Displacive transformation as pathway to prevent micro-cracks induced by thermal stress in additively manufactured strong and ductile high-entropy alloys

The micro-cracking behaviors of two high-entropy alloys(HEAs) of the FeMnCoCrNi family prepared by selective laser melting were systematically studied. Residual stresses were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique. Results show that the equiatomic FeMnCoCrNi HEAs with a relatively stable single-phase face-centered cubic(FCC) structure suffered from micro-cracking with residual tensile stress after laser melting. In contrast, the metastable non-equiatomic Fe MnCoCr HEAs with reduced stacking fault energy are free of micro-cracks with residual compressive stress at various volumetric energy densities(VEDs). The displacive transformation from the FCC matrix to the hexagonal close-packed(HCP) phase during cooling prevents the micro-cracking via consuming thermal stress related internal energy. Further, the displacive transformation during tensile deformation contributes to the higher strength and ductility of the metastable dual-phase HEA compared to that of the stable single-phase HEA. These findings provide useful guidance for the design of strong, ductile, and crack-free alloys for additive manufacturing by tuning phase stability.

OMHT method for weak signal processing of GPR and its application in identification of concrete micro-crack

In the light of the problem of weak reflection signals shielded by strong reflections from the concrete surface,the detection and the recognition of hidden micro-cracks in the shield tunnel lining were studied using the orthogonal matching pursuit and the Hilbert transform(OMHT method).First,according to the matching pursuit algorithm and the strong reflection-forming mechanism,and based on the sparse representation theory,a sparse dictionary,adapted to the characteristics of the strong reflection signal,was selected,and a matching decomposition of each signal was performed so that the weak target signal submerged in the strong reflection was displayed more strongly.Second,the Hilbert transform was used to extract multiple parameters,such as the instantaneous amplitude,the instantaneous frequency,and the instantaneous phase,from the processed signal,and the ground penetrating radar(GPR)image was comprehensively analyzed and determined from multiple angles.The results show that the OMHT method can accurately weaken the effect of the strong impedance interface and effectively enhance the weak reflected signal energy of hidden micro-crack in the shield tunnel segment.The resolution of the processed GPR image is greatly improved,and the reflected signal of the hidden micro-crack is easily visible,which proves the validity and accuracy of the analysis method.

Micro-crack detection of nonlinear Lamb wave propagation in three-dimensional plates with mixed-frequency excitation

We propose a nonlinear ultrasonic technique by using the mixed-frequency signals excited Lamb waves to conduct micro-crack detection in thin plate structures.Simulation models of three-dimensional(3D)aluminum plates and composite laminates are established by ABAQUS software,where the aluminum plate contains buried crack and composite laminates comprises cohesive element whose thickness is zero to simulate delamination damage.The interactions between the S0 mode Lamb wave and the buried micro-cracks of various dimensions are simulated by using the finite element method.Fourier frequency spectrum analysis is applied to the received time domain signal and fundamental frequency amplitudes,and sum and difference frequencies are extracted and simulated.Simulation results indicate that nonlinear Lamb waves have different sensitivities to various crack sizes.There is a positive correlation among crack length,height,and sum and difference frequency amplitudes for an aluminum plate,with both amplitudes decreasing as crack thickness increased,i.e.,nonlinear effect weakens as the micro-crack becomes thicker.The amplitudes of sum and difference frequency are positively correlated with the length and width of the zero-thickness cohesive element in the composite laminates.Furthermore,amplitude ratio change is investigated and it can be used as an effective tool to detect inner defects in thin 3D plates.

Modeling and Experimental Analysis of Roughness Effect on Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Micro-crack

