Understanding the eff ect of recreational drug use on bone health and musculoskeletal disease in the establishment of pain regimens

BACKGROUND:The widespread use of recreational drugs has raised concerns regarding their eff ects on various organ systems.The use of cannabis and opioids in chronic pain management increases their prevalence among patients with musculoskeletal conditions whose bone health may already be compromised.This article aims to review the pathophysiology and toxic eff ects of recreational drug use on musculoskeletal health to establish appropriate pain regimens for patients with substance use.METHODS:Medical literature published from 1970 until 2022 was identifi ed utilizing MEDLINE/PubMed and the Cochrane Library.In addition to the databases,references were obtained through the use of reference lists of published articles identifi ed by the aforementioned databases.The initial search terms included opioids,inhalants,hallucinogens,cannabis,stimulants,and bone health.There were no methodological limitations in relation to the initial acquisition and analysis of data.RESULTS:A total of 55 research articles were included in this review.Cannabis,stimulants,opioids,and inhalants impact bone maintenance,specifically osteoblast and osteoclast activity,as well as impede hormone production.These substances inhibit bone remodeling and development,manifesting as lower bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in chronic users.CONCLUSION:Although the current literature suggests a deleterious effect of recreational drugs on bone health and musculoskeletal disease,further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical effects of long-term substance use.The evaluation of such effects will aid in establishing appropriate pain regimens,as well as appropriate screening and treatment plans for recreational drug users.

Delivering Microrobots in the Musculoskeletal System

Disorders of the musculoskeletal system are the major contributors to the global burden of disease and current treatments show limited efficacy.Patients often suffer chronic pain and might eventually have to undergo end-stage surgery.Therefore,future treatments should focus on early detection and intervention of regional lesions.Microrobots have been gradually used in organisms due to their advantages of intelligent,precise and minimally invasive targeted delivery.Through the combination of control and imaging systems,microrobots with good biosafety can be delivered to the desired area for treatment.In the musculoskeletal system,microrobots are mainly utilized to transport stem cells/drugs or to remove hazardous substances from the body.Compared to traditional biomaterial and tissue engineering strategies,active motion improves the efficiency and penetration of local targeting of cells/drugs.This review discusses the frontier applications of microrobotic systems in different tissues of the musculoskeletal system.We summarize the challenges and barriers that hinder clinical translation by evaluating the characteristics of different microrobots and finally point out the future direction of microrobots in the musculoskeletal system.

Pain management in acute musculoskeletal injury: Effect of opioid vs nonopioid medications

BACKGROUND The use of opioids for pain is linked to an increased risk of developing opioid use disorder,and has resulted in the emergence of the opioid crisis over the last few years.AIM The systematic review question is“How does the use of opioid medications in pain management,compared with non-opioid medications,affect pain intensity over the short,intermediate,and long-term in adults with acute traumatic pain?”.METHODS The protocol was prospectively registered on the International Prospective Re-gister of Systematic Reviews:CRD42021279639.Medline and Google Scholar were electronically searched for controlled peer-reviewed studies published in full,with the PICO framework:P:Adult patients with traumatic injuries,I:Opioid medications,C:Non-opioid medi-cations,O:A minimum clinically important difference(MCID)in pain.RESULTS After full-text screening,we included 14 studies in the qualitative synthesis.Of these 14 studies,12 were rando-mized clinical trials(RCTs)and 2 were pseudo-RCTs with a total of 2347 patients enrolled.There was heteroge-neity in both medication utilized and outcome in these studies;only two studies were homogeneous regarding the type of study conducted,the opioid used,its comparator,and the outcome explored.The MCID was evaluated in 8 studies,while in 6 studies,any measured pain reduction was considered as an outcome.In 11 cases,the setting of care was the Emergency Department;in 2 cases,care occurred out-of-hospital;and in one case,the setting was not well-specified.The included studies were found to have a low-moderate risk of bias.CONCLUSION Non-opioids can be considered an alternative to opioids for short-term pain management of acute musculoskeletal injury.Intravenous ketamine may cause more adverse events than other routes of administration.

