Magnetic Field Curves and Magnetic Equipotential Surfaces around Crossing Electrical Wires Replacing Classical Magnetic Field Lines

This article is based on a recent model specifically defining magnetic field values around electrical wires. With this model, calculations of field around parallel wires were obtained. Now, this model is extended with the new concept of magnetic equipotential surface to magnetic field curves around crossing wires. Cases of single, double, and triple wires are described. Subsequent article will be conducted for more general scenarios where wires are neither infinite nor parallel.

Influence of upstream solar wind on magnetic field distribution in the Martian nightside ionosphere

Using over eight years of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolutio N(MAVEN)data,from November 2014 to May 2023,we have investigated the Martian nightside ionospheric magnetic field distribution under the influence of upstream solar wind drivers,including the interplanetary magnetic field intensity(∣BIMF∣),solar wind dynamic pressure(PS W),solar extreme ultraviolet flux(EUV),and Martian seasons(L s).Our analysis reveals pronounced correlations between magnetic field residuals and both∣BIMF∣and PS W.Correlations observed with EUV flux and Ls were weaker—notably,magnetic field residuals increased during periods of high EUV flux and at Mars perihelion.We find that the IMF penetrates to an altitude of 200 km under a wide range of upstream conditions,penetrating notably deeper under high∣BIMF∣andPSWconditions.Our analysis also indicates that EUV flux and IMF cone angle have minimal impact on IMF penetration depth.Those findings provide useful constraints on the dynamic nature of Martian atmospheric escape processes and their evolution,suggesting that historical solar wind conditions may have facilitated deeper IMF penetration and higher rates of ionospheric escape than are observed now.Moreover,by establishing criteria for magnetic‘quiet’conditions,this study offers new insights into the planet’s magnetic environment under varying solar wind influences,knowledge that should help refine models of the Martian crustal magnetic field.

The Effect of External Magnetic Field on Electron Scale Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability

We use particle-in-cell,fully electromagnetic,plasma kinetic simulation to study the effect of external magnetic field on electron scale Kelvin–Helmholtz instability(ESKHI).The results are applicable to collisionless plasmas when,e.g.,solar wind interacts with planetary magnetospheres or a magnetic field is generated in AGN jets.We find that as in the case of magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)KHI,in the kinetic regime,the presence of an external magnetic field reduces the growth rate of the instability.In the MHD case,there is a known threshold magnetic field for KHI stabilization,while for ESKHI this is to be analytically determined.Without a kinetic analytical expression,we use several numerical simulation runs to establish an empirical dependence of ESKHI growth rate,Γ(B_(0))ω_(pe),on the strength of the applied external magnetic field.We find the best fit is hyperbolic,Γ(B_(0))ω_(pe)=Γ_(0)ω_(pe)/(A+BB_(0)),where Γ_(0) is the ESKHI growth rate without an external magnetic field and B_(0)=B_(0)/B_(MHD)is the ratio of external and two-fluid MHD stability threshold magnetic field,derived here.An analytical theory to back up this growth rate dependence on the external magnetic field is needed.The results suggest that in astrophysical settings where a strong magnetic field pre-exists,the generation of an additional magnetic field by the ESKHI is suppressed,which implies that nature provides a“safety valve”—natural protection not to“over-generate”magnetic field by the ESKHI mechanism.Remarkably,we find that our two-fluid MHD threshold magnetic field is the same(up to a factor √γ_(0))as the DC saturation magnetic field,previously predicted by fully kinetic theory.

Optimization of magnetic field design for Hall thrusters based on a genetic algorithm

Magnetic field design is essential for the operation of Hall thrusters.This study focuses on utilizing a genetic algorithm to optimize the magnetic field configuration of SPT70.A 2D hybrid PIC-DSMC and channel-wall erosion model are employed to analyze the plume divergence angle and wall erosion rate,while a Farady probe measurement and laser profilometry system are set up to verify the simulation results.The results demonstrate that the genetic algorithm contributes to reducing the divergence angle of the thruster plumes and alleviating the impact of high-energy particles on the discharge channel wall,reducing the erosion by 5.5%and 2.7%,respectively.Further analysis indicates that the change from a divergent magnetic field to a convergent magnetic field,combined with the upstream shift of the ionization region,contributes to the improving the operation of the Hall thruster.

