Chromosome analysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line KYSE 410-4 by repetitive multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization

Chromosome aberrations are distinctive features of human malignant tumors. Analysis of chromosomal changes can illuminate the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of cancer. To establish the technique of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization （M-FISH） for identifying chromosome aberrations in esophageal carcinoma cell line KYSE 410-4, four pools of 6-color whole-chromosome painting probes have been designed and hybridized on the same metaphase spread by four rounds of repetitive FISH. Repetitive 6-color M-FISH was successfully established and the cytogenetic abnormalities in KYSE 410-4 cells were characterized. Chromosome gains occurred at 2q, 3, 8, 17p, and X. An isochromosome 3q was visualized in the cell line, which might be one intermediate mechanism leading to 3p losses and/or 3q gains. Furthermore, 16 structural arrangements were detected, including four derivative chromosomes. The rearrangement of the centromeric regions accounted for approximately 44% of all rearrangements. The results added a more complete and accurate information of the genetic alterations to the classical cytogenetic description of KYSE 410-4 and provided a detailed cytogenetic background data for appropriate use of the cell line. The established 6-color M-FISH was useful for analyzing chromosomes in the whole genome of human tumors.

Fluorescent aptasensor for detection of live foodborne pathogens based on multicolor perovskite-quantum-dot-encoded DNA probes and dual-stirring-bar-assisted signal amplification

In this study,a fluorescent(FL)aptasensor was developed for on-site detection of live Salmonella typhimurium(S.T.)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(V.P.).Complementary DNA(cDNA)of aptamer(Apt)-functionalized multicolor polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-perovskite quantum dots(cDNA-POSSPQDs)were used as encoded probes and combined with dual-stirring-bar-assisted signal amplification for pathogen quantification.In this system,bar 1 was labeled with the S.T.and V.P.Apts,and then bar 2 was functionalized with cDNA-POSS-PQDs.When S.T.and V.P.were introduced,pathogen-Apt complexes would form and be released into the supernatant from bar 1.Under agitation,the two complexes reached bar 2 and subsequently reacted with cDNA-POSS-PQDs,which were immobilized on MXene.Then,the encoded probes would be detached from bar 2 to generate FL signals in the supernatant.Notably,the pathogens can resume their free state and initiate next cycle.They swim between the two bars,and the FL signals can be gradually enhanced to maximum after several cycles.The FL signals from released encoded probes can be used to detect the analytes.In particular,live pathogens can be distinguished from dead ones by using an assay.The detection limits and linear range for S.T.and V.P.were 30 and 10 CFU/mL and 10^(2) -10^(6) CFU/mL,respectively.Therefore,this assay has broad application potential for simultaneous on-site detection of various live pathogenic bacteria in water.

Water-sensitive multicolor luminescence in lanthanide-organic framework for anti-counterfeiting

The developme nt of high-level an ti-co un terfeiti ng tech niq ues is of great sig nifica nee in econo mics and security issues.However,i ntricate read ing methods are required to obta in multi-level info rmati on stored in differe nt colors,which greatly limits the applicati on of an ti-co un terfeit ing tech no logy on sol ving real world problems.Here in,we realize multicolor information anti-counterfeiting under simply external stimulation by utilizing the functional groups and multiple emission centers of lanthanide metal organic framework(Ln-MOFs)to tune luminescence color.Water responsive multicolor luminescence represented by both the tunable color from red to blue within the visible region and high sensitive responsivity has bee n achieved,owing to the in creased nonr adiative decay pathways and enhan ced Eu3+-to-liga nd en ergy back tra nsfer.Remarkably,i nfo rmatio n hidde n in differe nt colors n eeds to be read with a specific water content,which can be used as an en crypti on key to en sure the security of the info rmati on for high-level an ti-co un terfeiti ng.

Experimental Research on the SizeMeasurement of the High Temperature ForgingBased on Multicolor CCD Technology

In order to determine the size measurement accuracy of the high temperature forging＇s multicolor CCD image by using computerprograms, this paper obtained the high temperature forging＇s CCD image by multicolor CCD camera and its fact size by thevernier caliper on the forging field, and then measured the size of the high temperature forging from its CCD image, compared thesize from the CCD image and the size from the vernier caliper, the result shows that the measurement accuracy satisfied theindustrial production.

Multicolored luminescent CdS nanocrystals

The observation of efficient blue, green, orange and red luminescence from CdS nanocrystals made by using a reverse micelle method was reported. The blue luminescence about 480 nm is attributed to the radiative recombination of electron-hole pairs. The red luminescence around 650 nm is due to the radiative recombination of the exciton trapped in the nanocrystal surface defect states. The combination of different portion of band-edge emission and surface trap state emission results in green and orange luminescence for the nanocrystals. The CdS nanocrystals with efficient multicolored luminescence may find potential application in full color displays and biolabelings.