A high-precision evaluation of ultrasonic detection sensitivity for a micro-crack can be restricted by a corroded rough surface when the surface microtopography is of the same order of magnitude as the crack depth.In this study,a back-surface micro-crack is considered as a research target.A roughness-modified ultrasonic testing model for micro-cracks is established based on a multi-Gaussian beam model and the principle of phase-screen approximation.The echo signals of micro-cracks and noises corresponding to different rough front surfaces and rough back surfaces are obtained based on a reference reflector signal acquired from a two-dimensional simulation model.Further compari-son between the analytical and numerical models shows that the responses of micro-cracks under the effects of dif-ferent corroded rough surfaces can be accurately predicted.The numerical and analytical results show that the echo signal amplitude of the micro-crack decreases significantly with an increase in roughness,whereas the noise ampli-tude slightly increases.Moreover,the effect of the rough front surface on the echo signal of the micro-crack is greater than that of the rough back surface.When the root-mean-square(RMS)height of the surface microtopography is less than 15μm,the two rough surfaces have less influence on the echo signals detected by a focused transducer with a frequency of 5 MHz and diameter of 6 mm.A method for predicting and evaluating the detection accuracy of micro-cracks under different rough surfaces is proposed by combining the theoretical model and a finite element simulation.Then,a series of rough surface samples containing different micro-cracks are fabricated to experimentally validate the evaluation method.

Image Preprocessing Methods to Identify Micro-cracks of Road Pavement

Standards of highway conservation and maintenance are improved gradually following the improvement of requirements of road service. Before obvious damage such as obvious cracking (block,transverse, longitudinal ) and rutting emerge, inconspicuous distress (micro-cracks, polishing, pockmarked) is generated previously. These inconspicuous distresses may provide basis and criteria for pavement preventive maintenance. Currently most of preventive conservation measures are determined by experienced experts in maintenance and repair of road after site visits. Thus method is difficult in operation, and has a certain amount of instability as it is based on experience and personal knowledge. In this paper, camera and laser were used for automated high-speed acquisition images. Methods to preprocess pavement image are compared. The pretreatment method suitable for analyze micro-cracks picture is elected, an effective way to remove shadow is also proposed.

Theoretical Model of the Probability of Fusion between Deuterons within Deformed Lattices with Micro-cracks at Room Temperature

In this work, we wish to demonstrate that a reaction path as the following, dislocations, deformations due to thermodynamic stress and, finally, micro-crack occurrence, can enhance the process of fusion of the deuterons introduced into the lattice by deuterium loading. In fact, calculating the rate of deuteron-plasmon-deuteron fusion within a micro-crack, showed, together with an enhancement of the tunneling effect, an increase of at least 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to the probability of fusion on the no deformed lattice. In fact, strong electric fields can take place in the micro-crack and the deuterons are accelerated to the energy which are enough for the D-D tunnelling. These phenomena open the way to the theoretical hypothesis that a kind of chain reaction, catalyzed by the micro-cracks produced in the structure as a result of deuterium loading, can favour the process of deuteron-plasmon fusion.

Probability of Deuteron-Plasmon Fusion at Room Temperature within Micro-cracks of Crystalline Lattices with Deuterium Loading

This communication seeks to demonstrate that, at room temperature, the deformation of the crystalline lattice can influence the process of interaction of deuterons introduced within it. Calculations of this probability, in fact, showed an increase of at least 2-3 orders of magnitude with respect to the probability of fusion on the surface of the lattice. These phenomena open the way to the theoretical hypothesis of a kind of chain reaction, as a result of the deuterium loading and catalysed by micro-cracks formed in the structure by micro-explosions, can favour the process.

Diffusive healing of internal fatigue micro-cracks in pure titanium

The internal micro cracks with the critical length about 30?μm and thickness less than 1?μm were introduced into the pure titanium samples by uniaxial tension compression low cycle fatigue method. The experimental results indicate that the internal fatigue micro crack clearly evolves from the original penny shaped crack into a string of spherical voids in the longitudinal section plane of the fatigue sample after the vacuum diffusive healing at the high temperature. The quantitative relationship between the radius and the spacing of spherical voids depends on the crack position (within grains, on grain boundaries or transgranular sites) and its orientations within the grain. The diffusive healing, the related thermodynamics and mechanism, and the effect of the surface tension anisotropy on the relationship between void diameter and void spacing are also discussed.