A Simple Mechanism for Generating a Geomagnetic Field

On the basis of the ideal gas model, the polarization of charges in the mantle was obtained, a physical and mathematical model was constructed, and estimated calculations of the dipole mode of the Earth’s magnetic field were performed, taking into account the speed of its angular rotation, the parameters of density and temperature, the chemical composition, the ionization potential, the dielectric constant and the percentage of the main chemical compounds of the mantle substance.

Semi-analytical investigation of heat transfer in a porous convective radiative moving longitudinal fin exposed to magnetic field in the presence of a shape-dependent trihybrid nanofluid

The thermal examination of a non-integer-ordered mobile fin with a magnetism in the presence of a trihybrid nanofluid(Fe_3O_4-Au-Zn-blood) is carried out. Three types of nanoparticles, each having a different shape, are considered. These shapes include spherical(Fe_3O_4), cylindrical(Au), and platelet(Zn) configurations. The combination approach is utilized to evaluate the physical and thermal characteristics of the trihybrid and hybrid nanofluids, excluding the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. These two properties are inferred by means of the interpolation method based on the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The governing equation is transformed into a dimensionless form, and the Adomian decomposition Sumudu transform method(ADSTM) is adopted to solve the conundrum of a moving fin immersed in a trihybrid nanofluid. The obtained results agree well with those numerical simulation results, indicating that this research is reliable. The influence of diverse factors on the thermal overview for varying noninteger values of γ is analyzed and presented in graphical representations. Furthermore, the fluctuations in the heat transfer concerning the pertinent parameters are studied. The results show that the heat flux in the presence of the combination of spherical, cylindrical, and platelet nanoparticles is higher than that in the presence of the combination of only spherical and cylindrical nanoparticles. The temperature at the fin tip increases by 0.705 759% when the value of the Peclet number increases by 400%, while decreases by 11.825 13% when the value of the Hartman number increases by 400%.

Simulation of the SMILE Soft X-ray Imager response to a southward interplanetary magnetic field turning

The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)will shine a spotlight on magnetopause dynamics during magnetic reconnection.We simulate an event with a southward interplanetary magnetic field turning and produce SXI count maps with a 5-minute integration time.By making assumptions about the magnetopause shape,we find the magnetopause standoff distance from the count maps and compare it with the one obtained directly from the magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)simulation.The root mean square deviations between the reconstructed and MHD standoff distances do not exceed 0.2 RE(Earth radius)and the maximal difference equals 0.24 RE during the 25-minute interval around the southward turning.

Stress corrosion cracking behavior of buried oil and gas pipeline steel under the coexistence of magnetic field and sulfate-reducing bacteria

Magnetic field and microorganisms are important factors influencing the stress corrosion cracking(SCC)of buried oil and gas pipelines. Once SCC occurs in buried pipelines, it will cause serious hazards to the soil environment. The SCC behavior of X80 pipeline steel under the magnetic field and sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) environment was investigated by immersion tests, electrochemical tests, and slow strain rate tensile(SSRT) tests. The results showed that the corrosion and SCC sensitivity of X80 steel decreased with increasing the magnetic field strength in the sterile environment. The SCC sensitivity was higher in the biotic environment inoculated with SRB, but it also decreased with increasing magnetic field strength, which was due to the magnetic field reduces microbial activity and promotes the formation of dense film layer. This work provided theoretical guidance on the prevention of SCC in pipeline steel under magnetic field and SRB coexistence.

Revolutionizing plasmonic platform via magnetic field-assisted confined ultrafast laser deposition of high-density,uniform,and ultrafine nanoparticle arrays

