Leaching characteristics of ion-adsorption type rare earths ore with magnesium sulfate

Magnesium sulfate was proposed to be leaching agent to deal with the ion-adsorption type rare earths ore to reduce or even eliminate ammonia?nitrogen emissions. The effects of temperature, particle size and stirring speed on rare earth leaching process and the leaching behaviors of the single rare earth element were investigated in order to reveal the rare earth leaching characteristics. Besides, the comparison of leaching effects between magnesium sulfate and ammonium sulfate was also studied. The results showed that the rare earth leaching process could be well described with inner diffusion control model and the apparent activation energy was 9.48 kJ/mol. The leaching behaviors of the single rare earth element were brought into correspondence with rare earths. Moreover, when the concentration of leaching agent was 0.20 mol/L, the rare earth leaching efficiency could all reach above 95% and the leaching efficiency of aluminum impurities could be restrained by 10% using magnesium sulfate compared with ammonium sulfate.

Leaching behaviors of calcium and magnesium in ion-adsorption rare earth tailings with magnesium sulfate

The leaching behaviors of calcium and magnesium in the rare earth tailings leached with magnesium sulfate using deionized water,CaCl2 solution and lime water were investigated.Experimental data indicated that magnesium in the tailings was easy to be leached out since most of the magnesium was in the form of water-soluble phase.Most of calcium in the lime water was electrostatically adsorbed on the clay mineral of the tailings,and the water-soluble magnesium was also gradually converted into exchangeable phase because of back-adsorption of Mg2+on the clay mineral with increasing the pH values.When the liquid-to-solid ratio was 0.80,the contents of readily-available magnesium and calcium were 104.4−207.6 and 201.7−1426.3 mg/kg,respectively,which could meet the requirements for plants.These results suggest a promising route for the environmental remediation of ion-adsorption rare earth ore after in-situ leaching.

Magnesium sulfate and fetal neuroprotection: overview of clinical evidence

Antenatal administration of magnesium sulfate is an important part of the neuroprotective strategy for preterm infants. Strong evidence from five randomized controlled trials and five meta-analyses has demonstrated that magnesium sulfate, when administered before preterm delivery, significantly reduces the risk of cerebral palsy at two years. Through secondary analyses of randomized controlled trials and other original clinical studies, this state-of-the-art review highlights the absence of serious adverse effects in both pregnant women and neonates, as well as the impact of maternal body mass index and preeclamptic status on the maternal and neonatal magnesium levels, which could influence the magnitude of the neuroprotective effect. Although antenatal magnesium sulfate is a cost-effective strategy, some practice surveys have demonstrated that the use of magnesium sulfate is not sufficient and that its use is heterogeneous, differing among different maternity wards. Since 2010, an increasing number of obstetrical societies have recommended its use to improve the neurological outcomes of preterm infants, especially the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and World Health Organization in 2015, and France in 2017. Considering the neuroprotective impact of magnesium sulfate when administered before delivery, postnatal administration should be considered, and its effects should be assessed using randomized controlled trials.

Effect of Limestone Powder and Fly Ash on Magnesium Sulfate Resistance of Mortar

The effect of limestone powder and fly ash on magnesium sulfate resistance of mortar was studied by testing on the strength, expansion and hydration products of the specimens stored in MgSO4 solution at certain periods. The experimental results show that the strength of mortar stored in MgSO4 solution increases a little before 28 d, but decreases fast subsequently. The more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the strength losses. Mortar swells in the MgSO4 solution with the soaking time. And the more the contents of limestone powder and fly ash, the less the expansion rate is. The expansion or strength loss of mortars results from the expansion of gypsum, as well as the loss of Ca（OH）2 and other hydration products of cement. The magnesium sulfate resistance of the mortars containing limestone powder and fly ash is high.