Evolution mechanism and quantitative characterization of initial micro-cracks in marble under triaxial compression

The initial micro-cracks affect the evolution characteristics of macroscopic deformation and failure of rock but are often ignored in theoretical calculation,numerical simulation,and mechanical experiments.In this study,we propose a quantitative analysis model to investigate the effects of initial micro-cracks on the evolution of marble deformation and failure.The relationship between the micro-crack propagation and the marble failure characteristics was comprehensively studied by combining theoretical analysis with a micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)scanning technique.We found that with the increase of confining pressure,the matrix elastic modulus of the marble first increased and then tended to be stable,while the micro-cracks increased exponentially.The sensitivity ranges of the marble sample matrix elastic modulus and micro-cracks to confining pressure were 0–30 MPa and 30–50 MPa,respectively.The porosity and Poisson’s ratio decreased exponentially.The increasing proportion of internal micro-cracks led to an increase in the sample non-uniformity.The samples presented mainly shear failure under triaxial compression,and the failure angle decreased linearly with the increase of confining pressure.The convergence direction of cracks decreased gradually.This quantitative analysis model could accurately portray the relationship between the overall macroscopic deformation and the deviatoric stress of the samples at the compaction and the linear elastic stages,thus deepening the understanding of the stress–strain behavior of rocks.

渗透树脂联合美白技术修复微裂氟斑牙

背景:微研磨、家庭美白联合渗透树脂治疗氟斑牙具有良好的效果,但该方法对氟斑牙微裂纹的影响尚不清楚。目的:探究微研磨、家庭美白联合渗透树脂修复微裂氟斑牙的效果。方法:①临床研究:选择2020年7月至2021年3月就诊于天津医科大学口腔医院修复科的23例微裂氟斑牙患者,包括255颗微裂氟斑牙,均接受牙齿微研磨术、家庭美白与渗透树脂联合治疗,对比治疗前及治疗结束后1周、1个月的牙齿颜色、牙齿敏感程度和牙齿疼痛阈值。②体外实验:收集牙齿表面至少存在一条裂纹的氟斑牙60颗,随机分3组处理:对照组不进行任何处理,美白组进行微研磨与家庭美白处理,联合组进行微研磨、家庭美白和渗透树脂联合处理,每组20颗,测量处理后3组牙齿样本的显微硬度。结果与结论:①临床研究:治疗结束后6个月,255颗微裂氟斑牙中牙齿美白治疗显效207颗、有效48颗,总体治疗有效率为100%。随着治疗时间的延长,中、重度牙齿度敏感程度占比呈下降趋势,治疗结束后6个月,255颗氟斑牙中无重度敏感、15颗为中度敏感、125颗为轻度敏感、115颗无敏感,与治疗前的氟斑牙敏感程度相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。治疗前与治疗结束后1周、6个月的牙齿疼痛阈值比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。②体外实验:美白组牙齿显微硬度值低于对照组、联合组(P<0.05),对照组与联合组牙齿显微硬度值比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。③结果表明,微研磨、家庭美白联合渗透树脂治疗微裂氟斑牙具有较好的疗效。

DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION STUDIES FOR FATIGUE MICRO-CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION OF NI BASED SUPERALLOY

An experimental investigation on the mechanical mechanisms of fatigue micro-crack initiation and propagation of a nickel-based superalloy is presented. By coupling digital image correlation method and scanning electron microscope, the fatigue residual strain distribution at the grain scale has been obtained. The results showed that there is a trend of accumulation for the residual strain. Micro-cracks are more likely to initiate in or near the areas with particularly large residual strain, and propagate along the large-strain paths.

EVOLUTION OF IDEAL MICRO-CRACK SYSTEM

The ideal micro-cracks are treated with the number-density function; the characteristics of their evolution are investigated; a deterministic model is applied to the discussion of their extension. It is discowred that under certain conditions saturation may occur in the number-density. The main features of the statistical formulationare illustrated by several examples and compared with those observed in experiments.

ffect of a Micro-crack on the Edge Macro-crack Propagation Rate and Path Under Mixed Loads

The solution of a half-plane containing a micro-crack and an edge macro-crack under mixed loads is presented based on the distributed dislocation technique. The complete stress field and stress intensity factors are obtained. The finite element model is established to simulate the macro-crack propagation path. The effect of a micro-crack on the macro-crack propagation is analyzed comprehensively. The results show that the shielding effect region is like two ‘petals’ under uniaxial tensile load and rotates with the change in micro-crack angle. For mixed loads, the shielding effect region rotates clockwise with the increasing ratio of applied loads τ∞/σ∞τ∞/σ∞ It is like two tpetals, at τ∞/σ∞ 00 < 2 and divides into two parts from the macro-crack tip at τ∞/σ∞≥ 5. The micro-crack has the attraction effect on the macro-crack propagation path. These results are useful for predicting the fracture or fatigue behaviors of materials containing micro-cracks.