The remarkable capabilities of 2D plasmonic surfaces in controlling optical waves havegarnered significant attention.However,the challenge of large-scale manufacturing of uniform,well-aligned,and tunable plasmonic surfaces has hindered their industrialization.To address this,we present a groundbreaking tunable plasmonic platform design achieved throughmagnetic field(MF)assisted ultrafast laser direct deposition in air.Through precise control of metal nanoparticles(NPs),with cobalt(Co)serving as the model material,employing an MF,and fine-tuning ultrafast laser parameters,we have effectively converted coarse and non-uniform NPs into densely packed,uniform,and ultrafine NPs(~3 nm).This revolutionary advancement results in the creation of customizable plasmonic‘hot spots,’which play a pivotal role insurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)sensors.The profound impact of this designable plasmonic platform lies in its close association with plasmonic resonance and energyenhancement.When the plasmonic nanostructures resonate with incident light,they generate intense local electromagnetic fields,thus vastly increasing the Raman scattering signal.This enhancement leads to an outstanding 2–18 fold boost in SERS performance and unparalleled sensing sensitivity down to 10^(-10)M.Notably,the plasmonic platform also demonstratesrobustness,retaining its sensing capability even after undergoing 50 cycles of rinsing andre-loading of chemicals.Moreover,this work adheres to green manufacturing standards,making it an efficient and environmentally friendly method for customizing plasmonic‘hot spots’inSERS devices.Our study not only achieves the formation of high-density,uniform,and ultrafine NP arrays on a tunable plasmonic platform but also showcases the profound relation betweenplasmonic resonance and energy enhancement.The outstanding results observed in SERS sensors further emphasize the immense potential of this technology for energy-relatedapplications,including photocatalysis,photovoltaics,and clean water,propelling us closer to a sustainable and cleaner future.

Probing the peripheral self-generated magnetic field distribution in laser-plasma magnetic reconnection with Martin-Puplett interferometer polarimeter

Magnetic reconnection of the self-generated magnetic fields in laser-plasma interaction is an important laboratory method for modeling high-energy density astronomical and astrophysical phenomena.We use the Martin-Puplett interferometer(MPI)polarimeter to probe the peripheral magnetic fields generated in the common magnetic reconnection configuration,two separated coplanar plane targets,in laser-target interaction.We introduce a new method that can obtain polarization information from the interference pattern instead of the sinusoidal function fitting of the intensity.A bidirectional magnetic field is observed from the side view,which is consistent with the magneto-hydro-dynamical(MHD)simulation results of self-generated magnetic field reconnection.We find that the cancellation of reverse magnetic fields after averaging and integration along the observing direction could reduce the magnetic field strength by one to two orders of magnitude.It indicates that imaging resolution can significantly affect the accuracy of measured magnetic field strength.

Effect of antenna helicity on discharge characteristics of helicon plasma under a divergent magnetic field

The characteristics of the blue core phenomenon observed in a divergent magnetic field helicon plasma are investigated using two different helical antennas, namely right-handed and lefthanded helical antennas. The mode transition, discharge image, spatial profiles of plasma density and electron temperature are diagnosed using a Langmuir probe, a Nikon D90 camera,an intensified charge-coupled device camera and an optical emission spectrometer, respectively.The results demonstrated that the blue core phenomenon appeared in the upstream region of the discharge tube at a fixed magnetic field under both helical antennas. However, it is more likely to appear in a right-handed helical antenna, in which the plasma density and ionization rate of the helicon plasma are higher. The spatial profiles of the plasma density and electron temperature are also different in both axial and radial directions for these two kinds of helical antenna. The wavelength calculated based on the dispersion relation of the bounded whistler wave is consistent with the order of magnitude of plasma length. It is proved that the helicon plasma is part of the wave mode discharge mechanism.

Acetaminophen overdose-induced acute liver injury can be alleviated by static magnetic field

Acetaminophen(APAP),the most frequently used mild analgesic and antipyretic drug worldwide,is implicated in causing 46%of all acute liver failures in the USA and between 40%and 70%in Europe.The predominant pharmacological intervention approved for mitigating such overdose is the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine(NAC);however,its efficacy is limited in cases of advanced liver injury or when administered at a late stage.In the current study,we discovered that treatment with a moderate intensity static magnetic field(SMF)notably reduced the mortality rate in mice subjected to high-dose APAP from 40%to 0%,proving effective at both the initial liver injury stage and the subsequent recovery stage.During the early phase of liver injury,SMF markedly reduced APAPinduced oxidative stress,free radicals,and liver damage,resulting in a reduction in multiple oxidative stress markers and an increase in the antioxidant glutathione(GSH).During the later stage of liver recovery,application of vertically downward SMF increased DNA synthesis and hepatocyte proliferation.Moreover,the combination of NAC and SMF significantly mitigated liver damage induced by high-dose APAP and increased liver recovery,even 24 h post overdose,when the effectiveness of NAC alone substantially declines.Overall,this study provides a noninvasive non-pharmaceutical tool that offers dual benefits in the injury and repair stages following APAP overdose.Of note,this tool can work as an alternative to or in combination with NAC to prevent or minimize liver damage induced by APAP,and potentially other toxic overdoses.