Multicolor Circularly Polarized Luminescence of a Single-Component System Revealing Multiple Information Encryption

Metal-free materials with multicolor tunable circularly polarized luminescence(CPL)are attractive because of their potential applications in information storage and encryption.Here,we designed two enantiomers composed of chiral dialkyl glutamides and achiral vibration-induced emission(VIE)moiety,which can switch on CPL after a simple gelation process.It is noteworthy that the CPL colors vary in different solvents,and this is attributed to various self-assembly-induced microstructures,in which the VIE moiety is restrained to different degrees.Accordingly,a multidimensional code system composed of a quick response code,a ultraviolet(UV)light-activated color code,and a CPL information figure was constructed.To our satisfaction,the system possesses multiple information-storage functions.The orthogonal anticounterfeiting and CPLenhanced encryption functions also improve the system information encryption ability.In brief,this study provides a practical example of CPL applied to information security and an effective approach to obtain a single-component color-tunable CPL material with multiple information storage and encryption functions as well.

Cool white light and tunable multicolor emission from Tb^(3+)/Dy^(3+)co-activated glasses under different excitations for WLEDs

A set of co-doped(Tb^(3+)/Dy^(3+))lithium zinc borate(LZB)glasses were developed by melt quenching.The structural evaluation was performed for synthesized glassy matrices.The Dy^(3+)and Tb^(3+)individually doped glasses exhibit intense yellow and green luminescence bands at 575 nm(^(4)F_(9/2)→^(6)H_(13/2))and543 nm(^(5)D_(4)→^(7)F_(5)),respectively.The sensitization effect of Dy^(3+)on Tb^(3+)was analyzed by increasing the Tb^(3+)content with respect to the optimum Dy^(3+)content(0.5 mol%)in Dy^(3+)/Tb^(3+).The spectral overlay of Dy^(3+)luminescence and Tb^(3+)absorption profiles,Dy^(3+)/Tb^(3+)PL spectra under different excitations 352,362,376,and 385 nm,shortening decay lifetimes of Dy^(3+)in Dy^(3+)/Tb^(3+)co-activated glasses,energy transfer(ET)parameters,chromaticity coordinates and their corresponding correlated temperatures all help to explain ET from Dy^(3+)to Tb^(3+).At 385 nm of Dy^(3+)excitation,the optimized co-activated(0.5Dy^(3+)+1.0Tb^(3+)):LZB glass displays cool white light emission.The non-radiative ET from Dy^(3+)to Tb^(3+)is dominated by electric dipole-dipole interaction and its ET efficiency was calculated to be 63%.At the same time,reverse ET from Tb^(3+)to Dy^(3+)was also analyzed.The shift in color coordinates from dominant yellow to greenish-yellow,green and white light emission suggests that Dy^(3+)/Tb^(3+)coactivated LZB glasses can be a potential candidate for UV converted multicolor and white light emitting devices.

Multicolor upconversion reversible modulations in YNbO_(4):Er^(3+)/Tm^(3+)/Yb^(3+) photochromic materials

Photochromic materials with multicolor upconversion reversible modulations are attractive in optical switching devices.Herein,the fabricated YNbO_(4):Er^(3+)/Tm^(3+)/Yb^(3+) materials exhibit excellent photochromism and multicolor upconversion properties from green,red to near infrared(NIR) emissions with increasing Yb concentrations.Reversible multiband upconversion modulations are achieved by alternating light(365 and 405 nm) or thermal stimuli.After 365 nm irradiation,the luminescence color changes from yellow to red,the luminescent photoswitching contrast reaches up to 86.21%(green),82.12%(red) and 77.38%(NIR) in the Y_(0.83)Er_(0.01)Tm_(0.01)NbO_(4):0.15 Yb sample.Besides,the upconversion emission intensity before and after photochromic reaction shows remarkable change in a wide temperature range of 298-718 K.These results indicate that the Er^(3+)/Tm^(3+)/Yb^(3+) tri-doped YNbO_(4) materials can be a good candidate in optical switching and data storage applications.