A constitutive model based on the evolution and coalescence of elliptical micro-cracks for quasi-brittle materials

Damage and failure of quasi-brittle materials are caused by the evolution and coalescence of micro-cracks.To solve the problem of elliptical micro-crack growth at the elastic deformation stage,a method of complex potential functions is proposed and the effect of the initial orientation on micro-crack growth and deflection is discussed.The critical stress condition for the initial damage is derived according to the criterion of micro-crack growth.Based on energy conservation during wing-crack propagation,a damage constitutive model is developed with the strain criterion created in the condition of micro-crack coalescence.The stress-strain curves of quasi-brittle materials in uniaxial compression obtained based on this model are examined with the experimental results.

温度循环荷载下花岗岩微裂隙演化试验

花岗岩力学性能随环境温度的变化是岩石力学领域的热点问题,其微细观结构随温度的演化规律尚不清晰。基于现代化测试技术和实验设备设计了等幅值温度循环和峰值递增温度循环荷载,关注其作用下花岗岩微裂隙的衍生和扩展规律,并讨论了风化程度的影响。研究结果表明峰值温度比循环次数对裂隙网络发展的影响更大,峰值递增的温度循环可促进表面裂隙的衍生,而风化在一定程度上可减弱温度荷载的影响。本文研究可促进对温度作用下岩石力学性能演化的认知。

氮元素对高钛含铌钢裂纹影响的定量研究

应用试验、热力学计算及统计,定量研究了氮(N)对高钛(Ti)含铌(Nb)钢连铸横裂纹的影响,提出N控定量标准。结果表明:高钛含铌钢的高温塑性与氮化物形成具有强相关性;凝固末期TiN的析出影响第一脆性区,第二脆性区与Nb(C,N)的析出有关,温度区间为从Nb(C,N)析出到其析出速率开始缓和的温度,第三脆性区与铁素体或AlN析出有关,温度区间为从铁素体或AlN析出到渗碳体开始析出的温度。高钛含铌钢的N控瓶颈在于TiN在凝固末期的析出,根据Ti、N积建立控N标准,Ti、N积为4×10-5~7×10-5(%•%)。

An extended micromechanical-based plastic damage model for understanding water effects on quasi-brittle rocks

Water effects on the mechanical properties of rocks have been extensively investigated through experiments and numerical models.However,few studies have established a comprehensive link between the microscopic mechanisms of water-related micro-crack and the constitutive behaviors of rocks.In this work,we shall propose an extended micromechanical-based plastic damage model for understanding weakening effect induced by the presence of water between micro-crack’s surfaces on quasi-brittle rocks,based on the Mori-Tanaka homogenization and irreversible thermodynamics framework.Regarding the physical mechanism,water strengthens micro-crack propagation,which induces damage evolution during the pre-and post-stage,and weakens the elastic effective properties of rock matrix.After proposing a special calibration procedure for the determination of model parameters based on the laboratory compression tests,the proposed micromechanical-based model is verified by comparing the model predictions to the experimental results.The model effectively captures the mechanical behaviors of quasibrittle rocks subjected to the weakening effects of water.

Shear behavior and off-fault damage of saw-cut smooth and tension-induced rough joints in granite