Research on the Evaporating Crystalization Behavior of the Magnesium Sulfate Subtypes Brine at High Temperature

Research the evaporating crystalization process of the magnesium sulfate subtypes brine at high temperature from Dalangtan salt lake in Qinghai province.It was revealed that the salt lake is a typical subtype magnesium

Comparative effect of intrathecal meperidine,tramadol,magnesium sulfate,and dexmedetomidine on preventing post-spinal anesthesia shivering and adverse events in hip fracture repair patients:A randomized clinical trial

Objective:To compare effect of intrathecal meperidine,tramadol,magnesium sulfate,and dexmedetomidine on the prevention of post-spinal anesthesia shivering and adverse events in hip fracture repair patients.Methods:In a randomized,double-blind trial,132 patients with American Society of Anesthesiology(ASA)ⅠandⅡspinal anesthesia who needed hip fracture surgery were enrolled.Patients were stratified into 4 intervention groups based on a randomized block pattern:meperidine,tramadol,magnesium sulfate,and dexmedetomidine.Hemodynamic parameters including blood pressure,heart rate,and oxygen saturation,as well as the severity of shivering,core body temperature,Ramsay sedation score,adverse events,meperidine consumption were recorded and compared.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the normal hemodynamic parameters,temperature,duration of surgery,meperidine consumption,and adverse events such as dizziness,hypotension,nausea,and bradycardia among groups(P>0.05).Compared to other groups,severity of shivering was the lower in the dexmedetomidine group 6 and 8 h after surgery.The Ramsay sedation scores were higher in the dexmedetomidine and meperidine groups 4 h after surgery(P=0.020).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine acts better than the other three adjuvants in reducing complications such as shivering.Overall,these four adjuvants are helpful to prevent postoperative shivering and could be put forward as promising local anesthetics in spinal anesthesia,based on anesthesiologists’discretion and patients’general conditions.Clinical registration:The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee at the Valiasr Hospital(Arak,Iran)with the clinical trial code of IRCT20141209020258N153.

Interventional effect of magnesium sulfate on nitric oxide synthase activity after acute craniocerebral injury

BACKGROUND： Abnormal changes in magnesium ion are closely related to cerebral injury. At present, some evidence indicates that magnesium reagent can improve nerve function and prognosis of patients with cerebral injury. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of magnesium sulfate on changes in nitric oxide synthase （NOS） activity in brain tissue of rats with acute craniocerebral injury. DESIGN： Completely randomized grouping design and randomly controlled study. SETTING： Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the Third Hospital of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS： Fifty-four male SD rats of clean grade and weighing 220 - 250 g were randomly divided into normal control group （n =6）, cerebral injury group （n =24） and magnesium sulfate group （n =24）. Especially, rats in cerebral injury group and magnesium sulfate group were equally divided into four subgroups and observed at 0.5, 2, 6 and 24 hours after model establishment. A solution of 125 g/L of magnesium sulfate was provided by the Seventh Pharmaceutical Factory of Wuxi and the NOS assay kit by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in the Institute of Neurosurgery, the Third Hospital of Chinese PLA from August 2000 to August 2002. ① Rats in the cerebral injury group and magnesium sulfate group were anesthetized to establish cerebral injury models based on modified Feeney technique; magnesium sulfate group were intraperitoneally injected 600 mg/kg magnesium sulfate （125 g/L）, but rats in the normal control group remained untreated. ② At 0.5, 2, 6 and 24 hours after cerebral injury, rats in cerebral injury group and magnesium sulfate group were decapitated and brains were dissected. Cerebral cortex of rats in cerebral injury group was selected for NOS assay; in addition, at 0.5 hour after cerebral injury, a portion of the parietal lobe was selected from the brains of rats in the normal control group. Brain samples were homogenized, the homogenated centrifuged and the supernatants were used to measure NOS activity with NOS kit. ③ Differences among the three groups were compared with t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： NOS activity in cerebral cortex of rats in each group. RESULTS： A total of 54 SD rats were involved in the final analysis. At 0.5 hour after cerebral injury, NOS activity in cerebral cortex was （42.45 ± 13.46） nmol/L in cerebral injury group and （41.17 ± 12.53） nmol/L in magnesium sulfate group, respectively, which was higher than that in normal control group [（39.45 ± 11.84） nmol/L, P 〈 0.05]. At 2 hours after cerebral injury, NOS activities were （66.48 ±21.43） and （63.24 ± 19.18） umol/L, respectively, while at 6 hours after cerebral injury, NOS activities were （62.45 ± 24.18） and （51.97 ±20.46） nmol/L, respectively, which were higher than those in normal control group （P 〈 0.0 1）. At 24 hours after cerebral injury, NOS activity returned to basal level. Moreover, NOS activity was significantly lower in the magnesium sulfate group than that in the cerebral injury group at 2 and 6 hours after cerebral injury （P 〈 0.05, 0.01）.CONCLUSION： NOS activity is increased in injured brain tissue of rats with craniocerebral injury, and treatment with magnesium sulfate provides some degrees of protection possibly through inhibition of NOS activity after cerebral injury.

