Abnormal layering of muscularis propria as a cause of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction:A case report and literature review

Visceral myopathy is one of the causes of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Most cases pathologically reveal degenerative changes of myocytes or muscularis propia atrophy and fibrosis. Abnormal layering of muscularis propria is extremely rare. We report a case of a 9-mo-old Thai male baby who presented with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Histologic findings showed abnormal layering of small intestinal muscularis propria with an additional oblique layer and aberrant muscularization in serosa. The patient also had a short small bowel without malrotation, brachydactyly,and absence of the 2nd to 4th middle phalanges of both hands. The patient was treated with cisapride and combined parenteral and enteral nutritional support.He had gradual clinical improvement and gained body weight. Subsequently, the parenteral nutrition was discontinued. The previously reported cases are reviewed and discussed.

Effect of Variety and Growth Regulator Concentration on Success of Air Layering in Plum

The experiment was conducted at the Regional Spices Research Center, BARI, Gazipur during June 2016 to October 2017 to evaluate the effect of genotype and growth regulator (IBA) on the success and performance of plum air layering. Air layering was done on two plum varieties (BARI Alubokhara-1 and PD Gaz 004) using seven levels of IBA concentration (viz. 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000 ppm) under a complete randomized (factorial) design (CRD). Significant variation was observed on rooting, establishment and death of layers due to variety and IBA concentrations except rooting and separation time. The un-fruiting line PD Gaz 004 showed outstanding performance in rooting and survivability of layers over BARI Alubokhara-1. Poor rooting and lower establishment caused very high mortality of layers in BARI Alubokhara-1. Rooting and survivability, number of roots, length of roots and leaf production increased with the increasing levels of IBA concentration up to 5000 ppm. The maximum (10 out of 10) rooting success of layer with 65.83% and 59.17% establishment from PD Gaz004 was obtained when 3000 and 4000 ppm IBA was used, respectively. In BARI Alubokhara-1, the highest rooting success (3.08), establishment rate (29.42%), number of root (4.28/layer) and root length (5.08 cm) were recorded with 4000 ppm IBA concentration.

Analysis on the Distribution of Main Physicochemical Parameters of Color Wheat and Study on its Layering Milling Technology

[Objective] The aim was to promote color wheat industrialization and meet the demand of people on nutritious grain, making both natural and safe food possible. [Method] Hardness indices of wheat were measured and layering peeling and milling technology was adopted to explore nutrients distribution in color wheat and effect of hardness on milling of wheat layers. [Result] The results indicated that total content of amino acid in color wheat was higher than that of common wheat by 13.91%-23.32%; Zhongpu Black 1 and Zhongpu Green 1 exceeded common wheat in Zn, Fe and Ca, but Zhongpu Purple 1 was generally lower; Zhongpu Green 1 was significantly higher in Fe and Ca by 371.80% and 102.86%, respectively. Mean- while, it was found that nutrients distribution of color wheat was similar to that of common ,one, namely, pericarp, testa, aleurone layer and embryo were abundant with nutrients. In addition, color wheat was concluded nutritious one and milling in- dustrialization of wheat layers could be achieved through layer-milling and separation technology. Furthermore, wheat hardness was proved the key element influencing milling of wheat layers. [Conclusion] The research set an example for nutrition development and utilization of color wheat.

Layering of confined water between two graphene sheets and its liquid-liquid transition

Molecular dynamics （MD） simulations are performed to explore the layering structure and liquid-liquid transition of liquid water confined between two graphene sheets with a varied distance at different pressures. Both the size of nanoslit and pressure could cause the layering and liquid-liquid transition of the confined water. With increase of pressure and the nanoslit＇s size, the confined water could have a more obvious layering. In addition, the neighboring water molecules firstly form chain structure, then will transform into square structure, and finally become triangle with increase of pressure. These results throw light on layering and liquid-liquid transition of water confined between two graphene sheets.

Influence of crustal layering and thickness on co-seismic effects of Wenchuan earthquake

Using the PSGRN/PSCMP software and the fault model offered by USGS and on the basis of finite rectangular dislocation theory and the local layered wave velocity structures of the crust-upper-mantle, the in- fluences of crustal layering and thickness on co-seismic gravity changes and deformation of Wenchuan earthquake have been simulated. The results indicate that： the influences have a relationship with the attitude of faults and the relative position between calculated points and fault. The difference distribution form of simula- ted results between the two models is similar to that of co-seismic effect. For the per centum distribution, it＇ s restricted by the zero line of the co-seismic effects obviously. Its positive is far away from the zero line. For the crustal thickness, the effect is about 10% -20%. The negative and the effect over 30% focus around the zero line. The average influences of crustal layering and thickness for the E-W displacement, N-S displacement, vertical displacement and gravity changes are 18.4 % , 18.0% , 15.8 % and 16.2% respectively, When the crustal thickness is 40 km, they are 4.6% ,5.3% ,3.8% and 3.8%. Then the crustal thickness is 70 kin, the average influences are 3.5%, 4. 6% ,3.0% and 2.5% respectively.

