Extensible Markup Language Data Mining System Model

The existing data mining methods are mostly focused on relational databases and structured data, but not on complex structured data (like in extensible markup language(XML)). By converting XML document type description to the relational semantic recording XML data relations, and using an XML data mining language, the XML data mining system presents a strategy to mine information on XML.

Real-Time Data and Visualization Monitoring of Computer Numerical Control Machine Tools Based on Hyper Text Markup Language 5

In order to ensure the safety,quality and efficiency of computer numerical control(CNC)machine tool processing,a real-time monitoring and visible solution for CNC machine tools based on hyper text markup language(HTML)5 is proposed.The characteristics of the real-time monitoring technology of CNC machine tools under the traditional Client/Server(C/S)structure are compared and analyzed,and the technical drawbacks are proposed.Web real-time communication technology and browser drawing technology are deeply studied.A real-time monitoring and visible system for CNC machine tool data is developed based on Metro platform,combining WebSocket real-time communication technology and Canvas drawing technology.The system architecture is given,and the functions and implementation methods of the system are described in detail.The practical application results show that the WebSocket real-time communication technology can effectively reduce the bandwidth and network delay and save server resources.The numerical control machine data monitoring system can intuitively reflect the machine data,and the visible effect is good.It realizes timely monitoring of equipment alarms and prompts maintenance and management personnel.

China's Low Export Markups Puzzle: Competition Effect and Selection Effect

Based on China's industrial enterprises-customs matched data, this paper utilizes two-tier stochastic frontier analysis method to estimate and verify the extent to which selection effect and competition effect influence exporting firms' markup. Our findings suggest that the interaction between selection effect and competition effect ultimately causes actual firm markup to be higher than the baseline markup by 7.11%. Exporting firms' actual markup is higher than the baseline markup by different degrees. In terms of the decomposition of selection effect, TFP explains for 28.05% of selection effect, and nonproductivity factors explain for the rest 71.95%. By controlling for the type of firms' export,the export-productivity paradox only exists for processing trade firms, which shows that with increasing trade facilitation, the policy incentives to encourage firms to export are major contributors to the low export markups.

Can Digital Transformation Definitely Improve Firms'Markups?

In this paper,digital transformation is included in the heterogeneity model of firms.Based on a general equilibrium analysis,we find that under the effect of diminishing marginal productivity,digital transformation does not always have a positive impact on firms'markups,but has an"inverted U-shaped"nonlinear influence,which first promotes and then inhibits markups.Firm innovation and firm productivity are the key micro-mechanisms for the above effects to play a role.Based on the analysis of typical facts and empirical data of listed companies,the measurement test yields the following results.First,digital transformation can significantly improve firms'markups when it is below a specific threshold value,but it will have a negative impact when it exceeds this value.That is,there is an"inverted U-shaped"nonlinear relationship between digital transformation and firms'markups.Second,the heterogeneity analysis shows that digital transformation has a greater effect on the markups of state-owned firms,export firms and technology-intensive firms than on the markups of other firms.Third,digital transformation has an impact on firms'markups through two key mechanisms:firm innovation ability and production eficiency.The quantitative empirical results confirm the correctness of the theoretical expectations.Therefore,firms need to grasp the strategic opportunities brought by the progress of digital technology and accelerate the process of promoting the digital transformation.Firms should make proper choices in the selection and arrangement of key areas,as well as avoid possible problems such as"too much".In this way,we can better consolidate the micro foundation of China's high-quality economic development.

Corrosion science general-purpose data model and interface (Ⅱ): OOD design and corrosion data markup language (CDML)

With object oriented design/analysis, a general purpose corrosion data model (GPCDM) and a corrosion data markup language (CDML) are created to meet the increasing demand of multi-source corrosion data integration and sharing. "Cor- rosion data island" is proposed to model the corrosion data of comprehensiveness and self-contained. The island of tree-liked structure contains six first-level child nodes to characterize every important aspect of the corrosion data. Each first-level node holds more child nodes recursively as data containers. The design of data structure inside the island is intended to decrease the learning curve and break the acceptance barrier of GPCDM and CDML. A detailed explanation about the role and meaning of the first-level nodes are presented with examples chosen carefully in order to review the design goals and requirements proposed in the previous paper. Then, CDML tag structure and CDML application programming interface (API) are introduced in logic order. At the end, the roles of GPCDM, CDML and its API in the multi-source corrosion data integration and information sharing are highlighted and projected.