Application prospects of urine-derived stem cells in neurological and musculoskeletal diseases

Urine-derived stem cells(USCs)are derived from urine and harbor the potential of proliferation and multidirectional differentiation.Moreover,USCs could be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells[namely urine-derived induced pluripotent stem cells(UiPSCs)]through transcription factors,such as octamer binding transcription factor 4,sex determining region Y-box 2,kruppel-like factor 4,myelocytomatosis oncogene,and Nanog homeobox and protein lin-28,in which the first four are known as Yamanaka factors.Mounting evidence supports that USCs and UiPSCs possess high potential of neurogenic,myogenic,and osteogenic differentiation,indicating that they may play a crucial role in the treatment of neurological and musculoskeletal diseases.Therefore,we summarized the origin and physiological characteristics of USCs and UiPSCs and their therapeutic application in neurological and musculoskeletal disorders in this review,which not only contributes to deepen our understanding of hallmarks of USCs and UiPSCs but also provides the theoretical basis for the treatment of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders with USCs and UiPSCs.

Adult-onset hypophosphatemic osteomalacia as a cause of widespread musculoskeletal pain:A retrospective case series of single center experience

BACKGROUND Osteomalacia(OM)is frequently confused with various musculoskeletal or other rheumatic diseases,especially in patients with adult-onset widespread musculoskeletal pain because of its low prevalence and non-specific manifestations.AIM To facilitate the early diagnosis and etiology-specific treatment of adult-onset hypophosphatemic OM.METHODS A retrospective review of medical records was performed to screen adult patients who visited a physiatry locomotive medicine clinic(spine and musculoskeletal pain clinic)primarily presenting with widespread musculoskeletal pain at a single tertiary hospital between January 2011 and December 2019.We enrolled patients with hypophosphatemia,high serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels,and at least one imaging finding suggestive of OM.RESULTS Eight patients with adult-onset hypophosphatemic OM were included.The back was the most common site of pain.Proximal dominant symmetric muscle weakness was observed in more than half of the patients.Bone scintigraphy was the most useful imaging modality for diagnosing OM because radiotracer uptake in OM showed characteristic patterns.Six patients were diagnosed with adefovir(ADV)-induced Fanconi syndrome,and the other two patients were diagnosed with tumor-induced OM and light-chain nephropathy,respectively.After phosphorus and vitamin D supplementation and treatment for the underlying etiologies,improvements in pain,muscle strength,and gait were observed in all patients.CONCLUSION Mechanical pain characteristics,hypophosphatemia,and distinctive bone scintigraphy patterns are the initial diagnostic indicators of adult-onset hypophosphatemic OM.ADV-induced Fanconi syndrome is the most common etiology of hypophosphatemic OM in hepatitis B virus-endemic countries.

Quantification of Ride Comfort Using Musculoskeletal Mathematical Model Considering Vehicle Behavior

This research aims to quantify driver ride comfort due to changes in damper characteristics between comfort mode and sport mode,considering the vehicle’s inertial behavior.The comfort of riding in an automobile has been evaluated in recent years on the basis of a subjective sensory evaluation given by the driver.However,reflecting driving sensations in design work to improve ride comfort is abstract in nature and difficult to express theoretically.Therefore,we evaluated the human body’s effects while driving scientifically by quantifying the driver’s behavior while operating the steering wheel and the behavior of the automobile while in motion using physical quantities.To this end,we collected driver and vehicle data using amotion capture system and vehicle CAN and IMU sensors.We also constructed a three-dimensional musculoskeletal mathematical model to simulate driver movements and calculate the power and amount of energy per unit of time used for driving the joints and muscles of the human body.Here,we used comfort mode and sport mode to compare damper characteristics in terms of hardness.In comfort mode,damper characteristics are soft and steering stability is mild,but vibration from the road is not easily transmitted to the driver making for a lighter load on the driver.In sport mode,on the other hand,damper characteristics are hard and steering stability is comparatively better.Still,vibration from the road is easily transmitted to the driver,whichmakes it easy for a load to be placed on the driver.As a result of this comparison,it was found that a load was most likely to be applied to the driver’s neck.This result in relation to the neck joint can therefore be treated as an objective measure for quantifying ride comfort.

