This case study addresses episodic memory impairment or focal retrograde amnesia related to limbic encephalitis. The patient in question was a right-handed man in his 60s who developed focal retrograde amnesia due to ...This case study addresses episodic memory impairment or focal retrograde amnesia related to limbic encephalitis. The patient in question was a right-handed man in his 60s who developed focal retrograde amnesia due to limbic encephalitis. An abnormal MRI signal was observed in the right medial temporal lobe. Immediately after the encephalitis onset, mental symptoms—including impaired consciousness, disorientation, hallucinations, and delusions—appeared;however, his condition improved with medical treatment. After transfer to a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital, various neuropsychological tests were conducted but no apparent functional decline was observed in intellectual function, attention, memorization, or retention. However, the patient exhibited impairments related to autobiographical memory and memory of events 4?-?5 years before the onset of limbic encephalitis. Based on these observations, the patient was considered to exhibit focal retrograde amnesia due to limbic encephalitis. Despite exhibiting retrograde amnesia, he had no difficulty in his daily life in the ward. Moreover, after discharge from hospital, smooth work reinstatement was possible. This case demonstrates that, even after exhibiting retrograde amnesia, if its duration is relatively short and physical function and other higher-order brain functions are sustained, social rehabilitation—including work reinstatement—is feasible.展开更多
Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the i...Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the interfaces of verbal and emotional communications. The progress of AI is significant on the verbal level but modest in terms of the recognition of facial emotions even if this functionality is one of the oldest in humans and is omnipresent in our daily lives. Dysfunction in the ability for facial emotional expressions is present in many brain pathologies encountered by psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists, mental health professionals including social workers. It cannot be objectively verified and measured due to a lack of reliable tools that are valid and consistently sensitive. Indeed, the articles in the scientific literature dealing with Visual-Facial-Emotions-Recognition (ViFaEmRe), suffer from the absence of 1) consensual and rational tools for continuous quantified measurement, 2) operational concepts. We have invented a software that can use computer-morphing attempting to respond to these two obstacles. It is identified as the Method of Analysis and Research of the Integration of Emotions (M.A.R.I.E.). Our primary goal is to use M.A.R.I.E. to understand the physiology of ViFaEmRe in normal healthy subjects by standardizing the measurements. Then, it will allow us to focus on subjects manifesting abnormalities in this ability. Our second goal is to make our contribution to the progress of AI hoping to add the dimension of recognition of facial emotional expressions. Objective: To study: 1) categorical vs dimensional aspects of recognition of ViFaEmRe, 2) universality vs idiosyncrasy, 3) immediate vs ambivalent Emotional-Decision-Making, 4) the Emotional-Fingerprint of a face and 5) creation of population references data. Methods: With M.A.R.I.E. enable a rational quantified measurement of Emotional-Visual-Acuity (EVA) of 1) a) an individual observer, b) in a population aged 20 to 70 years old, 2) measure the range and intensity of expressed emotions by 3 Face-Tests, 3) quantify the performance of a sample of 204 observers with hyper normal measures of cognition, “thymia,” (ibid. defined elsewhere) and low levels of anxiety 4) analysis of the 6 primary emotions. Results: We have individualized the following continuous parameters: 1) “Emotional-Visual-Acuity”, 2) “Visual-Emotional-Feeling”, 3) “Emotional-Quotient”, 4) “Emotional-Deci-sion-Making”, 5) “Emotional-Decision-Making Graph” or “Individual-Gun-Trigger”6) “Emotional-Fingerprint” or “Key-graph”, 7) “Emotional-Finger-print-Graph”, 8) detecting “misunderstanding” and 9) detecting “error”. This allowed us a taxonomy with coding of the face-emotion pair. Each face has specific measurements and graphics. The EVA improves from ages of 20 to 55 years, then decreases. It does not depend on the sex of the observer, nor the face studied. In addition, 1% of people endowed with normal intelligence do not recognize emotions. The categorical dimension is a variable for everyone. The range and intensity of ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic and not universally uniform. The recognition of emotions is purely categorical for a single individual. It is dimensional for a population sample. Conclusions: Firstly, M.A.R.I.E. has made possible to bring out new concepts and new continuous measurements variables. The comparison between healthy and abnormal individuals makes it possible to take into consideration the significance of this line of study. From now on, these new functional parameters will allow us to identify and name “emotional” disorders or illnesses which can give additional dimension to behavioral disorders in all pathologies that affect the brain. Secondly, the ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic, categorical, and a function of the identity of the observer and of the observed face. These findings stack up against Artificial Intelligence, which cannot have a globalist or regionalist algorithm that can be programmed into a robot, nor can AI compete with human abilities and judgment in this domain. *Here “Emotional disorders” refers to disorders of emotional expressions and recognition.展开更多
Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the i...Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the interfaces of verbal and emotional communications. The progress of AI is significant on the verbal level but modest in terms of the recognition of facial emotions even if this functionality is one of the oldest in humans and is omnipresent in our daily lives. Dysfunction in the ability for facial emotional expressions is present in many brain pathologies encountered by psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists, mental health professionals including social workers. It cannot be objectively verified and measured due to a lack of reliable tools that are valid and consistently sensitive. Indeed, the articles in the scientific literature dealing with Visual-Facial-Emotions-Recognition (ViFaEmRe), suffer from the absence of 1) consensual and rational tools for continuous quantified measurement, 2) operational concepts. We have invented a software that can use computer-morphing attempting to respond to these two obstacles. It is identified as the Method of Analysis and Research of the Integration of Emotions (M.A.R.I.E.). Our primary goal is to use M.A.R.I.E. to understand the physiology of ViFaEmRe in normal healthy subjects by standardizing the measurements. Then, it will allow us to focus on subjects manifesting abnormalities in this ability. Our second goal is to make our contribution to the progress of AI hoping to add the dimension of recognition of facial emotional expressions. Objective: To study: 1) categorical vs dimensional aspects of recognition of ViFaEmRe, 2) universality vs idiosyncrasy, 3) immediate vs ambivalent Emotional-Decision-Making, 4) the Emotional-Fingerprint of a face and 5) creation of population references data. Methods: M.A.R.I.E. enables the rational, quantified measurement of Emotional Visual Acuity (EVA) in an individual observer and a population aged 20 to 70 years. Meanwhile, it can measure the range and intensity of expressed emotions through three Face- Tests, quantify the performance of a sample of 204 observers with hypernormal measures of cognition, “thymia” (defined elsewhere), and low levels of anxiety, and perform analysis of the six primary emotions. Results: We have individualized the following continuous parameters: 1) “Emotional-Visual- Acuity”, 2) “Visual-Emotional-Feeling”, 3) “Emotional-Quotient”, 4) “Emotional-Decision-Making”, 5) “Emotional-Decision-Making Graph” or “Individual-Gun-Trigger”, 6) “Emotional-Fingerprint” or “Key-graph”, 7) “Emotional-Fingerprint-Graph”, 8) detecting “misunderstanding” and 9) detecting “error”. This allowed