Spin-polarized pairing induced by the magnetic field in the Bernal bilayer graphene

Recent experimental findings have demonstrated the occurrence of superconductivity in Bernal bilayer graphene when induced by a magnetic field.In this study,we conduct a theoretical investigation of the potential pairing symmetry within this superconducting system.By developing a theoretical model,we primarily calculate the free energy of the system with p+ip-wave parallel spin pairing,p+ip-wave anti-parallel spin pairing and d+i d-wave pairing symmetry.Our results confirm that the magnetic field is indeed essential for generating the superconductivity.We discover that the p+ip-wave parallel spin pairing leads to a lower free energy for the system.The numerical calculations of the energy band structure,zero-energy spectral function and density of states for each of the three pairing symmetries under consideration show a strong consistency with the free energy results.

Effects of vacuum magnetic field region on the compact torus trajectory in a tokamak plasma

The trajectory of the compact torus(CT)within a tokamak discharge is crucial to fueling.In this study,we developed a penetration model with a vacuum magnetic field region to accurately determine CT trajectories in tokamak discharges.This model was used to calculate the trajectory and penetration parameters of CT injections by applying both perpendicular and tangential injection schemes in both HL-2A and ITER tokamaks.For perpendicular injection along the tokamak's major radius direction from the outboard,CTs with the same injection parameters exhibited a 0.08 reduction in relative penetration depth when injected into HL-2A and a 0.13reduction when injected into ITER geometry when considering the vacuum magnetic field region compared with cases where this region was not considered.In addition,we proposed an optimization method for determining the CT's initial injection velocity to accurately calculate the initial injection velocity of CTs for central fueling in tokamaks.Furthermore,this paper discusses schemes for the tangential injection of CT into tokamak discharges.The optimal injection angle and CT magnetic moment direction for injection into both HL-2A and ITER were determined through numerical simulations.Finally,the kinetic energy loss occurring when the CT penetrated the vacuum magnetic field region in ITER was reduced byΔEk=975.08 J by optimizing the injection angle for the CT injected into ITER.These results provide valuable insights for optimizing injection angles in fusion experiments.Our model closely represents actual experimental scenarios and can assist the design of CT parameters.

Effect of external magnetic field on the instability of THz plasma waves in nanoscale graphene field-effect transistors

The instability of plasma waves in the channel of field-effect transistors will cause the electromagnetic waves with THz frequency.Based on a self-consistent quantum hydrodynamic model,the instability of THz plasmas waves in the channel of graphene field-effect transistors has been investigated with external magnetic field and quantum effects.We analyzed the influence of weak magnetic fields,quantum effects,device size,and temperature on the instability of plasma waves under asymmetric boundary conditions numerically.The results show that the magnetic fields,quantum effects,and the thickness of the dielectric layer between the gate and the channel can increase the radiation frequency.Additionally,we observed that increase in temperature leads to a decrease in both oscillation frequency and instability increment.The numerical results and accompanying images obtained from our simulations provide support for the above conclusions.

Evading strength−ductility trade-off of GH605 alloy using magnetic field-assisted undercooling treatment

Undercooling solidification under a magnetic field(UMF)is an effective way to tailor the microstructure and properties of Co-based alloys.In this study,by attributing to the UMF treatment,the strength−ductility trade-off dilemma in GH605 superalloy is successfully overcome.The UMF treatment can effectively refine the grains and increase the solid solubility,leading to the high yield strength.The main deformation mechanism in the as-forged alloy is dislocation slipping.By contrast,multiple deformation mechanisms,including stacking faults,twining,dislocation slipping,and their strong interactions are activated in the UMF-treated sample during compression deformation,which enhances the strength and ductility simultaneously.In addition,the precipitation of hard Laves phases along the grain boundaries can be obtained after UMF treatment,hindering crack propagation during compression deformation.