Epidemiological Patterns of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Healthcare Workers in Five Reference Hospitals in the City of Douala, Cameroon

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are a public health problem and have forced many workers to quit their jobs prematurely. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of WRMSDs among Healthcare workers in five reference hospitals in the City of Douala-Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 among 561 healthcare workers working in five reference hospitals in the city of Douala, Cameroon. Participants were selected using a convenient sampling technique. Data were collected with structured questionnaires;data on the demographics and risk factors were collected using a well-designed questionnaire, while estimation of the prevalence of WRMSDs was done using the Modified Nordic questionnaire. Results: The overall prevalence rate of WRMSDs among healthcare workers in Douala hospitals was 83.4% (468/561). The prevalence per professional groups was as follows: 88.8% (71) for Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS), 81.9% (289) for nurses, 21 (80.8%) for Physiotherapists (PTs) and 78.8% (41) for Medical Doctors (MDs). There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) in the prevalence of WRMSDs with respect to place of work where healthcare workers from HLD recorded the highest prevalence 89.9%, while Healthcare workers from NBDH were 2.91 times at risk (AOR = 2.91;95% CI: 1.32 - 6.41;p = 0.001) to develop WRMSDs than healthcare workers in the other hospitals. With respect to body region, the highest prevalence of WRMSDs was recorded on the lower back, 58.8% with the lowest at the elbows 11.2%. The age group 30 to 39 years was significantly associated with WRMSDs at level of the shoulder (p = 0.002), upper back (p = 0.019), elbows (p Conclusion: The overall prevalence rate of WRMSDs among healthcare workers in Douala hospitals was high. The prevalence of WRMSDs is highest among MLS and nurses and the most affected body parts are;lower back, neck and upper back. Working on the same posture, stressful job, and repetitive tasks were the major risk factors associated to WRMSDs among healthcare workers in Douala hospitals.

Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography for the Assessment of Combined Drug Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: To evaluate the effect of treatment on musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) and explore whether MSUS are associated with therapeutic response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with Tofacitinib in combination with methotrexate (MTX). Methods: We enrolled 102 RA patients treated with Tofacitinib in combination with MTX from a multicenter, exploratory, short-term, prospective and observational ultrasound cohort study of patients who received biologic or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy. We evaluated the patients’ clinical disease activity and musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) scores. The serum concentrations of two venous blood inflammatory indicators were evaluated (c-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]) by multiplex bead assays at baseline, 3, and 6?months: the change over 6?months was defined as the P value. Before MSUS score treatment, an associate chief physician tested the wrist joints of each patient at the first treatment, and the attending physician with 3 years of MSUS experience and 7 years of work experience also performed semi-quantitative scores on the same RA patients and tested the consistency of the results. Results: Tofacitinib in combination with MTX significantly improved the clinical disease activity and MSUS score over 6?months. Serum ESR and CRP were significantly elevated at 6?months after the Tofacitinib in combination with MTX introduction (P P P Conclusions: MSUS scores may be useful for predicting RA patients’ therapeutic responses to abatacept.

High Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Self-Medication among Street Vendors in Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR)

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a set of peri-articular conditions that result mainly in pain and functional discomfort. They represent a major occupational health problem in all areas of activity. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of MSDs among street vendors in the city of Bangui in the Central African Republic (CAR). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 01 to October 31, 2021 in Bangui, the capital of CAR. The study population consisted of street vendors which were included at the entrance of 4 large markets of Bangui after giving informed consent. The sample size, calculated according to the Schwartz formula, was 384. Sociodemographic data (age, gender, level of education, marital status), professional data (the duration of sale in hours, the distance traveled per day);and health data (the health problems suffered by itinerant sellers and the means of dealing with them) were collected using a pre-established self-questionnaire. This collected data was processed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and Epi-Info version 7 software. Results: Among 384 street vendors included, women represented a quarter (24.9%). The average age was 27 years;the 25-34 age group was the most represented (50%). About two-thirds (64.8%) sold for at least 12 hours and traveled more than 10 km (69.3%) per day. The main health problems reported by street vendors were musculoskeletal disorders (95.8%). Their locations concerned the upper limbs shoulder 65.36% (251), elbow 24.22% (93). Non-ergonomic postures that stress the back and joints all day long, causing pain are risk factors for MSDs. These MSDs were treated by self-medication with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (22.0%), mainly sold on the street. Conclusion: MSDs dominated the health problems of street vendors. These problems raise the need for recognition and support for these workers to optimize their performance while preserving their health through awareness and good management of MSDs whose chronicity generates a disability.