Preparation of Adsorbent with Magnesium Sulfate and Straw Pulp Black Liquor and Its Phenol Adsorption Properties

A magnesia adsorbent was prepared from straw pulp black liquor and magnesium sulfate for the first time, and its adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution was examined. The characteristics of the adsorbent were tested through chemical analysis, surface analysis, X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy. The effects of various factors, such as dose, adsorption time and adsorption temperature, on phenol adsorption behavior were studied. The results show that the adsorption processes can be fitted to the isotherm Langmuir model very well. It was found that the adsorption process was strongly influenced by temperature and the optimal temperature for phenol removal was 40 ℃. The optimum adsorption time was 10 min, and desorption would happen afterwards. Between the models of Langmuir and Freundlich, the adsorption process of phenol onto magnesia fitted the Langmuir equation better.

Ab Initio and DFT Study of Magnesium Sulfate Contact Ion Pairs

The stuctures of contact ion pairs of magnesium sulfate were studied. The geometries of contact ion pairs of MgSO 4(H 2O) n (n =1-6) were optimized by using Hartree Fock (HF/6 31+G *, HF/6 311+G ** ) and density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP/6 31+G *, B3LYP/6 311+G ** ) methods. The stable structures of monodentate, bidentate and tridentate contact ion pairs were obtained. The bidentate structure of contact ion pairs are the most stable compaired with the monodentate and tridentate ones for the same composition. The hydration enthalpies of contact ion pairs of MgSO 4 (H 2O) n (n =1-4) increase with their hydration numbers.

Compressive Strength of Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement Coral Aggregate Concrete(MCAC)on Non-Destructive Testing

Basic magnesium sulfate cement coral aggregate concrete(MCAC)is a new type of concrete consisting of basic magnesium sulfate cement,coarse coral aggregate,coral reef sand and seawater.The rebound hammer(RH),the ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)and the compressive strength(fcu)tests of 14 sets of cube specimens of the MCAC after 28 d of aging were conducted.The impact of the content and length of sisal fiber on the relationship between the fcu-RH and the fcu-UPV was determined.A mathematical model was established to predict the strength of the MCAC using the UPV,RH,and comprehensive UPV/RH methods and to obtain the curves of test strength.The applicability of the test strength curves of ordinary portland concrete(OPC),light-weight aggregate concrete(LAC),and coral aggregate concrete(CAC)to MCAC was assessed.The results showed that the test strength curves of OPC,LAC and CAC were inappropriate to determine the strength of MCAC using non-destructive method.The relative standard error of the curves of test strength of the RH method and the comprehensive method met the specifications,whereas that of the UPV method did not.

Comparison of impact of adjuvant treatment of midazolam, fentanyl, and magnesium sulfate with intrathecal bupivacaine on block characteristics and postoperative analgesia in knee arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial

Objective:To compare the efficacy of midazolam,fentanyl,and magnesium sulfate as adjuvants to intrathecal bupivacaine on both block characteristics and postoperative analgesia in knee arthroplasty.Methods:This randomized double-blind clinical trial recruited spinal anesthesia patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologists classⅠorⅡ,who needed knee arthroplasty.Patients were stratified into three intervention groups,including the midazolam group,the fentanyl group,and the magnesium sulfate group,and the patients were administered with midazolam,fentanyl,and magnesium sulfate,respectively.Hemodynamic parameters,sensory and motor block,and pain score(Visual Analogue Scale)were measured and compared among the three groups.Results:A total of 105 patients were included in this study with 35 patients in each group.There was no statistically significant difference in terms of oxygen saturation,mean blood pressure,duration of surgery,and postoperative complications,including nausea,vomiting,bradycardia,dizziness,and hypotension,as well as the time of opioid administration among the three groups(P>0.05).Statistically significant differences were found in terms of heart rate at 15,30,45,60,75,and 105 min after beginning of operation among the three groups,which was lower in the midazolam group(P<0.05).The midazolam group showed a shorter time to achieve sensory block after spinal anesthesia,sensory block to T8 or higher and sensory block to T12 and L1(P<0.05).Besides,the three groups showed significantly differences in terms of onset of motor block after spinal anesthesia and time to achieve motor block to T8 or higher or Bromage score 3(P=0.001).No significant difference was noted in pain scores among the three groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Midazolam resulted in a shorter time to achieve sensory and motor block to T8 or higher,the onset of motor block and sensory block after spinal anesthesia,and time to achieve sensory block to T12 and L1,and the pain scores were not significantly different among the groups.Thus,midazolam can be highly underlined,if a shorter onset of sensory and motor blocks is targeted.[Funded by the research deputy of Arak University of Medical Sciences(No.99258);fa.irct.ir number,IRCT20141209020258N164].