Complementary multicolor electrochromic devices with excellent stability based on porous tin oxide nanosheet scaffold

Electrochromic devices(ECDs)have been extensively investigated as promising candidates in broad cutting-edge applications,such as smart windows,electronic labels,adaptive camouflage,etc.However,they have suffered from either inadequate color variations or poor cycling stability for a long time.Herein,we developed a general strategy to boost the cyclic stability and enrich the color variations of ECDs by scrupulous design of the composition and nanostructure of electrodes,in which porous tin oxide(SnO_(2))nanosheets serve as the scaffold and typical metal oxides or conducting polymers as the active electrochromic materials.Various electrochromic composite materials,including polyaniline(PANI)@SnO_(2),V2O5@SnO_(2),and WO_(3)@SnO_(2) heterostructured nanoarrays were prepared by the facile wet-chemical method.These composite electrodes exhibit remarkable electrochromic performances,e.g.,superior cycling stability(more than 2000 cycles),rich color variations(more than 5 colors for PANI@SnO_(2)),and enlarged optical modulation.These excellent performances account for the heterogenous porous nanoarrays,which not only facilitate the intercalation/extraction of ions but also relieve the stress generated during the electrochemical process.In addition,diverse prototypes of complementary multicolor ECD with excellent cycling stability(over thousands of cycles)and rich color variations(8 colors)were realized for the first time.We believe that our work put forward a general strategy for developing high-quality multicolor complementary electrochromic devices.

Triggering triplet excitons of carbon nanodots through nanospace domain confinement for multicolor phosphorescence in aqueous solution

Easy non-radiative decay property of long-lived triplet excitons in aqueous solution obstructs their applications in aquatic surroundings.Recently reported phosphorescence phenomena in aqueous solution have excited researchers enormously but achieving full-color water-soluble phosphorescent carbon nanodots(CNDs)is still a challenging issue.Herein,full-color phosphorescence of water-soluble CNDs has been demonstrated by triggering their triplet excitons through nanospace domain confinement,and Förster energy resonance transfer is used for further tuning phosphorescence range.The phosphorescence spans across most of the visible spectrum,ranging from 400 to 700 nm.In an aqueous solution,the CNDs exhibits blue,green,and red phosphorescence,lasting for approximately 6,10,and 7 s,respectively.Correspondingly,the phosphorescence quantum yields are 11.85%,8.6%and 3.56%,making them readily discernible to the naked eyes and laying a solid foundation for practical application.Furthermore,phosphorescence flexible optical display and bioimaging have been demonstrated by using the multicolor CNDs-based nanomaterials,showing distinct superiority for accuracy and complete display and imaging in complex emission background.

Hydrogels with UCST behavior and UV/temperature-induced multicolor fluorescence for synergistic coding and encryption

The development of hydrogels capable of emitting multicolor fluorescence presents a promising avenue for addressing concerns related to information leakage and distortion of sensitive data.The integration of multifactorinduced tunable fluorescence with a unique upper critical solution temperature(UCST)behavior in hydrogels significantly contributes to the development of multi-dimensional and multi-level information storage materials that can dynamically display information as well as offer a high level of security and protection for information.However,the fusion of these advantageous properties into hydrogels intended for information storage and display remains a considerable challenge.In this context,we introduce a novel three-dimensional(3D)fluorescent code-producing hydrogel array fabricated via vat photopolymerization(VP)3D printing,a technique offers a sustainable and efficient approach.This array unites the desired properties,capable of sequentially revealing concealed information through two distinct steps:(i)a heat-induced phase transition,and(ii)multicolor fluorescence triggered by ultraviolet(UV)/temperature exposure under specific conditions(i.e.,certain UV irradiation duration,heating time,and wavelength).The reversible transparency and reprogrammable fluorescence emission properties of these hydrogels are expected to significantly enhance the processes of information encryption and anti-counterfeiting.This advancement could potentially revolutionize the field of information security.

Controlling molecular assembly on time scale:Time-dependent multicolor fluorescence for information encryption

Dynamic assembly on time scale is common in biological systems but rare for artificial materials,especially for smart luminescent materials.Programming molecular assembly in a spatio-temporal manner and resulting in white-light-including multicolor fluorescence with time-dynamic features remains challenging.Herein,controlling molecular assembly on time scale is achieved by integrating a pH-responsive motif to a transient alkaline solution which is fabricated by activators(NaOH)and deactivators(esters),leading to automatic assembly on time scale and time-dependent multicolor fluorescence changing from blue to white and yellow.The kinetics of the assembly process is dependent on the ester hydrolysis process,which can be controlled by varying ester concentrations,temperature,initial pH,stirring rate and ester structures.This dynamic fluorescent system can be further developed for intelligent fluorescent materials such as fluorescent ink,three-dimension(3D)codes and even four-dimension(4D)codes,exhibiting a promising potential for information encryption.