Mechanism of Thermally Radiative Prandtl Nanofluids and Double-Diffusive Convection in Tapered Channel on Peristaltic Flow with Viscous Dissipation and Induced Magnetic Field

The application of mathematical modeling to biological fluids is of utmost importance, as it has diverse applicationsin medicine. The peristaltic mechanism plays a crucial role in understanding numerous biological flows. In thispaper, we present a theoretical investigation of the double diffusion convection in the peristaltic transport of aPrandtl nanofluid through an asymmetric tapered channel under the combined action of thermal radiation andan induced magnetic field. The equations for the current flow scenario are developed, incorporating relevantassumptions, and considering the effect of viscous dissipation. The impact of thermal radiation and doublediffusion on public health is of particular interest. For instance, infrared radiation techniques have been used totreat various skin-related diseases and can also be employed as a measure of thermotherapy for some bones toenhance blood circulation, with radiation increasing blood flow by approximately 80%. To solve the governingequations, we employ a numerical method with the aid of symbolic software such as Mathematica and MATLAB.The velocity, magnetic force function, pressure rise, temperature, solute (species) concentration, and nanoparticlevolume fraction profiles are analytically derived and graphically displayed. The results outcomes are compared withthe findings of limiting situations for verification.

Reconstruction of poloidal magnetic field profiles in field-reversed configurations with machine learning in laser-driven ion-beam trace probe

The diagnostic of poloidal magnetic field(B_(p))in field-reversed configuration(FRC),promising for achieving efficient plasma confinement due to its highβ,is a huge challenge because B_(p)is small and reverses around the core region.The laser-driven ion-beam trace probe(LITP)has been proven to diagnose the B_(p)profile in FRCs recently,whereas the existing iterative reconstruction approach cannot handle the measurement errors well.In this work,the machine learning approach,a fast-growing and powerful technology in automation and control,is applied to B_(p)reconstruction in FRCs based on LITP principles and it has a better performance than the previous approach.The machine learning approach achieves a more accurate reconstruction of B_(p)profile when 20%detector errors are considered,15%B_(p)fluctuation is introduced and the size of the detector is remarkably reduced.Therefore,machine learning could be a powerful support for LITP diagnosis of the magnetic field in magnetic confinement fusion devices.

Customized modulation on plasma uniformity by non-uniform magnetic field in capacitively coupled plasma

A two-dimensional fluid model based on COMSOL Multiphysics is developed to investigate the modulation of static magnetic field on plasma homogeneity in a capacitively coupled plasma(CCP)chamber. To generate a static magnetic field, direct current is applied to a circular coil located at the top of the chamber. By adjusting the magnetic field's configuration, which is done by altering the coil current and position, both the plasma uniformity and density can be significantly modulated. In the absence of the magnetic field, the plasma density exhibits an inhomogeneous distribution characterized by higher values at the plasma edge and lower values at the center. The introduction of a magnetic field generated by coils results in a significant increase in electron density near the coils. Furthermore, an increase in the sets of coils improves the uniformity of the plasma. By flexibly adjusting the positions of the coils and the applied current,a substantial enhancement in overall uniformity can be achieved. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using this method for achieving uniform plasma densities in industrial applications.

Galvanic corrosion behavior of AZ91D alloy/45 steel couple under magnetic field

Galvanic corrosion behavior of AZ91D alloy/45 steel couple in 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution under 0,0.2 and 0.4 T magnetic field were studied by microstructure observation,immersion test and electrochemical measurement.The mixed potential theory was used to estimate the galvanic current density and the mixed potential of the galvanic corrosion between AZ91D alloy and 45 steel.The results indicated that magnetic field could accelerate the corrosion of AZ91D alloy,and impede the corrosion process of 45 steel.The effect of magnetic field on corrosion sensibility and corrosion rate of these two alloys increased as the intensity rising.The galvanic corrosion rate of the couple was accelerated by magnetic field.With the magnetic field intensity rising,the galvanic corrosion sensibility and corrosion rate of the couple increased.The effects of magnetic field on the galvanic corrosion performance of the couple and the corrosion behavior of AZ91D alloy and 45 steel were due to the appearance of field gradient force and magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)force.The mixed potential theory has a certain accuracy to estimate the Ecouple and icouple values in this work.