us a taxonomy with coding of the face-emotion pair. Each face has specific measurements and graphics. The EVA improves from ages of 20 to 55 years, then decreases. It does not depend on the sex of the observer, nor the face studied. In addition, 1% of people endowed with normal intelligence do not recognize emotions. The categorical dimension is a variable for everyone. The range and intensity of ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic and not universally uniform. The recognition of emotions is purely categorical for a single individual. It is dimensional for a population sample. Conclusions: Firstly, M.A.R.I.E. has made possible to bring out new concepts and new continuous measurements variables. The comparison between healthy and abnormal individuals makes it possible to take into consideration the significance of this line of study. From now on, these new functional parameters will allow us to identify and name “emotional” disorders or illnesses which can give additional dimension to behavioral disorders in all pathologies that affect the brain. Secondly, the ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic, categorical, and a function of the identity of the observer and of the observed face. These findings stack up against Artificial Intelligence, which cannot have a globalist or regionalist algorithm that can be programmed into a robot, nor can AI compete with human abilities and judgment in this domain. *Here “Emotional disorders” refers to disorders of emotional expressions and recognition.展开更多
OBJECTIVE：To elucidate the distribution of abnormally activated brain regions in depressive patients during emotional perception processing using activation likelihood estimation,a quantitative meta-analytic techniqu...OBJECTIVE：To elucidate the distribution of abnormally activated brain regions in depressive patients during emotional perception processing using activation likelihood estimation,a quantitative meta-analytic technique.DATA SOURCES：Computer-based online retrieval was conducted using the PscyINFO,Pubmed and CNKI databases,searching literature from the establishment of each database until June 2010.STUDY SELECTION：Inclusion criteria：（1） studies examined emotion perception tasks using func-tional magnetic resonance imaging; （2） studies indicated regional brain activation abnormalities in depressive patients compared with controls in standard Talairach or MNI coordinates.Any analyzed coordinates based on the MNI system were converted to Talairach space with icbm2tal software.The map of activation likelihood estimation was finally created through the Gaussian smooth （full-width half-maximum=8 mm）,permutation test and corrected for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate method （q=0.05） with Ginger-ALE 2.0 software.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：Activation of brain regions in patients.RESULTS：Seventeen studies were identified,involving a total of 261 patients,273 healthy controls and 201 foci.Meta-analysis revealed a dysfunctional emotion regulation loop in depressive patients,comprised of the prefrontal cortex,the basal ganglia and the limbic lobe,in which the amygdala was a key component.During emotion processing,the left prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia were hy-poactive among depressive patients,whereas the opposite change was found in the limbic lobe.CONCLUSION：Abnormal connections among the prefrontal cortex,basal ganglia and limbic lobe may be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorder.展开更多
Traditional approaches to focal epileptic surgery rely in the identification and resection of the epileptic zone. However, a significant minority of epileptic patients continue to experience seizures after surgery, a ...Traditional approaches to focal epileptic surgery rely in the identification and resection of the epileptic zone. However, a significant minority of epileptic patients continue to experience seizures after surgery, a fact that shows how difficult it is to define this concept. In this work we will review some of the recent advances in the use of complex network theory and synchronization analysis in the study of neurophysiological epileptic records which shed new light on fragmented understanding of the epilepsy dynamic we have today. More important would be the potential treatments which could be implemented from the new information and change of perspective gathered by using this methodology, particularly the substitution of the traditional resective surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy patients.展开更多