Application and evaluation of layering shear method in LADCP data processing

The current velocity observation of LADCP(Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)has the advantages of a large vertical range of observation and high operability compared with traditional current measurement methods,and is being widely used in the field of ocean observation.Shear and inverse methods are now commonly used by the international marine community to process LADCP data and calculate ocean current profiles.The two methods have their advantages and shortcomings.The shear method calculates the value of current shear more accurately,while the accuracy in an absolute value of the current is lower.The inverse method calculates the absolute value of the current velocity more accurately,but the current shear is less accurate.Based on the shear method,this paper proposes a layering shear method to calculate the current velocity profile by“layering averaging”,and proposes corresponding current calculation methods according to the different types of problems in several field observation data from the western Pacific,forming an independent LADCP data processing system.The comparison results have shown that the layering shear method can achieve the same effect as the inverse method in the calculation of the absolute value of current velocity,while retaining the advantages of the shear method in the calculation of a value of the current shear.

Asexual Propagation of Sheanut Tree (<i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>C.F. Gaertn.) Using a Container Layering Technique

In spite of the economic potential of the sheanut tree (Vitellaria paradoxa), its domestication still has not been achieved due to the long juvenile period of seed propagated plants and the absence of a reliable vegetative propagation method. Three experiments were conducted by using a modified container layering technique to investigate the effects of season (rainy and dry season), light treatments (etiolation and natural light) and indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) on root formation in juvenile and mature sheanut trees. The effect of light treatments on the internal conditions such as level of sugars (soluble, insoluble and total sugars) and total free phenols in layered sheanut shoots was also considered. Rooting was generally lower in the mature trees (27.9%) compared to that in juvenile 4 year-old plants (40.9%). Etiolation increased the levels of total sugars and phenols in shoots of 4-year-old plants and mature fruit bearing trees, but this increase did not significantly enhance rooting in both the juvenile and mature sheanut trees. The container layering technique holds promise as a method for the asexual propagation of sheanut planting material. Roots formed using this method looked healthy and were vertically orientated giving layered shoots a better chance at survival.

Mechanical Modeling of Dike Pathways in the Crust: Effect of Layering and Surface Loads

Magma is generated mostly in the Earth’s mantle by decompression melting and transported through the crust to reach the Earth’s surface.The main mechanism for magma transport is diking,but the pathways taken by

Color,Time,Layering and Preservation

The preservation of polychromy in 20th century architecture is here considered from both theoretical and operational perspectives.A further theme is that of polymatericity,which addresses issues related to the experimental context with reference to the materials and technologies employed.The passage of time and the lack of durability of innovative materials,the transformations and the presence of forms of alteration and degradation,pose problems related to the will and the possibility of preserving layering,without falling into the restoration of the presumed original document,in relation to the authorial project documentation and the underlying theories.

Internal layering structure and subglacial conditions along a traverse line from Zhongshan Station to Dome A,East Antarctica,revealed by ground-based radar sounding

During the 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE 21,2004/05),a radar dataset was collected using a ground-based radar system,along a traverse line from Zhongshan Station to DT401(130 km from the Kunlun station).The internal layering structure and subglacial conditions were revealed along the radar profi le.Continuous internal layers,disturbed layers,and echo-free zones(EFZs)along the profi le were identifi ed and classifi ed,and the spatial distribution was presented.Based on recent surface ice velocity data,we found that the internal layers at a depth of 200-300 m in the upper ice sheet are continuous,smooth,and nearly parallel to the ice surface topography.In addition,the thick band of continuous layers changes little with increasing latitude.At depths below 300 m,the geometric structure of the internal layers and the vertical width of the EFZ band are infl uenced by the surface ice velocity and bed topography.The relatively high disturbance,layer discontinuity,and larger EFZ band width directly correspond to a higher surface ice velocity and a sharper bed topography.In particular,we found that at a depth of 650-950 km,the Lambert Glacier Rift in the Gamburtsev Mountains has a higher ice fl ow;moreover,the revealed internal layers are disturbed or broken,and the maximal vertical width of the EFZ band most likely exceeds 2000 m.