Attack of Limestone Cement-based Material Exposed to Magnesium Sulfate Solution at Low Temperature

Limestone in cement could be a source of CO3^2- needed for thaumasite formation which will result in thanmasite form of sulfate attack （TSA） probably. TSA has more deterioration than ettringite or gypsum form of sulfate attack because it targets the calcium silicate hydrates （C-S-H） which is the main binder phase in all Portland cement-based materials. By means of physical and mechanical property testing as well as erosion phases analysis, magnesium sulfate attack of cement-based material containing 35% limestone powder by mass at 5 ± 2 ℃ is investigated. The compressive strength and flexural strength of mortar specimen immersed in MgSO4 solution increase firstly, then decrease rapidly with the immersing age. Relative dynamic elastic modulus of mortar specimen changes in a phased process. After immersing in MgSO4 solution for 15 weeks, the main erosion phases in paste specimen change from four phases compounds, three phases compounds to two phases compounds from surface to inside. Deterioration course of limestone cement-based material exposed to magnesium sulfate aggressive environment appears progressive damage layer by layer, and every layer probably suffers four stages, which are property strengthening stage, initial degradation stage, thaumasite formation stage and cementation loss stage, respectively.

The Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Fetal Rats of FGR and the Expression of Caspase-3 in the Placenta of Maternal Rat

To investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate on the fetal rats of FGR and the expression of caspase-3 in the placenta of maternal rat ; To explore the mechanism of using magnesium sulfate to cure the FGR. Establish model of FGR by a way of passive smoking： giving the maternal rats different agent of magnesium sulfate by subcutaneous injection： low agent group （300 mg/kg）, high agent group （600 mg/kg）. Concentration of magnesium sulfate was monitored. The expression of caspase-3 was measured by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry technology. Both of the concentrations of magnesium sulfate in high and low agents group are higher than the FGR group （P〈0.01）;the weight of the placenta and fetal rat in high agent group are higher than the FGR group （P〈0.05 and P〈0. 01） ; the expression of mRNA and protein of caspase-3 in the two agent group is higher than the FGR group （P〈0.05 respectively） ; concentration of magnesium sulfate in the maternal rat blood correlate to the weight of fetal rat （r=0. 899, P=0. 038） and the expression of caspase-3 in the placenta of maternal rat （r=-0. 747, P=0. 033; r=-0. 915, P=0. 001）. The research suggests that the weight of fetal rat could be increased by treatment of magnesium sulfate. Because it would imfrmove the placental function by depressing the expression of caspase-3.

Magnesium Sulfate Effect on Fetal Umbilical Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery Doppler Indicies in Women with Severe Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

Objective: To study MgSO4 effect on fetal MCA and UA blood flow changes using Doppler ultrasound in cases of severe PET and eclampsia. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients with severe PET admitted to El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital, Alexandria (Egypt) were examined before and after administration of MgSO4 using Doppler study to measure fetal MCA and UA blood flow changes. Results: After administration of MgSO4, the mean RI of UA, PI of UA showed a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.001) also the systolic-diastolic ratio (p = 0.001). Mean resistivity index (RI) cerebral showed a statistically significant increasing (P = 0.001), pulsatility index (PI)-cerebral and the systolic-diastolic ratio showed a statistically significant increasing (P < 0.001). The C/U (cerebroumblical) ratio increased after the treatment (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Infusion of MgSO4 significantly decreases the fetal RI, PI, SDR umbilical and increases the fetal RI, PI, SDR MCA and increases cerebroumblical ratio indices obtained by Doppler examinations.