Misallocation in Chinese Manufacturing and Services: A Variable Markup Approach

Cross-country comparison reveals an unusually small service sector in China. Using firm-level data from Chinas 2008 economic census, we find two facts that speak to a novel mechanism of misallocation within service and between manufacturing and service sectors. First, compared with the manufacturing sector, there are more stateowned enterprises and fewer entrants in the service sector. Second, markups increase with firm size, and the increase is more dramatic among service firms. We interpret these facts through the lens of a monopolistic competition model with heterogeneous firms and variable markups. A multisector model shows a new channel that translates asymmetric barriers to entry across sectors into sectoral markup differences, which in turn cause sectoral misallocation. Quantitative analysis shows that when reducing entry barriers to service firms to the extent observed for manufacturing firms, the model predicts a 12-percentage-point increase in the service employment share.

Foreign Demand,Competition Strategy,and Export Markups:Evidence from Chinese Multi-Product Exporters

Using Chinese microdata from 2000 to 2013,we document how demand shocks in export markets lead multi-product exporters to adjust markups across products.We find that,in response to positive demand shocks,quality-based competitive multi-product firms increase product markups significantly,particularly for core products,whereas cost-based competitive multi-product firms respond by reducing product markups.The reason for this is that positive foreign demand affects markups through two opposite channels:pro-innovative effects and pro-competitive ejfects.Pro-innovative effects are predominant among quality-based competitive multi-product firms,and these firms respond to positive foreign demand shocks by increasing product quality,prices,and markups.Pro-competitive ejfects are predominant among cost-based competitive multi-product firms,and these firms respond to positive foreign demand shocks by lowering product cost,prices,and markups.We demonstrate the presence of these mechanisms empirically.The results imply that firms with different competition strategies should adopt different measures in response to foreign demand shocks.

Has Global Division of Labor Increased Markup of Chinese Enterprises?

The paper calculates the number of production stages for measurement of production segmentation,and discusses and depicts the microscopic impacts and effects of production segmentation of labor division of the global value chain on enterprise markup.The DLW method is used to calculate the markup of Chinese enterprises,the fi xed-effect model is used to analyze the impact of labor division of the global value chain on enterprise markup,and an instrumental variable method is constructed to relieve endogeneity.The research findings show that enterprises have significantly increased their markup by choosing global production segmentation,international production segmentation and domestic production segmentation.Global production segmentation can significantly increase the markup of low-productivity enterprises,hi-tech enterprises and private enterprises.Particularly,low-productivity enterprises choose international production segmentation and hi-tech enterprises choose domestic production segmentation.Production segmentation can offset to a certain extent low markup of export enterprises and domestic-oriented enterprises caused by the“competition effect”.In addition,enterprises’“technological progress effect”and“trade cost effect”are two possible channels by which production segmentation facilitates the increase of markup.The paper enriches and expands the literature about the impacts of labor division of the global value chain on enterprise markup,the robustness is analyzed from the perspectives of enterprise heterogeneity,industrial&technical heterogeneity and structure,and the impact mechanism is validated through the intermediate effect model.Our important findings are of important implications for solving the“low markup trap”of Chinese enterprises and enhancing labor division of the global value chain of enterprises.

A Model for Contract Bid Markup Strategies

This paper presents a bid model which can be readily implemented in a competitive bid environment within the construction industry. Competitive bid situations involve a multiplicity of criteria. In this paper, 31 criteria, which effect optimum estimation, are considered. The model is based on CBR, the database of past completed bids, and information associated with successful bids. CBR is considered the best method because of the complexity of the construction domain and the wealth of information that the contractors possessed on past bids.

行业竞争视角下环境规制对企业成本加成的影响研究

以2008—2021年中国沪深A股制造业上市公司为样本,检验环境规制对企业成本加成的影响效果以及在不同行业竞争程度下环境规制的作用效果是否发生变化,并从遵循成本效应、创新补偿效应以及资源再配置效应三个机制入手进一步分析其影响路径。结果表明:(1)环境规制降低了企业成本加成,而行业竞争显著增强了环境规制对企业成本加成的负向作用;(2)行业竞争越激烈,环境规制对非国有企业成本加成的负向影响越明显,但对国有企业而言,行业竞争程度对环境规制与成本加成的关系并没有影响;(3)市场竞争进一步强化了环境规制对企业进入的负面影响,却弱化了环境规制对企业退出的抑制作用。由此,应当进一步加强产业政策与环境规制的一致性与协调性,充分考虑不同行业竞争条件下环境规制的差异化作用效果,提高政策有效性。