Hepatomusculoskeletal disorders:Coining a new term might improve the management of the musculoskeletal manifestations of chronic liver disease

Chronic liver disease can affect many body systems including the musculoskeletal system.The pathogenetic crosstalk between the liver and organs such as the brain and the kidneys has already been described with compound terms merging the organs affected by the pathology,such as the hepatorenal syndrome.Nevertheless,the musculoskeletal manifestations of chronic liver disease have not been coined with such a term to date.Because of this shortage,documenting the musculoskeletal implications of chronic liver disease in both research and clinical practice is challenging.To fill this gap,the authors propose the term hepatomusculoskeletal disorders,a compound term of Greek origin that encompasses all the body structures involved in the aforementioned pathologic crosstalk.

Gut microbiota and obesity:Impact of antibiotics and prebiotics and potential for musculoskeletal health

Obesity is a complex disease with multiple contributing factors.One of the most intensely studied factors during the past decade has been the gut microbiota,which is the community of all microbes in the intestinal tract.The gut microbiota,via energy extraction,inflammation,and other actions,is now recognized as an important player in the pathogenesis of obesity.Dysbiosis,or an imbalance in the microbial community,can initiate a cascade of metabolic disturbances in the host.Early life is a particularly important period for the development of the gut microbiota,and perturbations such as with antibiotic exposure can have long-lasting consequences for host health.In early life and throughout the life span,diet is one of the most important factors that shape the gut microbiota.Although diets high in fat and sugar have been shown to contribute to dysbiosis and disease,dietary fiber is recognized as an important fermentative fuel for the gut microbiota and results in the production of short-chain fatty acids that can act as signaling molecules in the host.One particular type of fiber,prebiotic fiber,contributes to changes in the gut microbiota,the most notable of which is an increase in the abundance of Bifidobacterium.This review highlights our current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in obesity development and the ways in which manipulating the microbiota through dietary means,specifically prebiotics,could contribute to improved health in the host,including musculo skeletal health.

Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Background: Musculoskeletal injuries(MSkIs) are a leading cause of health care utilization, as well as limited duty and disability in the US military and other armed forces. MSkIs affect members of the military during initial training,operational training, and deployment and have a direct negative impact on overall troop readiness. Currently, a systematic overview of all risk factors for MSkIs in the military is not available.Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Ovid/Medline, and Web of Science databases from January 1, 2000 to September 10, 2019. Additionally, a reference list scan was performed(using the “snowball method”). Thereafter, an international, multidisciplinary expert panel scored the level of evidence per risk factor, and a classification of modifiable/non-modifiable was made.Results: In total, 176 original papers and 3 meta-analyses were included in the review. A list of 57 reported potential risk factors was formed. For 21 risk factors, the level of evidence was considered moderate or strong. Based on this literature review and an in-depth analysis, the expert panel developed a model to display the most relevant risk factors identified, introducing the idea of the “order of importance” and including concepts that are modifiable/nonmodifiable, as well as extrinsic/intrinsic risk factors.Conclusions: This is the qualitative systematic review of studies on risk factors for MSkIs in the military that has attempted to be all-inclusive. A total of 57 different potential risk factors were identified, and a new, prioritizing injury model was developed. This model may help us to understand risk factors that can be addressed, and in which order they should be prioritized when planning intervention strategies within military groups.

Utility of point-of-care musculoskeletal ultrasound in the evaluation of emergency department musculoskeletal pathology

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the utilization of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) for the assessment of emergency department(ED) patients with musculoskeletal symptoms and the impact of musculoskeletal POCUS on medical decision-making and patient management in the ED.METHODS: This was a retrospective review of ED patients presenting with musculoskeletal symptoms who received a POCUS over a 3.5-year period. An ED POCUS database was reviewed for musculoskeletal POCUS examinations used for medical decision-making. Electronic medical records were then reviewed for demographic characteristics, history, physical examination findings, ED course, additional imaging studies, and impact of musculoskeletal POCUS on patient management in ED. RESULTS: A total of 264 subjects(92 females, 172 males) and 292 musculoskeletal POCUS examinations were included in the fi nal analysis. Most common symptomatic sites were knee(31.8%) and ankle(16.3%). Joint effusion was the most common fi nding on musculoskeletal POCUS, noted in 33.7% of the patients, and subcutaneous edema/cobblestoning was found in 10.2% of the patients. Muscle or tendon rupture was found in 2.3% of the patients, and 1.9% of the patients had joint dislocation. Bursitis or bursa fluid was found in 3.4% of patients, and tendonitis/tendinopathy was found in 2.3%. Twenty percent of them were ultrasound-guided musculoskeletal procedures, and most of them(73.3%) were arthrocentesis. Of the included studies, all except three either changed or helped guide patient management as documented in the patients' medical records.CONCLUSION: Our study fi ndings illustrate the utility of POCUS in the evaluation of a variety of musculoskeletal pathologies in the ED.