Multicolor V_(2)O_(5)/TiO_(2)electrochromic films with fast switching and long lifespan for camouflage and information display

V_(2)O_(5),which has multicolor and energy storage properties,is a promising electrochromic material for multifunctional electrochromic devices,but its practical application is limited by its poor lifespan and long switching time.In this work,high-performance V_(2)O_(5)/TiO_(2)films were fabricated by spraying a V_(2)O_(5)solution on in situ-grown TiO_(2)nanorods.Due to the porous structure formed between the TiO_(2)nanorods and the remarkable electron transfer performance of TiO_(2),the switching time of the V_(2)O_(5)/TiO_(2)films decreased.Moreover,the strong adhesion between the TiO_(2)nanorods and F-doped tin oxide(FTO)glass and the increased surface roughness of the substrates significantly improved the cycling stability of the V_(2)O_(5)/TiO_(2)films.With a large transmittance modulation(47.8%at 668 nm),fast response speed(τ_(c)=5.1 s,τ_(b)=4.2 s),and long lifespan,V_(2)O_(5)/TiO_(2)films were used as electrodes for the electrochromic energy storage device(EESD),which switched in six colors through color overlay:dark orange,sandy yellow,green-yellow,yellow-green,dark green,and dark brown.Inspired by pixel displays,EESDs were designed by segmenting V_(2)O_(5)films to stagger the display of the electrochromic and ion storage layers,which presented 11 types of information based on different combinations of colors.This work provides inspiration for developing multifunctional electrochromic devices,especially for camouflage and information displays.

Lanthanide coordinated multicolor fluorescent polymeric hydrogels for bio-inspired shape/color switchable actuation through local diffusion of Tb^(3+)/Eu^(3+)ions

Lanthanide coordinated multicolor fluorescent polymeric hydrogels(MFPHs)are quite promising for various applications because of their sharp fluorescence bands and high color purity.However,few attempts have been carried out to locally regulate their fluorescence switching or shape deforming behaviors,but such studies are very useful for patterned materials with disparate functions.Herein,the picolinate moieties that can sensitize Tb^(3+)/Eu^(3+)luminescence via antenna effect were chemically introduced into interpenetrating double networks to produce a robust kind of lanthanide coordinated MFPHs.Upon varying the doping ratio of Tb^(3+)/Eu^(3+),fluorescence colors of the obtained hydrogels were continuously regulated from green to orange and then red.Importantly,spatial fluorescence color control within the hydrogel matrix could be facilely realized by controlled diffusion of Tb^(3+)/Eu^(3+)ions,producing a number of 2D hydrogel objects with local multicolor fluorescent patterns.Furthermore,the differential swelling capacities between the fluorescent patterned and non-fluorescent parts led to interesting 2D-to-3D shape deformation to give well-defined multicolor fluorescent 3D hydrogel configurations.Based on these results,bio-inspired synergistic color/shape changeable actuators were demonstrated.The present study provided a promising strategy to achieve the local fluorescence and shape control within lanthanide coordinated hydrogels,and is expected to be expanded for fabricating useful patterned materials with disparate functions.

Tetrapeptide self-assembled multicolor fluorescent nanoparticles for bioimaging applications

The biocompatibility and biodegradability of peptide self-assembled materials makes them suitable for many biological applications,such as targeted drug delivery,bioimaging,and tracking of therapeutic agents.According to our previous research,self-assembled fluorescent peptide nanoparticles can overcome the intrinsic optical properties of peptides.However,monochromatic fluorescent nanomaterials have many limitations as luminescent agents in biomedical applications.Therefore,combining different fluorescent species into one nanostructure to prepare fluorescent nanoparticles with multiple emission wavelengths has become a very attractive research area in the bioimaging field.In this study,the tetrapeptide Trp-Trp-Trp-Trp(WWWW)was self-assembled into multicolor fluorescent nanoparticles(TPNPs).The results have demonstrated that TPNPs have the blue,green,red and near infrared(NIR)fluorescence emission wavelength.Moreover,TPNPs have shown excellent performance in multicolor bioimaging,biocompatibility,and photostability.The facile preparation and multicolor fluorescence features make TPNPs potentially useful in multiplex bioanalysis and diagnostics.