Block Layering Approach in TAST Codes

Threaded Algebraic Space Time (TAST) codes developed by Gamal et al. is a powerful class of space time codes in which different layers are combined and separated by appropriate Diophantine number . In this paper we introduce a technique of block layering in TAST codes, in which a series of layers (we call it Block layers) has more than one transmit antenna at the same time instant. As a result we use fewer layers (Diophantine numbers) for the four transmit antennas scheme, which enhances the coding gain of our proposed scheme. In each block layer we incorporate Alamouti’s transmit diversity scheme which decreases the decoding complexity. The proposed code achieves a normalized rate of 2 symbol/s. Simulation result shows that this type of codes outperforms TAST codes in certain scenarios.

Study of tectonic layering motion and layering mineralization in the Tongling metallogenic cluster

Analysis of the deep tectonics and cover tectonic deformations shows that tectonic layering motion is a typical lithospheric characteristic in the Tongling area and the metallogenic belt of the middle-lower Yangtze. Controlling of the deep tectonosphere over the shallow-seated tectonosphere involves various grades of tectonic layering motions. Multi-layer, multi-grade, and multi-directional gliding tectonics are the specific modes of tectonic layering motions in the cover of the Tongling metallogenic cluster. The gliding tectonics developed based on S-shaped folds of the Indosinian, and was continuously active in the Yanshanian. They correspond to the deformation systems of the EW and NNE extensions. The control of tectonic layering motion acts against ore-forming processes, the different interlayer gliding belts can easily form different genetic-type deposits, and the ore-forming features of different parts of the same gliding layer are different. All of these characters are closely related to tectonic gliding mechanisms, tectonic compounding characteristics, features of metallogenic wall rocks, and types of ore-forming hydrothermal solutions.

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE TRAIN-INDUCED UNSTEADY AIRFLOW IN A SUBWAY TUNNEL WITH NATURAL VENTILATION DUCTS USING THE DYNAMIC LAYERING METHOD

The objective of this study is to investigate numerically the characteristics of train-induced unsteady airflow in a subway tunnel with natural ventilation ducts.A three-dimensional numerical model using the dynamic layering method for the moving boundary of a train is first developed,and then it is validated against the model tunnel experimental data.With the tunnel and subway train geometries in the numerical model exactly the same as those in the model tunnel experimental test,but with the ventilation ducts being connected to the tunnel ceiling and a barrier placed at the tunnel outlet,the three-dimensional train-induced unsteady tunnel flows are numerically simulated.The computed distributions of the pressure and the air velocity in the tunnel as well as the time series of the mass flow rate at the ventilation ducts reveal the impact of the train motion on the exhaust and suction of the air through ventilation ducts and the effects of a barrier placed at the tunnel outlet on the duct ventilation performance.As the train approaches a ventilation duct,the air is pushed out of the tunnel through the duct.As the train passes the ventilation duct,the exhaust flow in the duct is changed rapidly to the suction flow.After the train passes the duct,the suction mass flow rate at the duct decreases with time since the air pressure at the opening of the duct is gradually recovered with time.A drastic change in the mass flow rate at a ventilation duct while a train passes the corresponding ventilation duct,causes a change in the exhaust mass flow rate at other ventilation ducts.Also,when a barrier is placed at the tunnel outlet,the air volume discharge rate at each ventilation duct is greatly increased,i.e.,the barrier placed at the tunnel outlet can improve remarkably the ventilation performance through each duct.

On the Layering Artifacts in Seismic Imageries

A common feature in seismic imageries of the crust and mantle is a layering pattern.Layering structures do exist in multiple scales,such as layered strata and unconformities in local and regional scales,and undulating seismic discontinuities in the crust and mantle.However,layering arti-fact also exists due to limitations in seismic processing and data coverage.There is a tendency for seis-mic stacking methods to over-map reflectors and scatters into along-isochron layers.In contrast,seis-mic tomography methods tend to under-map sub-horizontal layers with along-raypath smears and ar-tifacts of various de-mean processes.To better identify signals and artifacts in seismic imageries,it is necessary to understand the origins of various artifacts and make careful comparison between the solu-tions of different data and methods.

Finite element simulation for elastic dislocation of the North-Tehran fault:The effects of geologic layering and slip distribution for the segment located in Karaj

The present study uses the finite element method for simulating the crustal deformation due to the dislocation of a segment of the North-Tehran fault located in the Karaj metropolis region.In this regard,a geological map of Karaj that includes the fault segment is utilized in order to create the geometry of finite element model.First,finite element analysis of homogeneous counterpart of the fault’s domain with two different sections was performed,and the results were compared to those of Okada’s analytical solutions.The fault was modeled with the existing heterogeneity of the domain having been considered.The influences of both uniform and non-uniform slip distributions were investigated.Furthermore,three levels of simplification for geometric creation of geological layers’boundaries were defined in order to evaluate the effects of the geometric complexity of the geological layering on the displacement responses obtained with the finite element simulations.In addition to the assessment of slip distribution,layering complexity and heterogeneity,the results demonstrate both the capability and usefulness of the proposed models in the dislocation analysis for the Karaj segment of North-Tehran fault.