The laterodorsal tegmentum(LDT) is a brain structure involved in distinct behaviors including arousal,reward, and innate fear. How environmental stimuli and top-down control from high-order sensory and limbic cortical...The laterodorsal tegmentum(LDT) is a brain structure involved in distinct behaviors including arousal,reward, and innate fear. How environmental stimuli and top-down control from high-order sensory and limbic cortical areas converge and coordinate in this region to modulate diverse behavioral outputs remains unclear.Using a modified rabies virus, we applied monosynaptic retrograde tracing to the whole brain to examine the LDT cell type specific upstream nuclei. The LDT received very strong midbrain and hindbrain afferents and moderate cortical and hypothalamic innervation but weak connections to the thalamus. The main projection neurons from cortical areas were restricted to the limbic lobe, including the ventral orbital cortex(VO), prelimbic, and cingulate cortices. Although different cell populations received qualitatively similar inputs, primarily via afferents from the periaqueductal gray area, superior colliculus, and the LDT itself, parvalbumin-positive(PV?) GABAergic cells received preferential projections from local LDT neurons.With regard to the different subtypes of GABAergic cells, aconsiderable number of nuclei, including those of the ventral tegmental area, central amygdaloid nucleus, and VO, made significantly greater inputs to somatostatinpositive cells than to PV?cells. Diverse inputs to the LDT on a system-wide level were revealed.展开更多
目的:利用静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)技术的低频振幅(ALFF)算法探讨针刺治疗儿童屈光参差性弱视的脑功能机制。方法:将80例屈光层参差性单眼弱视儿童分为常规组(40例,脱落1例)和针刺组(40例,脱落1例)。常规组予以配镜、红闪光栅和...目的:利用静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)技术的低频振幅(ALFF)算法探讨针刺治疗儿童屈光参差性弱视的脑功能机制。方法:将80例屈光层参差性单眼弱视儿童分为常规组(40例,脱落1例)和针刺组(40例,脱落1例)。常规组予以配镜、红闪光栅和视刺激治疗,每项5 min/次;针刺组在常规治疗的基础上给予“调气通经明目”针法治疗,取双侧睛明、攒竹、光明、风池,每次留针30 m in;两组均隔日治疗1次,3次/周,共4周。治疗结束后,检测两组患者视力和视觉诱发电位(P-VEP)P100波潜伏期和振幅改变。同时从两组中各随机选取9例左眼弱视患儿,于治疗前后分别予以rs-fMRI扫描,比较分析两组患儿脑区ALFF差异。结果:①治疗后两组患儿矫正视力均较治疗前提高(P<0.05);与治疗前比较,治疗后两组患儿P-VEP P100波潜伏期缩短、振幅升高(P<0.05),针刺组改善程度显著优于常规组(P<0.05)。②治疗后,常规组右侧豆状核ALFF值增高;针刺组右侧颞叶ALFF值增高(P<0.05);针刺组与常规组比较,右侧边缘叶/扣带回左侧胼胝体/扣带回、左侧额叶/双侧辅助运动区的ALFF值降低(P<0.05),右侧顶叶/顶下小叶增高(P<0.05)。结论:针刺联合常规治疗可改善屈光参差性弱视儿童的矫正视力,增强视神经传导功能;两种疗法的效应机制与有效调节不同脑区自发功能活动和响应有关,但二者脑功能响应区域存在明显差异。与常规疗法相比,边缘系统、额叶、顶叶可能是针刺治疗屈光参差性弱视重点调控的脑区。展开更多
文摘This case study addresses episodic memory impairment or focal retrograde amnesia related to limbic encephalitis. The patient in question was a right-handed man in his 60s who developed focal retrograde amnesia due to limbic encephalitis. An abnormal MRI signal was observed in the right medial temporal lobe. Immediately after the encephalitis onset, mental symptoms—including impaired consciousness, disorientation, hallucinations, and delusions—appeared;however, his condition improved with medical treatment. After transfer to a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital, various neuropsychological tests were conducted but no apparent functional decline was observed in intellectual function, attention, memorization, or retention. However, the patient exhibited impairments related to autobiographical memory and memory of events 4?-?5 years before the onset of limbic encephalitis. Based on these observations, the patient was considered to exhibit focal retrograde amnesia due to limbic encephalitis. Despite exhibiting retrograde amnesia, he had no difficulty in his daily life in the ward. Moreover, after discharge from hospital, smooth work reinstatement was possible. This case demonstrates that, even after exhibiting retrograde amnesia, if its duration is relatively short and physical function and other higher-order brain functions are sustained, social rehabilitation—including work reinstatement—is feasible.