Tungsten oxide nanowires and polyaniline hybrid film-based electrochromic device with multicolor display and enhanced capacitance

Electrochromic devices(ECDs)have exhibited promising applications in the fields of energy-saving intelligent buildings and next-generation displays because of their simple structure,low power consumption,and multicolor displays.W_(18)O_(49)/polyaniline(PANI)hybrid films are prepared and assembled to ECDs.Compared with pure PANI and W_(18)O_(49) films,the hybrid film exhibits superior electrochemical and electrochromic performance,including high optical modulation(70.2%),large areal capacity(79.6 mF/cm^(2)),and good capacitance retention.The excellent electrochemical and electrochromic performance is ascribed to the formation of the donor(PANI)-acceptor(W_(18)O_(49))pair,the porous structure in the nanowires,and the large surface area,which enhance electron delocalization of the W_(18)O_(49)/PANI,improve the ion diffusion rate,and increase the charge storage sites.Furthermore,benefitting from the outstanding optical,electrical,and multifunctional properties,the W_(18)O_(49)/PANI hybrid film-based ECD platform is expected to play an important role in electrochromism and energy storage.

Tunable multicolor luminescence in vanadates from yttrium to indium with enhanced luminous efficiency and stability for its application in WLEDs and indoor photovoltaics

The preparation of high-efficiency phosphor is the key to the construction of white light-emitting diode(WLED)devices and their application in indoor photovoltaics.Compared with YVO_(4),InVO_(4)is not suitable as the host material of lanthanide ions because of its strong self-luminescence.Here,the work focused on combining the broadband emission from InVO_(4)and the red luminescence from YVO_(4):Eu^(3+)to obtain enhanced and stable multicolor luminescence.The band structure,density of state,and optical properties were studied by density functional theory.The spectral configuration of YVO_(4):In^(3+)/Eu^(3+)with(112)surface appears to be broadening and redshifts with increasing layer number.When the In^(3+)concentration is 3.5 mol%,the YVO_(4):30%Eu^(3+)/In^(3+)emits the strongest light.The Judd-Ofelt parameterΩ2 of YVO_(4):In^(3+)/Eu^(3+)increases with increaing In^(3+)concentration,indicating that the symmetry decreases.By adjusting In^(3+)/Eu^(3+)contents,the YVO_(4):In^(3+)/Eu^(3+)not only can emit white light with a color rendering index of 95,but also can be used as high-efficiency red phosphor to build WLED devices with blue emitting N/Tb codoped carbon quantum dots(CQDs-N:Tb^(3+))and green emitting MOF:Tb^(3+)(MOF=metal organic framework),for which the color rendering index can also reach 95 and the color temperature is 5549 K.The manufactured WLED devices were further used to excite the silicon solar cell and make it show good photoelectric characteristics.

Spatial effect and resonance energy transfer for the construction of carbon dots composites with long-lived multicolor afterglow for advanced anticounterfeiting

Carbon dots(CDs)with room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP)have attracted dramatically growing interest in optical functional materials.However,the photoluminescence mechanism of CDs is still a vital and challenging topic.In this work,we prepared CD-based RTP materials via melting boric acid with various lengths of alkyl amine compounds as precursors.The spatial effect on the structure and the RTP properties of CDs were systematically investigated.With the increase in carbon chain length,the interplanar spacing of the carbon core expands and crosslink-enhanced emission weakens,resulting in a decrease in the phosphorescence intensity and lifetimes.Meanwhile,based on triplet-to-singlet resonance energy transfer,we employed intense and long-lived phosphorescence CDs as the donor and short-lived fluorescent dyes as the acceptor to achieve long-lived multicolor afterglow.By the triplet-to-singlet resonance energy transfer,the afterglow color can change from green to orange.The afterglow lifetimes are more than 0.9 s.Thanks to the outstanding afterglow properties,the composites were used for timeresolved and multiple-color advanced anticounterfeiting.This work will promote the design of multicolor and long-lived afterglow materials and expand their applications.

Realization of solid-state red fluorescence and concentration-induced multicolor emission from N,B co-doped carbon dots

As a new type of luminescent material,carbon dots(CDs)have attracted increased attention for their superior optical properties in recent years.However,solidstate fluorescent CDs,especially with red emission,are still a major challenge.Here,CDs with solid-state red emission were synthesized by co-doping of N and B using the one-step microwave method.The CD powder exhibits excitation-independent solid-state red fluorescence without any dispersion matrices,with optimum solid-state fluorescence wavelength of 623 nm.The hydrogen bonding interaction in CDs is helpful for solid-state fluorescence of CDs.The IG/ID value of CDs reaches up to 3.49,suggesting their very high graphitization degree,which is responsible for their red emission.In addition,CDs show the concentration-induced multicolor emission,which is attributed to the decreased energy gap in the high concentrated CD solution.To exploit their concentration-dependent emission,CDs with changing ratio in matrices are applied as a color-converting layer on ultraviolet chip to fabricate multicolor light-emitting diodes with light coordinates of(0.33,0.38),(0.41,0.48),(0.49,0.44),and(0.67,0.33),which belong to green,yellow,orange,and red light,respectively.