人工智能与高新技术企业竞争力:机制与效应

通过人工智能技术赋能制造企业的生产、运营过程,提升制造企业的知识化、智能化水平,是高新技术企业获得竞争优势的重要途径。文章从理论和实证两个方面分析了人工智能对高新技术企业竞争力提升的作用机制及效应。研究表明:人工智能提高了高新技术企业的成本加成率和全要素生产率,主要结论在稳健性检验后依然成立。异质性分析发现,人工智能对国有企业和经济不确定感知程度较高的高新技术企业的赋能效果更明显;同时,对处于低市场分割和实体经济基础较好地区的高新技术企业的赋能效果更明显。技术积累、员工结构优化、成本节约和效率提升是实现人工智能赋能高新技术企业竞争力的重要机制。研究结论对促进人工智能与高新技术制造业深度融合,实现经济高质量发展具有明显政策启示。

资本脱实向虚矫正新思路:基于市场结构的非对称性

资本“脱实向虚”严重制约着实体经济发展,优化资本配置成为实体经济高质量发展的重要着力点。从“脱实向虚”现象的成因机制展开分析,探讨治理资本“脱实向虚”的新思路。运用动态优化方法推导出满足社会福利最大化目标的最优垄断加价率计算公式,并对比分析1998—2020年中国、美国、德国多部门最优垄断加价率与实际加价率间的量化关系。研究发现:(1)加入世界贸易组织(WTO)是中国资本“脱实向虚”的起点;(2)中国、美国、德国实体经济产品的实际利润率普遍低于最优利润率,并且中国制造业产品的实际利润率低于其他国家;(3)美国和德国虚拟经济实际利润率的增长并未导致其实体经济实际利润率的相对(相对于最优利润率)下降,虚拟经济的发展并未以牺牲实体经济为代价,而中国存在生产性资本逃逸至虚拟经济现象。因此,应深化改革当前金融体系,调整市场结构非对称性,以更好地服务实体经济。

区域一体化如何影响县域企业市场势力——兼论全国统一大市场下企业竞争优势重构

在国内大循环发展背景下,通过区域一体化减少地方保护和区域壁垒,是构建全国统一大市场的重要举措。本文以撤县设区这一准自然实验为对象,基于企业成本加成率,分析区域一体化对县域企业市场势力的影响与机理。研究发现:撤县设区改革降低了被撤并县(市)企业的成本加成率,减少了县域企业的市场势力,促进了县域竞争。机制检验显示,撤县设区通过提升被撤并县(市)企业进入率和减少政府补贴提高了企业边际成本,从而降低了成本加成率。异质性检验表明,撤县设区主要降低了垄断性较强行业、非普通地级市和市县产业同构度较高的县域企业的成本加成率。另外,本文还发现撤县设区改革期间被撤并县(市)企业进行的产品创新、技术创新和服务创新越多,其成本加成率增加越多。本文的研究表明,在国内大循环背景下,区域一体化通过引入竞争削弱了欠发达地区企业市场势力,但域内企业可以通过增加产品、技术和服务创新重构竞争优势,进而从总体上推动经济高质量发展。本文不仅能丰富区域一体化和县域城镇化研究,也能为欠发达地区企业竞争优势重构提供一定参考。

数字化转型对企业加成率的影响:理论机制与经验证据

数字化转型已经成为企业高质量发展的重要路径。本文使用2007~2016年上市公司和海关数据,在M-O模型理论框架的基础上,通过引入数字化转型,深入考察了数字化转型对企业加成率的微观影响和作用机制。研究发现:数字化转型对企业加成率的影响取决于生产率、成本变化和竞争的净效应,综合来看显著降低了企业加成率;机制分析显示,数字化转型的成本投入效应和竞争效应是重要的传导渠道。异质性分析表明,对于非国有企业、中低生产率企业和中低融资约束的企业,数字化转型对企业加成率的负面影响更大;此外,出口倾向显著抑制了数字化转型对企业加成率的负面影响。本文的发现对推进数字经济与实体经济的深度融合进而更好地驱动企业数字化转型有重要启示,一方面鼓励企业进行高质量数字化转型,另一方面充分发挥数字化转型在推动高质量出口中的重要作用。