文摘Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the interfaces of verbal and emotional communications. The progress of AI is significant on the verbal level but modest in terms of the recognition of facial emotions even if this functionality is one of the oldest in humans and is omnipresent in our daily lives. Dysfunction in the ability for facial emotional expressions is present in many brain pathologies encountered by psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists, mental health professionals including social workers. It cannot be objectively verified and measured due to a lack of reliable tools that are valid and consistently sensitive. Indeed, the articles in the scientific literature dealing with Visual-Facial-Emotions-Recognition (ViFaEmRe), suffer from the absence of 1) consensual and rational tools for continuous quantified measurement, 2) operational concepts. We have invented a software that can use computer-morphing attempting to respond to these two obstacles. It is identified as the Method of Analysis and Research of the Integration of Emotions (M.A.R.I.E.). Our primary goal is to use M.A.R.I.E. to understand the physiology of ViFaEmRe in normal healthy subjects by standardizing the measurements. Then, it will allow us to focus on subjects manifesting abnormalities in this ability. Our second goal is to make our contribution to the progress of AI hoping to add the dimension of recognition of facial emotional expressions. Objective: To study: 1) categorical vs dimensional aspects of recognition of ViFaEmRe, 2) universality vs idiosyncrasy, 3) immediate vs ambivalent Emotional-Decision-Making, 4) the Emotional-Fingerprint of a face and 5) creation of population references data. Methods: With M.A.R.I.E. enable a rational quantified measurement of Emotional-Visual-Acuity (EVA) of 1) a) an individual observer, b) in a population aged 20 to 70 years old, 2) measure the range and intensity of expressed emotions by 3 Face-Tests, 3) quantify the performance of a sample of 204 observers with hyper normal measures of cognition, “thymia,” (ibid. defined elsewhere) and low levels of anxiety 4) analysis of the 6 primary emotions. Results: We have individualized the following continuous parameters: 1) “Emotional-Visual-Acuity”, 2) “Visual-Emotional-Feeling”, 3) “Emotional-Quotient”, 4) “Emotional-Deci-sion-Making”, 5) “Emotional-Decision-Making Graph” or “Individual-Gun-Trigger”6) “Emotional-Fingerprint” or “Key-graph”, 7) “Emotional-Finger-print-Graph”, 8) detecting “misunderstanding” and 9) detecting “error”. This allowed us a taxonomy with coding of the face-emotion pair. Each face has specific measurements and graphics. The EVA improves from ages of 20 to 55 years, then decreases. It does not depend on the sex of the observer, nor the face studied. In addition, 1% of people endowed with normal intelligence do not recognize emotions. The categorical dimension is a variable for everyone. The range and intensity of ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic and not universally uniform. The recognition of emotions is purely categorical for a single individual. It is dimensional for a population sample. Conclusions: Firstly, M.A.R.I.E. has made possible to bring out new concepts and new continuous measurements variables. The comparison between healthy and abnormal individuals makes it possible to take into consideration the significance of this line of study. From now on, these new functional parameters will allow us to identify and name “emotional” disorders or illnesses which can give additional dimension to behavioral disorders in all pathologies that affect the brain. Secondly, the ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic, categorical, and a function of the identity of the observer and of the observed face. These findings stack up against Artificial Intelligence, which cannot have a globalist or regionalist algorithm that can be programmed into a robot, nor can AI compete with human abilities and judgment in this domain. *Here “Emotional disorders” refers to disorders of emotional expressions and recognition.