Sonoelastography in the musculoskeletal system:Current role and future directions

Ultrasound is an essential modality within musculoskeletal imaging, with the recent addition of elastography. The elastic properties of tissues are different from the acoustic impedance used to create B mode imaging and the flow properties used within Doppler imaging, hence elastography provides a different form of tissue assessment. The current role of ultrasound elastography in the musculoskeletal system will be reviewed, in particular with reference to muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints and soft tissue tumours. The different ultrasound elastography methods currently available will be described, in particular strain elastography and shear wave elastography. Future directions of ultrasound elastography in the musculoskeletal system will also be discussed.

Stochastic resonance whole body vibration reduces musculoskeletal pain:A randomized controlled trial

AIM:To examined the effects of stochastic resonance whole-body vibration training on musculoskeletal pain in young healthy individuals.METHODS:Participants were 43 undergraduate students of a Swiss University.The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial(RCT)with randomized group allocation.The RCT consisted of two groups each given 12 training sessions during four weeks with either 5 Hz-Training frequency(training condition)or 1.5 Hz Training frequency(control condition).Outcome was current musculoskeletal pain assessed in the evening on each day during the four week training period.RESULTS:Multilevel regression analysis showed musculoskeletal pain was significantly decreased in the training condition whereas there was no change in the control condition(B=-0.023,SE=0.010,P=0.021).Decrease in current musculoskeletal pain over four weeks was linear.CONCLUSION:Stochastic resonance whole-body vibration reduced musculoskeletal pain in young healthy individuals.Stochastic resonance vibration and not any other exercise component within training caused pain reduction.

A comprehensive musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous system assessment of war-related bilateral upper extremity amputees

Background: Upper limb amputations are one of the unpleasant war injuries that armed forces are exposed to frequently. The present study aimed to assess the musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems in Iraq-Iran war veterans with bilateral upper extremity amputation.Methods: The study consisted of taking a history and clinical examinations including demographic data, presence and location of pain, level of amputation, passive and active ranges of movement of the joints across the upper and lower extremities and spine, manual palpation, neurological examination, blood circulation pulses and issues related to a prosthetic limb. In this study, 103 Iranian bilateral upper extremity amputees(206 amputations) from the IranIraq war were evaluated, and a detailed questionnaire was also administered.Results: The most common level of amputation was the finger or wrist level(108, 52.4%). Based on clinical examination, we found high frequencies of limited active and passive joint range of movement across the scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist and metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal and thumb joints. Based on muscle strength testing, we found varying degrees of weakness across the upper limbs. Musculoskeletal disorders included epicondylitis(65, 31.6%), rotator cuff injury(24, 11.7%), bicipital tendonitis(69, 33.5%), shoulder drop(42, 20.4%) and muscle atrophy(19, 9.2%). Peripheral nerve disorders included carpal tunnel syndrome in 13(6.3%) and unilateral brachial plexus injury in 1(1%). Fifty-three(51.5%) were diagnosed with facet joint syndrome at the level of the cervical spine(the most frequent site). Using a prosthesis was reported by 65(63.1%), both left and right sides. The back was the most common site of pain(71.8%).Conclusion: The high prevalence of neuro-musculoskeletal disorders among bilateral upper extremity amputees indicates that they need regular rehabilitation care.