Finite Spherical Cavity Expansion Method for Layering Effect

A decay function for the layering effect during the projectile penetrating into layered targets is constructed, which is obtained via the theoretical solution of a dynamically expanding layered spherical cavity with finite radius in the layered targets that are assumed to be incom- pressible Mohr-Coulomb materials. By multiplying the decay function with the semi-empirical forcing functions that account for all the constitutive behavior of the targets, the forcing functions for the layered targets are obtained. Then, the forcing functions are used to represent the targets and are applied on the projectile surface as the pressure boundary condition where the projectile is modeled by an explicit transient dynamic finite element code. This methodology is implemented into ABAQUS explicit solver via the user subroutine VDLOAD, which eliminates the need for discretizing the targets and the need for the complex contact algorithm. In order to verify the proposed layering effect model, depth-of-penetration experiments of the 37 mm hard core pro-jectile penetrating into three sets of fiber concrete and soil layered targets are conducted. The predicted depths of penetration show good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, the influence of layering effect on projectile trajectory during earth penetration is investigated. It is found that the layering effect should be taken into account if the final position and trajectory of the projectile are the main concern.

Sulfolane‑Based Flame‑Retardant Electrolyte for High‑Voltage Sodium‑Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries hold great promise as next-generation energy storage systems.However,the high instability of the electrode/electrolyte interphase during cycling has seriously hindered the development of SIBs.In particular,an unstable cathode–electrolyte interphase(CEI)leads to successive electrolyte side reactions,transition metal leaching and rapid capacity decay,which tends to be exacerbated under high-voltage conditions.Therefore,constructing dense and stable CEIs are crucial for high-performance SIBs.This work reports localized high-concentration electrolyte by incorporating a highly oxidation-resistant sulfolane solvent with non-solvent diluent 1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether,which exhibited excellent oxidative stability and was able to form thin,dense and homogeneous CEI.The excellent CEI enabled the O3-type layered oxide cathode NaNi_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)O_(2)(NaNMF)to achieve stable cycling,with a capacity retention of 79.48%after 300 cycles at 1 C and 81.15%after 400 cycles at 2 C with a high charging voltage of 4.2 V.In addition,its nonflammable nature enhances the safety of SIBs.This work provides a viable pathway for the application of sulfolane-based electrolytes on SIBs and the design of next-generation high-voltage electrolytes.

A dynamic two-zone model of continuous fluidized bed layering granulation with internal product classification

A dynamic two-zone model is proposed to address the formation of granulation and drying zones in fluidized bed layering granulation processes with internal product classification. The model assumes a constant volume for the granulation zone, but a variable overall volume for the fluidized bed to account for classified product removal. The model is used to study the effect of various process parameters on dynamics and process stability. Stability is shown to depend on the separation diameter of product removal and the flow rate of the injected liquid. A lower and upper range of separation diameters with stable process behavior are found. In an intermediate range instability in the form of self-sustained oscillations is observed. The lower stability boundary is in qualitative agreement with recent experimental observations （Schmidt, Bück, ＆ Tsotsas, 2015）; the upper boundary was reported in a theoretical paper by Vreman, Van Lare, and Hounslow （2009） based on a single zone model.

Müller cells are activated in response to retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration in rats subjected to simulated weightlessness conditions

A microgravity environment has been shown to cause ocular damage and affect visual acuity,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Therefore,we established an animal model of weightlessness via tail suspension to examine the pathological changes and molecular mechanisms of retinal damage under microgravity.After 4 weeks of tail suspension,there were no notable alterations in retinal function and morphology,while after 8 weeks of tail suspension,significant reductions in retinal function were observed,and the outer nuclear layer was thinner,with abundant apoptotic cells.To investigate the mechanism underlying the degenerative changes that occurred in the outer nuclear layer of the retina,proteomics was used to analyze differentially expressed proteins in rat retinas after 8 weeks of tail suspension.The results showed that the expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 2(also known as basic fibroblast growth factor)and glial fibrillary acidic protein,which are closely related to Müller cell activation,were significantly upregulated.In addition,Müller cell regeneration and Müller cell gliosis were observed after 4 and 8 weeks,respectively,of simulated weightlessness.These findings indicate that Müller cells play an important regulatory role in retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration during weightlessness.

Discovery of chemical oscillatory layering in adarce from Rehai, Tengchong, Yunnan and its genetic mechanism

Sinter is a kind of loosen and porous chemical sediments near or at thermal springs.Different types of sinters reflect not only their intensity of hydrothermal activity but alsothe properties of the deep fluid in hydrothermal reservoir and compositions of the adjacentrocks. So the study of its genetic mechanism can deepen our understanding