The Impact of Adding Magnesium Sulfate to Bupivacaine versus Bupivacaine Alone in Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block in Burn Patients Undergoing Skin Grafting Procedures;Comparative Study

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the analgesic effect of adding magnesium sulfate to bupivacaine in Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block (FI-CB). Patients and Methods: Ninety-six burn patients scheduled for skin-grafting procedures were allocated into two equal groups. After induction of general anaethesia, forty-eight patients received US guided FICB using 35 ml bupivacaine 0.25% + 5 ml isotonic sodium chloride solution with a total volume of 40 ml. The other forty-eight patients received 35 ml bupivacaine 0.25% + 250 mg of magnesium sulfate with a total volume of 40 ml. Results: Total postoperative pethidine consumption in the first 24 h post-operative showed a highly statistically significant decrease in the magnesium group in comparison to the bupivacaine group. Conclusion: Adding magnesium sulfate to bupivacaine in FICB in skin grafting procedures decreased the pain scores post-operative, delayed the first request of analgesia and reduced the total analgesic consumption in the first 24 h post-operative without any significant side effects.

Using Magnesium Sulfate to Prevent Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery: A Single Centre Experience in Bangladesh

Background: Atrial fibrillation commonly occurs following cardiac surgery, particularly after coronary artery bypass grafting. Magnesium, known for its stabilizing effect on cell membranes, has shown promise in preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation. This study aimed to assess the impact of intravenous magnesium infusion in preventing atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, where maintaining stable cell membranes is crucial in averting this complication. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, from March 2020 to February 2022. Sixty-six patients who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled and divided into two groups. Group A (n = 33) received intravenous magnesium sulfate (10 mmol/2.47gm) for three days after surgery, while Group B (n = 33) did not receive magnesium sulfate. Postoperative atrial fibrillation occurrence in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) within three days after surgery was evaluated using convenient sampling. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 26.0, utilizing independent Student’s t-test for continuous data and Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test for categorical data. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant differences in age or gender were observed between the two groups. Group B exhibited significantly lower magnesium levels than Group A on the 0th, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days post-surgery. Additionally, Group B experienced a higher incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, longer ICU stays, and two mortalities. The study did not detect any adverse effects associated with magnesium infusion. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that administering magnesium intravenously after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting can lower the chances of developing atrial fibrillation. This demonstrates the potential advantages of using magnesium as a preventative measure for postoperative atrial fibrillation in such cases.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone combined with magnesium sulfate therapy for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome:a real-world study

Background Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome(IESS)is a serious disease in infants,and it usually evolves to other epilepsy types or syndromes,especially refractory or super-refractory focal epilepsies.Although adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)is one of the first-line and effective treatment plans for IESS,it has serious side effects and is not sufficiently effective.Methods A retrospective study of the clinical outcomes of ACTH combined with magnesium sulfate(MgSO_(4))therapy for IESS in two hospital centers was conducted.The major outcome of the single and combined treatment was evaluated by changes in seizure frequency and improvements in hypsarrhythmia electroencephalography(EEG).To reduce the confounding bias between the two groups,we used SPSS for the propensity score matching(PSM)analysis.Results We initially recruited 1205 IESS patients from two Chinese hospitals and treated them with ACTH combined with MgSO_(4) and ACTH alone.Only 1005 patients were enrolled in the treatment(ACTH combined with MgSO_(4):744,ACTH:261),and both treatment plans had a more than 55% response rate.However,compared to patients treated with ACTH alone,those patients treated with ACTH combined with MgSO_(4) had better performance in terms of the seizure frequency and hypsarrhythmia EEG.After PSM,the two groups also showed significant differences in responder rate[70.8%(95% confidence interval,CI)=66.7%–74.8%)vs.53.8%(95%CI=47.4%–60.2%),P<0.001],seizure frequency(P<0.001)and hypsarrhythmia EEG resolution(P<0.001).Notably,multivariate analysis revealed that the lead time to treatment and the number of antiseizure medications taken before treatment were two factors that may affect the clinical outcome.Patients with less than 3 months of lead time responded to the treatment much better than those with>3 months(P<0.05).In addition,the overall incidence of adverse reactions in the ACTH combined with MgSO_(4) group was much lower than that in the ACTH group(31.4%vs.63.1%,P<0.001).During the treatment,only infection(P=0.045)and hypertension(P=0.025)were significantly different between the two groups,and no baby died.Conclusion Our findings support that ACTH combined with MgSO_(4) is a more effective short-term treatment protocol for patients with IESS than ACTH alone,especially for those patients with short lead times to treatment.