文摘Context: The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) requires modeling prior to its implementation in algorithms for most human skills. This observation requires us to have a detailed and precise understanding of the interfaces of verbal and emotional communications. The progress of AI is significant on the verbal level but modest in terms of the recognition of facial emotions even if this functionality is one of the oldest in humans and is omnipresent in our daily lives. Dysfunction in the ability for facial emotional expressions is present in many brain pathologies encountered by psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists, mental health professionals including social workers. It cannot be objectively verified and measured due to a lack of reliable tools that are valid and consistently sensitive. Indeed, the articles in the scientific literature dealing with Visual-Facial-Emotions-Recognition (ViFaEmRe), suffer from the absence of 1) consensual and rational tools for continuous quantified measurement, 2) operational concepts. We have invented a software that can use computer-morphing attempting to respond to these two obstacles. It is identified as the Method of Analysis and Research of the Integration of Emotions (M.A.R.I.E.). Our primary goal is to use M.A.R.I.E. to understand the physiology of ViFaEmRe in normal healthy subjects by standardizing the measurements. Then, it will allow us to focus on subjects manifesting abnormalities in this ability. Our second goal is to make our contribution to the progress of AI hoping to add the dimension of recognition of facial emotional expressions. Objective: To study: 1) categorical vs dimensional aspects of recognition of ViFaEmRe, 2) universality vs idiosyncrasy, 3) immediate vs ambivalent Emotional-Decision-Making, 4) the Emotional-Fingerprint of a face and 5) creation of population references data. Methods: M.A.R.I.E. enables the rational, quantified measurement of Emotional Visual Acuity (EVA) in an individual observer and a population aged 20 to 70 years. Meanwhile, it can measure the range and intensity of expressed emotions through three Face- Tests, quantify the performance of a sample of 204 observers with hypernormal measures of cognition, “thymia” (defined elsewhere), and low levels of anxiety, and perform analysis of the six primary emotions. Results: We have individualized the following continuous parameters: 1) “Emotional-Visual- Acuity”, 2) “Visual-Emotional-Feeling”, 3) “Emotional-Quotient”, 4) “Emotional-Decision-Making”, 5) “Emotional-Decision-Making Graph” or “Individual-Gun-Trigger”, 6) “Emotional-Fingerprint” or “Key-graph”, 7) “Emotional-Fingerprint-Graph”, 8) detecting “misunderstanding” and 9) detecting “error”. This allowed us a taxonomy with coding of the face-emotion pair. Each face has specific measurements and graphics. The EVA improves from ages of 20 to 55 years, then decreases. It does not depend on the sex of the observer, nor the face studied. In addition, 1% of people endowed with normal intelligence do not recognize emotions. The categorical dimension is a variable for everyone. The range and intensity of ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic and not universally uniform. The recognition of emotions is purely categorical for a single individual. It is dimensional for a population sample. Conclusions: Firstly, M.A.R.I.E. has made possible to bring out new concepts and new continuous measurements variables. The comparison between healthy and abnormal individuals makes it possible to take into consideration the significance of this line of study. From now on, these new functional parameters will allow us to identify and name “emotional” disorders or illnesses which can give additional dimension to behavioral disorders in all pathologies that affect the brain. Secondly, the ViFaEmRe is idiosyncratic, categorical, and a function of the identity of the observer and of the observed face. These findings stack up against Artificial Intelligence, which cannot have a globalist or regionalist algorithm that can be programmed into a robot, nor can AI compete with human abilities and judgment in this domain. *Here “Emotional disorders” refers to disorders of emotional expressions and recognition.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30870686Science and Technology Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province,No.2009K1601Innovation Funds of the First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine,Xi'an Jiaotong University,No.2009YK7
文摘OBJECTIVE：To elucidate the distribution of abnormally activated brain regions in depressive patients during emotional perception processing using activation likelihood estimation,a quantitative meta-analytic technique.DATA SOURCES：Computer-based online retrieval was conducted using the PscyINFO,Pubmed and CNKI databases,searching literature from the establishment of each database until June 2010.STUDY SELECTION：Inclusion criteria：（1） studies examined emotion perception tasks using func-tional magnetic resonance imaging; （2） studies indicated regional brain activation abnormalities in depressive patients compared with controls in standard Talairach or MNI coordinates.Any analyzed coordinates based on the MNI system were converted to Talairach space with icbm2tal software.The map of activation likelihood estimation was finally created through the Gaussian smooth （full-width half-maximum=8 mm）,permutation test and corrected for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate method （q=0.05） with Ginger-ALE 2.0 software.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：Activation of brain regions in patients.RESULTS：Seventeen studies were identified,involving a total of 261 patients,273 healthy controls and 201 foci.Meta-analysis revealed a dysfunctional emotion regulation loop in depressive patients,comprised of the prefrontal cortex,the basal ganglia and the limbic lobe,in which the amygdala was a key component.During emotion processing,the left prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia were hy-poactive among depressive patients,whereas the opposite change was found in the limbic lobe.CONCLUSION：Abnormal connections among the prefrontal cortex,basal ganglia and limbic lobe may be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorder.