基于HTML5技术的森林防火教育应用设计研究

森林防火教育既是护林工作的基础,又是此项工作的重中之重。为让更多人通过互联网平台学习森林防火知识,了解森林火灾的应急措施,文章提出利用超文本5(HyperText Markup Language 5,HTML5)技术设计森林防火宣传教育应用。

汇率变动与出口产品加成率:影响机制和资源配置效应

利用2000—2013年中国工业企业数据和海关进出口数据,基于样本期间人民币汇率持续升值的事实,考察人民币汇率变动对中国出口产品加成率的影响。研究结果显示:人民币实际有效汇率的上升显著提高了企业出口产品加成率,并且该影响效应在异质性产品、竞争型行业、外资企业以及存在进口行为的企业中更大。机制分析表明,人民币升值通过产品质量效应、边际成本效应、价格竞争效应和市场选择效应影响出口产品加成率,其中产品质量升级和进口成本降低造成的影响占据主导,这是人民币升值显著提高出口产品加成率的重要原因。进一步研究显示,人民币升值的市场选择效应降低了产品内企业间的加成率离散度,提升了企业间的资源配置效率,但在市场选择效应和企业内加成率调整的共同影响下,其对企业内的资源配置效率没有显著影响。

共同机构持股与企业市场势力——基于中国上市公司的实证证据

共同机构持股现象在我国证券市场愈发普遍,引发了各界对其经济影响的讨论。以2007—2020年A股上市公司为样本,考察共同机构持股对企业市场势力的影响。研究发现,共同机构持股对企业市场势力有显著的正向影响;既能通过成本节约、创新协同和缓解融资约束的渠道发挥“协同治理”效应,也能通过“竞争合谋”减弱市场竞争程度来提升企业市场势力。异质性分析表明,共同机构持股对国有制、中低技术水平、制造业以及东部地区的企业影响更为显著。

基于.NET框架的在线考试系统的设计与实现

网络考试系统作为现代教育教学的重要组成部分,起着检测学生自主学习结果,减轻教师负担的作用,一直是教学管理系统研究的课题。文章结合主流.NET技术和异步JavaScript和可扩展标记语言(Asynchronous JavaScript and Extensible Markup Language,AJAX)技术,介绍在线考试系统的设计和实现方法。

政策工具视角下三明市取消中药饮片加成政策文本分析

目的基于政策工具和政策目标2个维度,分析三明市取消中药饮片加成的政策文本特点,积累取消中药饮片加成经验,并提出思考。方法采用文献研究法并结合内容分析,构建政策工具和目标二维分析框架,对2013年1月—2023年4月三明市公开发表的有关取消中药饮片加成政策的26份政策文件进行编码分析。结果共计编码87条,需求型、供给型、环境型占比分别为16.09%、34.49%、49.42%,偏向于使用供给型和环境型政策工具;政策目标有一定倾向,“保证中药饮片质量”“完善中药饮片价格机制”“规范中药饮片使用”“强化组织实施,落实政府投入责任”占比分别为11.49%、39.08%、18.39%、31.03%。结论创新使用市场塑造等需求型工具,高质量推进饮片生产链发展;兼顾地域经济水平,将价格主动权归还市场,优化中药饮片行业市场结构,配合宣传措施,促进政策落实;改革药学人员人事薪酬制度,规范医疗行为。

合同文本置标语言CTML:一种面向智能法律合约的法律信息规范化提取方法

智能合约在法律层面的关注度不断提高,如何将现实法律合同转化为智能合约程序,保证法律元素提取和程序转换的规范化已经成为当前的研究热点.据此,从合约模板化和语义规范化的角度出发,提出一种合同文本置标语言(CTML),通过对合同中语法、结构、词汇的内容进行标注,实现合同要素的提取与转化.首先,构建合同元模型并建立“要素-属性-成分”的三层语义结构与数源标记语法规则,基于元模型设计面向合同文本的置标语言语法规则,通过CTML完成法律信息规范化提取,形成标注合同;其次,通过递归抽象语法树(AST)并建立映射关系,设计由标注合同到智能法律合约的转换规则,完善法律合同到智能合约可执行代码的转化链条.进而,以保理合同为例,演示了合同文本置标语言的语义提取和代码生成的实际效果,为普通法律合同转化成为智能合约提供了一种技术方法.