Responses of runoff to changes in climate and human activities in the Liuhe River Basin, China

Since the 1950s,numerous soil and water conservation measures have been implemented to control severe soil erosion in the Liuhe River Basin(LRB),China.While these measures have protected the upstream soil and water ecological environment,they have led to a sharp reduction in the downstream flow and the deterioration of the river ecological environment.Therefore,it is important to evaluate the impact of soil and water conservation measures on hydrological processes to assess long-term runoff changes.Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)models and sensitivity analyses based on the Budyko hypothesis,this study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change,direct water withdrawal,and soil and water conservation measures on runoff in the LRB during different periods,including different responses to runoff discharge,hydrological regime,and flood processes.The runoff series were divided into a baseline period(1956-1969)and two altered periods,i.e.,period 1(1970-1999)and period 2(2000-2020).Human activities were the main cause of the decrease in runoff during the altered periods,contributing 86.03%(-29.61 mm),while the contribution of climate change was only 13.70%(-4.70 mm).The impact of climate change manifests as a decrease in flood volume caused by a reduction in precipitation during the flood season.Analysis of two flood cases indicated a 66.00%-84.00%reduction in basin runoff capacity due to soil and water conservation measures in the upstream area.Soil and water conservation measures reduced the peak flow and total flood volume in the upstream runoff area by 77.98%and 55.16%,respectively,even with nearly double the precipitation.The runoff coefficient in the reservoir area without soil and water conservation measures was 4.0 times that in the conservation area.These results contribute to the re-evaluation of soil and water conservation hydrological effects and provide important guidance for water resource planning and water conservation policy formulation in the LRB.

Zircon U-Pb Age of the Lamenzi Formation Volcanic Rocks in the Liuhe Basin of Southern Jilin Province, China

Objective A large number of Mesozoic volcano-sedimentary basins is distributed in southern Jilin Province,China,and filled with a great set of coal-bearing strata.According to the petroleum resources evaluation by previous researchers,these basins have decent exploration potential(Wang Dandan et al.,2017).The Liuhe Basin is one of the

Pore and fracture characteristics of Cretaceous tight reservoir and its control effect on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Liuhe Basin

Tight oil and gas in the Cretaceous has been found in the Liuhe Basin,but the rules of tight reservoir and oil and gas accumulation are not clear.This paper discusses the developmental characteristics and evolution law of pores and fractures in the Cretaceous tight reservoir in the Liuhe Basin,and reveals its controlling effect on tight oil and gas accumulation.The results show that intercrystalline pores,intergranular pores and dissolution pores are scattered and only developed in shallow tight reservoirs,while microfractures are developed in both shallow and deep layers,which are the main type of reservoir space in the study area.The results of mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen gas adsorption show that with the increase of depth,the proportion of macropores(microcracks)increases,while the proportion of micropores decreases.There are two stages of microfractures developed in the study area,corresponding to the initial fault depression stage from late Jurassic to early late Cretaceous and compressional uplift at the end of late Cretaceous.According to the principle of“inversion and back-stripping method”,combined with the data of optical microscopy and inclusions,the time of each key diagenesis and its contribution to porosity are revealed,and the porosity evolution history of reservoirs in different diagenetic stages is quantitatively restored.The porosity reduction rate of compaction can reach more than 80%,which is the main reason for reservoir densification.The relationship between pore evolution history and oil and gas accumulation history reveals that during the oil and gas filling period of the Xiahuapidianzi Formation(90-85 Ma),the reservoir porosity is only 1.15%,but the development of microfractures in the first stage of the reservoir is conducive to oil and gas accumulation.

Effect of Acute Pancreatitis on the Pharmacokinetics of Chinese Herbal Micron Liuhe Pill Ointment (微米六合丹) in Rats

Objective： To explore the effect of acute pancreatitis （AP） on the pharmacokinetics of herbal ointment micron Liuhe Pill （微米六合丹, MLHP） components in anesthetized rats. Methods： Rats were randomly divided into a AP model group （n=6） and a normal group as a control （n=6）. The rat model of AP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of L-arginine in rats （15 mg/kg, twice, interval 1 h）. Chinese herbal ointment MLHP was used externally on the belly after the 2nd injection for 48 h in both groups. Emodin, rhein, aloe emodin, physcion, chrysophanol from MLHP were detected and quantified in rat serum and pancreas （at 48 h） by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results： Among the five components, only emodin, aloe emodin and physcion from MLHP were detected in all rat serum and most of the rats＇ pancreas. Rhein and chrysophanol were not detected in both serum and pancreas. T1/2α of emodin and physcion in MLHP were obviously shorter in the AP model group than those in the normal group （P〈0.05）, while there was no difference for T/2α of aloe emodin. The peak concentration and area under curve of all three components were much higher in the AP group than those in the normal group with MLHP in external application for 48 h （P〈0.05）. Furthermore, the mean residence time （MRT） and maximum plasma concentration （Tmax） of emodin and aloe emodin were obviously longer in the AP model group than those in the normal control group （P〈0.05）. There was no significant difference for Ka of all components between the two groups. Emodin could be detected in all rats＇ pancreas at 48 h in both groups, while its mean pancreatic concentration was higher in the AP model group than in the normal group （0.61 ± 0.54 ng/mL, 0.42 ± 0.37 ng/mL, respectively, P〈0.05）. Aloe emodin could be detected in all rats＇ pancreas at 48 h in both groups and their mean pancreatic concentration were similar （0.31± 0.24 ng/mL, 0.33 ±0.17 ng/mL, respectively, P〉0.05）. Physcion could be detected in pancreas of most rats in the AP model while only two rats in the normal group. Conclusion： AP could significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of absorbed components of Chinese herbal MLHP ointment in rats.