The damage of rock joints or fractures upon shear includes the surface damage occurring at the contact asperities and the damage beneath the shear surface within the host rock.The latter is commonly known as off-fault damage and has been much less investigated than the surface damage.The main contribution of this study is to compare the results of direct shear tests conducted on saw-cut planar joints and tension-induced rough granite joints under normal stresses ranging from 1 MPa to 50 MPa.The shear-induced off-fault damages are quantified and compared with the optical microscope observation.Our results clearly show that the planar joints slip stably under all the normal stresses except under 50 MPa,where some local fractures and regular stick-slip occur towards the end of the test.Both post-peak stress drop and stick-slip occur for all the rough joints.The residual shear strength envelopes for the rough joints and the peak shear strength envelope for the planar joints almost overlap.The root mean square(RMS)of asperity height for the rough joints decreases while it increases for the planar joint after shear,and a larger normal stress usually leads to a more significant decrease or increase in RMS.Besides,the extent of off-fault damage(or damage zone)increases with normal stress for both planar and rough joints,and it is restricted to a very thin layer with limited micro-cracks beneath the planar joint surface.In comparison,the thickness of the damage zone for the rough joints is about an order of magnitude larger than that of the planar joints,and the coalesced micro-cracks are generally inclined to the shear direction with acute angles.The findings obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding on the frictional behavior and damage characteristics of rock joints or fractures with different roughness.

Rock physical characteristics of deep dolomite under complex geological conditions:A case study of 4th Member of Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin,China

The deep-ultra deep carbonate reservoir in China,commonly subjected to modification of multi-stage diagenesis,has extremely high heterogeneity.Conventional rock physics analysis cannot accurately identify the elastic responses of reservoir.Here,the rock physics properties of the dolomite from the 4th Member of the Sinian Dengying Formation are experimentally measured,and the change law of rock physics characteristics is investigated within the framework of the diagenetic processes by the analysis of the elastic and petrologic characteristics,pore structure,and sedimentary environments.The results show that the differentiated diagenesis results in different pore structure characteristics and microtexture characteristics of the rock.The microbial dolomite of the algal mound-grain beach facies is subjected to the contemporaneous microbial dolomitization and seepage-reflux dolomitization,penecontemporaneous selective dissolution,burial dolomitization,and hydrothermal dolomitization.The resultant crystalline dolomite is found with one main type of the dolomite crystal contact boundaries,and the dissolution pore is extensive development.The siliceous,muddy,and limy dolomite of the interbeach sea environment mainly experiences the weak capillary concentration dolomitization,intensive mechanical compaction-induced densification,and burial dolomitization.Such crystalline dolomite is observed with four types of contact boundaries,namely the dolomite contact,clay contact,quartz contact,and calcite contact boundaries,and porosity mostly attributed to residual primary inter-granular or crystalline pores.The samples with the same crystal boundary condition have consistent correlations between the compressional-and shear-wave velocities,and between the compressional-wave velocity and the velocity ratio.Additionally,the variation of the acoustic velocity with effective pressure and the intensity of pore-scale fluid-related dispersion are controlled by the differentiation of pore structure types of the samples.The varied effects of soft pores like micro-cracks on the compressional-and shearwave velocity causes considerable changes in the relationships between the compressional-and shearwave velocities,compressional-wave velocity and velocity ratio,and porosity and acoustic velocity.This research is an attempt to demonstrate a novel method for investigating the rock physics variation of rock during the geological process,and the obtained findings can provide the rock physics basis for seismic prediction of the characteristics of deep carbonate reservoirs.

王家岭煤矿综放工作面上覆岩层运动规律及卸压区瓦斯抽采试验研究

为实现低瓦斯高涌出矿井综放工作面安全高效开采,以王家岭煤矿为背景,结合物理相似模拟实验、UDEC数值模拟和微震监测,系统分析了王家岭煤矿综放工作面上覆岩层运动规律,在此基础上,开展了现场卸压区瓦斯抽采试验。研究结果表明:随工作面推进,煤层顶板上覆岩层垮落高度距煤层底板距离增大,离层裂隙距顶板距离增大,空洞高度减小;采空区两侧瓦斯运移通道的裂隙多于压实区的裂隙。初次来压前,采空区垂直应力随工作面的推进而降低;初次来压后,采空区垂直应力随工作面的推进而增大。在进、回风巷顶板,煤层、采空区顶底板共发生2 572个微震事件,工作面前方50 m范围内应力集中较大,应注意超前支护防范。12301工作面周期来压步距20~26 m,采动裂缝带高度90~110 m,周期来压4~6次。现场卸压区瓦斯抽采试验中,合理层位工作面瓦斯抽采量是其他层位工作面瓦斯抽采量的1.5倍,且工作面上隅角和回风流瓦斯浓度均小于0.8%,瓦斯治理效果显著。