文摘Traditional approaches to focal epileptic surgery rely in the identification and resection of the epileptic zone. However, a significant minority of epileptic patients continue to experience seizures after surgery, a fact that shows how difficult it is to define this concept. In this work we will review some of the recent advances in the use of complex network theory and synchronization analysis in the study of neurophysiological epileptic records which shed new light on fragmented understanding of the epilepsy dynamic we have today. More important would be the potential treatments which could be implemented from the new information and change of perspective gathered by using this methodology, particularly the substitution of the traditional resective surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy patients.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671100, 31471022, 31622027, 31490592, 81527901, and 81521062)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (LR18H090001)+1 种基金the Program for Introducing Talents in Disciplines to Universitiesthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (2017YFA7002, and 2019QNA5001)
文摘The laterodorsal tegmentum(LDT) is a brain structure involved in distinct behaviors including arousal,reward, and innate fear. How environmental stimuli and top-down control from high-order sensory and limbic cortical areas converge and coordinate in this region to modulate diverse behavioral outputs remains unclear.Using a modified rabies virus, we applied monosynaptic retrograde tracing to the whole brain to examine the LDT cell type specific upstream nuclei. The LDT received very strong midbrain and hindbrain afferents and moderate cortical and hypothalamic innervation but weak connections to the thalamus. The main projection neurons from cortical areas were restricted to the limbic lobe, including the ventral orbital cortex(VO), prelimbic, and cingulate cortices. Although different cell populations received qualitatively similar inputs, primarily via afferents from the periaqueductal gray area, superior colliculus, and the LDT itself, parvalbumin-positive(PV?) GABAergic cells received preferential projections from local LDT neurons.With regard to the different subtypes of GABAergic cells, aconsiderable number of nuclei, including those of the ventral tegmental area, central amygdaloid nucleus, and VO, made significantly greater inputs to somatostatinpositive cells than to PV?cells. Diverse inputs to the LDT on a system-wide level were revealed.
文摘目的:利用静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)技术的低频振幅(ALFF)算法探讨针刺治疗儿童屈光参差性弱视的脑功能机制。方法:将80例屈光层参差性单眼弱视儿童分为常规组(40例,脱落1例)和针刺组(40例,脱落1例)。常规组予以配镜、红闪光栅和视刺激治疗,每项5 min/次;针刺组在常规治疗的基础上给予“调气通经明目”针法治疗,取双侧睛明、攒竹、光明、风池,每次留针30 m in;两组均隔日治疗1次,3次/周,共4周。治疗结束后,检测两组患者视力和视觉诱发电位(P-VEP)P100波潜伏期和振幅改变。同时从两组中各随机选取9例左眼弱视患儿,于治疗前后分别予以rs-fMRI扫描,比较分析两组患儿脑区ALFF差异。结果:①治疗后两组患儿矫正视力均较治疗前提高(P<0.05);与治疗前比较,治疗后两组患儿P-VEP P100波潜伏期缩短、振幅升高(P<0.05),针刺组改善程度显著优于常规组(P<0.05)。②治疗后,常规组右侧豆状核ALFF值增高;针刺组右侧颞叶ALFF值增高(P<0.05);针刺组与常规组比较,右侧边缘叶/扣带回左侧胼胝体/扣带回、左侧额叶/双侧辅助运动区的ALFF值降低(P<0.05),右侧顶叶/顶下小叶增高(P<0.05)。结论:针刺联合常规治疗可改善屈光参差性弱视儿童的矫正视力,增强视神经传导功能;两种疗法的效应机制与有效调节不同脑区自发功能活动和响应有关,但二者脑功能响应区域存在明显差异。与常规疗法相比,边缘系统、额叶、顶叶可能是针刺治疗屈光参差性弱视重点调控的脑区。