Prevalence and factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among hand surgeons

BACKGROUND The nature of tasks required by hand surgeons require both forceful and repetitive maneuvers,thus subjecting these surgeons to the risk of musculoskeletal(MSK)injuries during their years in practice.AIM To assess the prevalence,characteristics and impact of MSK disorders among hand surgeons.METHODS A modified version of the physical discomfort survey was sent to surgeons who were members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand via e-mail.The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics,one-way analysis of variance,and Fisher’s exact test.P values of<0.05 were considered statistically significant.RESULTS Of the 578 respondents,60.4%reported that they had sustained a work-related MSK injury,of which the most common diagnoses were lateral elbow epicondylitis(18.7%),low back pain(17.1%)and carpal tunnel syndrome(15.6%).Among those that reported an injury,73.1%required treatment and 29.2%needed time off work as a direct result of their injury.The number of work-related injuries incurred by a surgeon increased significantly with increasing age(P<0.003),increasing years in practice(P<0.001)and higher case load(P<0.05).CONCLUSION To our knowledge this study is the first of its kind to assess MSK injuries sustained by Hand surgeons with a high incidence.These results should increase awareness on this aspect and fuel future studies directed at preventing these types of work-related injuries,thus minimizing the financial and psychological burden on these surgeons and the healthcare system.

Procedure-related musculoskeletal symptoms in gastrointestinal endoscopists in Korea

AIM: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in gastrointestinal endoscopists in Korea. METHODS: A survey of musculoskeletal symptoms, using a self-administered questionnaire, was conducted on 55 endoscopists practicing in general hospitals or health promotion centers. RESULTS: Forty-nine (89.1%) endoscopists reported musculoskeletal pain on at least one anatomic location and 37 (67.3%) endoscopists complained of pain at rest. Twenty-six (47.3%) endoscopists had severe musculoskeletal pain defined as a visual analogue score greater than 5.5. Factors related to the development of severe pain were (1) standing position during upper endoscopy, (2) specific posture/ habit during endoscopic procedures, and (3) multiple symptomatic areas. Finger pain was more common in beginners, whereas shoulder pain was more common in experienced endoscopists. Sixteen percent of symptomatic endoscopists have modified their practice or reduced the number of endoscopic examinations. Only a few symptomatic endoscopists had sought professional consultation with related specialists. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in endoscopists is very high. The location of pain was different between beginners and experienced endoscopists. Measures for the prevention and adequate management of endoscopy-related musculoskeletal symptoms are necessary.

Study on the musculoskeletal body for quadruped robots with spinning gait

The walking creatures' athletic ability is related to their body' s musculoskeletal system.A kind of musculoskeletal body for quadruped robots is developed,which will be used to assist the leg mechanism to achieve spinning gait in order to improve the robot mobility in unstructured environment.A bionic-flexible-spine model driven by pneumatic artificial muscles(PAMs) is proposed.Because the body has the flexible property,the robot can achieve spinning gait quickly,which is similar to walking creatures by coordinated movement between body bending and legs side-swing.The kinematics of the bending of the musculoskeletal body and side-swing of leg mechanism of quadruped robot for spinning gait are studied.According to the stability analysis of spinning gait,the relationship between body bending angle and leg swing angle can be determined.The PID controller is designed to conduct the bending experiment,and the bending characteristic of the musculoskeletal body is studied.Experimental results show that the biggest bending angle of the musculoskeletal body can reach 30°.

Update in combined musculoskeletal and vascular injuries of the extremities

Combined musculoskeletal and vascular injuries of the extremities are conditions in which a multidisciplinary approach is a sine qua non to ensure life initially and limb viability secondarily.Vascular injuries as part of musculoskeletal trauma are usually the result of the release of a high energy load in the wound site so that the prognosis is determined by the degree of soft-tissue damage,duration of limb ischemia,patient’s medical status and presence of associated injuries.The management of these injuries is challenging and requires a specific algorithm of action,because they are usually characterized by increased morbidity,amputation rate,infection,neurological and functional deficits,and they could be life threatening.Although vascular injuries are rare and occur either isolated or in the context of major combined musculoskeletal trauma,the high index of suspicion,imaging control,and timely referral of the patient to organized trauma centers ensure the best functional outcome of the extremity in such challenging cases.Even after a successful initial treatment of a combined trauma pattern,long-term follow-up is crucial to prevent and detect early possible complications.The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an update on diagnosis and treatment of combined musculoskeletal and vascular injuries of the extremities,from an orthopedic point of view.