Influence of magnesium and aluminum salts on hydrolysis of titanyl sulfate solution

The influence of magnesium and aluminum salts as impurities on the hydrolysis of titanyl sulfate was investigated.The degree of TiOSO4 conversion to hydrated titanium dioxide（HTD） and the particle size of HTD were measured as functions of the concentrations of MgSO4 and Al2（SO4）3 in the TiOSO4 solution.The Boltzmann growth model,which focuses on two main parameters,namely the concentrations of Mg2＋ and Al3＋（ρ（Mg2＋） and ρ（Al3＋）,respectively）,fits the data from the hydrolysis process well with R20.988.The samples were characterized by ICP,SEM,XRD,and laser particle size analyzer.It is found that the addition of Mg SO4 simultaneously improves the hydrolysis ratio and the hydrolysis rate,especially when F（the mass ratio of H2SO4 to TiO2） is high,hydrolysis ratio increases from 42.8% to 83.0%,whereas the addition of Al2（SO4）3 has negligible effect on the chemical kinetics of HTD precipitation during the hydrolysis process,hydrolysis ratio increases from 42.8% to 51.9%.An investigation on the particle size of HTD reveals that the addition of Mg SO4 and Al2（SO4）3 clearly increases the size of the crystallites and decreases the size of the aggregates.

Role of PI3K/Akt signaling in the protective effect of magnesium sulfate against ischemia-perfusion injury of small intestine in rats

Background The protective effects of magnesium sulfate against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the small intestine in Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats have been confirmed in our previous research. However, its exact mechanism is unclear. This study was to evaluate the role of PI3K/Akt signal pathway in the protective effect of magnesium sulfate against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the small intestine in SD rats. Methods Rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury was used. The SD rats were divided into four groups randomly： sham operation group, ischemia-reperfusion group, magnesium sulfate group and magnesium sulfate plus LY294002 （an inhibitor of PI3K） group. The pathological changes of intestinal mucosa were examined; the activity of diamine oxidase （DAO） in plasma, the plasma contents of malondialdehyde （MDA）, and apoptosis rate of the intestinal mucosal cells were determined and compared. The expression of p-Akt was detected by Western blotting. Results There were more evident pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa （higher Chiu＇s score, P 〈0.05）, enhanced DAO activity （P 〈0.05）, elevated contents of MDA （P 〈0.05）, higher apoptosis rate （P 〈0.05）, and lower level of p-Akt （P 〈0.05） in the ischemia-reperfusion group compared with the sham operation group. There were less evident pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa （lower Chiu＇s score, P 〈0.05）, lower DAO activity （P 〈0.05）, lower contents of MDA （P 〈0.05）, and lower apoptosis rate （P 〈0.05）, but higher level of p-Akt （P 〈0.05） irL the magnesium sulfate group compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group. There were more evident pathological changes of the intes,inal mucosa （higher Chiu＇s score, P 〈0.05）, higher contents of MDA （P 〈0.05）, higher DAO activity （P 〈0.05） and higher apoptosis rate （P 〈0.05）, and lower level of p-Akt （P 〈0.05） in the magnesium sulfate plus LY294002 group compared with the magnesium sulfate group. Conclusions Activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway results in the reduction of cell apoptosis, which likely accounts for the protective effect of magnesium sulfate against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Effects of magnesium sulfate on neuron apoptosis and expression of caspase-3,bax and bcl-2 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Objective To investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate on neuron apoptosis and the expressions of caspase-3,bax and bcl-2 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Thirty-six gerbils were randomly divided into three groups: Sham-operation group (So,n=12),ischemia-reperfusion group (I-R,n=12) and magnesium sulfate group (Ms,n=12). The neuron apoptosis was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-fluorescence nick end labeling (TUNEL stain),and the protein expressions of caspase-3,bax and bcl-2 were detected by immunohistochemisty stain.Results Apoptotic neurons and the expressions of caspase-3 and bax were significantly increased in I-R and Ms groups,compared with those in So group. Apoptotic neurons and the expressions of bax and caspase-3 in Ms group were significantly less than those in I-R group. There was no significant difference in the expression of bcl-2 among three groups.Conclusions Magnesium sulfate decreases neuron apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,which may be related with the suppressed expressions of caspase-3 and bax.