丽儿的形象,为其注入哲学涵义,并融入了他的美洲主义构想。罗多的美洲主义侧重文化层面,旨在构建现代拉丁美洲的文化身份。他通过对拉丁美洲文学和文化传统的思考,构思了一种融合古典美学、基督教传统和现代性的“拉丁精神”,来应对当时拉丁美洲社会面临的一系列危机。《爱丽儿》及其美洲主义构想反映了拉丁美洲国家追求文化独立的历史必然,促进了拉丁美洲人对自我价值的重估,并为20世纪拉丁美洲文学的蓬勃发展奠定基础。