重构GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)全球、区域一体化变分同化系统中的极小化控制变量,提升中、小尺度同化分析能力,为中国气象局业务区域数值预报系统CMA-MESO提供千米尺度适用的同化方案。新方案用纬向...重构GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)全球、区域一体化变分同化系统中的极小化控制变量,提升中、小尺度同化分析能力,为中国气象局业务区域数值预报系统CMA-MESO提供千米尺度适用的同化方案。新方案用纬向风速(u)和经向风速(v)替代原有流函数和势函数作为新的风场控制变量,采用温度和地面气压(T,ps)替代原有非平衡无量纲气压作为新的质量场控制变量,同时不再考虑准地转平衡约束,而是采用连续方程弱约束保证分析平衡。背景误差参数统计和数值试验结果表明,采用重构后的极小化控制变量,观测信息传播更加局地,分析结构更加合理,避免了原方案在中、小尺度应用时存在的虚假相关问题。连续方程弱约束的引入,限制了同化分析中辐合、辐散的不合理增长,帮助新方案在分析更加局地的同时保证分析平衡。为期1个月的连续同化循环和预报试验结果表明,新方案可以减小风场和质量场分析误差,CMAMESO系统地面降水和10 m风场的预报评分显著提升。展开更多
All nuclei in mesophyll cells of Artemisia marschalliana are located in vacuoles and occupy up to 90% of their volume. The ultrastructural organization of chromatin in nuclei shows different degrees of its decondensat...All nuclei in mesophyll cells of Artemisia marschalliana are located in vacuoles and occupy up to 90% of their volume. The ultrastructural organization of chromatin in nuclei shows different degrees of its decondensation, up to complete separation of DNA from histones. It is possible that the separation of DNA from histones enables Artemisia to grow in soils with high salinity.展开更多
文摘All nuclei in mesophyll cells of Artemisia marschalliana are located in vacuoles and occupy up to 90% of their volume. The ultrastructural organization of chromatin in nuclei shows different degrees of its decondensation, up to complete separation of DNA from histones. It is possible that the separation of DNA from histones enables Artemisia to grow in soils with high salinity.