Snow and regolith albedo variations using CRISM data at McMurdo crater,Mars

The cryosphere component provides the most reliable and insightful indications of any planet’s climate dynamics.Using data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars(CRISM),we develop a novel approach to determining the broadband Visible and Near Infrared(VNIR)albedo of the Martian surface.This study focuses on albedo changes in the McMurdo crater,part of Mars’s south polar layer deposits.We compare seasonal and interannual variations of the McMurdo surface albedo before,during,and after the Global Dust Storm(GDS)of Martian Year(MY)34.As the seasons progressed from spring to summer,the mean albedo in MY 32 and 34 plunged by over 40%,by about 35%in MY 33,and by slightly more than 30%in MY 35.Compared interannually,however,mean albedo values within both seasons(spring and summer)exhibited no significant differences in those same years.Notably,interannual albedo difference maps reveal albedo variation of more than±0.3 in certain regions of the crater.Considering only snow-covered pixels,interannual albedo differences suggest that Mars dust had a pervasive impact on Mars’s cryosphere.Variations in maximum and minimum albedo values as high as 0.5 were observed,depending upon differences in the dust levels in Martian snow/ice.The maximum and the minimum snow albedo values were lowest in MY 34,indicating the effect of the intense dust storm event that year.The average snow albedo decreased from 0.45 in MY 32 to 0.40 in MY 33 and to 0.33 in MY 34,and then rose back to 0.40 in MY 35.This trajectory suggests a temporary deposition of dust,partially reversed after the GDS by self-cleaning mechanisms(local aeolian process and CO_(2)sublimation/deposition cycle).

Research on internal gravity waves in the Martian atmosphere based on Tianwen-1 and Mars Global Surveyor occultation data

Internal gravity waves(IGWs)are critical in driving Martian atmospheric motion and phenomena.This study investigates Martian IGWs by using high-resolution data from China’s Tianwen-1 mission and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Mars Global Surveyor(MGS)by the radio occultation(RO)technique.Key IGW parameters,such as vertical and horizontal wavelengths,intrinsic frequency,and energy density,are extracted based on vertical temperature profiles from the Martian surface to~50 km altitude.Data reveal that the Martian IGWs are predominantly small-scale waves,with vertical wavelengths between 6 and 13 km and horizontal wavelengths extending to thousands of kilometers.These waves propagate almost vertically and exhibit low intrinsic frequencies close to the inertial frequency,with the characteristic of low-frequency inertial IGWs.Tianwen-1 data indicate stronger IGW activity,higher energy density,and less dissipation than MGS data in the northern hemisphere.Moreover,MGS data in the southern hemisphere show higher buoyancy frequencies and lower vertical wavelengths,suggesting more stable atmospheric conditions conducive to IGW propagation.These extracted IGW characteristics can enhance our understanding of the atmospheric dynamics on Mars and contribute valuable information for parameterization in global circulation models.

基于MARS的岩石抗拉强度预测模型

将无损检测技术与机器学习相结合,通过建立预测模型来快速确定岩石抗拉强度已经成为热门研究方向之一。为了建立预测模型,提出一种基于多元自适应回归样条(MARS)的数据驱动建模技术,用于岩石抗拉强度预测。共收集了80组试验数据,包括施密特回弹数、干密度、点荷载强度指数以及巴西抗拉强度。所有数据被随机分为2个部分,其中70%的数据用于训练模型,剩余30%的数据用于测试模型性能。同时开发了人工神经网络、支持向量机和决策树3种数据驱动模型。选择了4种常用的模型性能评价指标,分别为均方根误差、平均绝对误差、相关系数和决定系数,以此来对所开发模型的预测性能进行比较。结果表明:所开发的智能模型均能够提供较高的预测精度,其中MARS模型性能优于其他3种模型,支持向量机和人工神经网络模型次之,决策树模型相对较差。值得一提的是,MARS模型能够通过方差分析来评估每个变量的相对重要性。研究成果有助于快速确定岩石抗拉强度。

Evaluating the biosignature potential of ammonium in Proterozoic red beds and implications for the search for life on Mars

Over the past two decades,it has become increasingly apparent that early Mars may once have been warmer,wetter and more habitable for microbial life than it is today,which has spurred discussions about potential biosignatures that may be preserved in Martian sediments.An impediment to this line of research is the pervasive oxidation of Mars’surface due to photochemical oxidants that have likely destroyed remnants of organic matter.Here,we investigate whether nitrogen(N)transferred from biomass to phyllosilicate minerals during diagenesis can be preserved in oxidized mudrocks.We investigate two sequences of terrestrial Proterozoic red beds,namely the Sibley Group(1.4 Ga)in Canada and the Stoer Group(1.2 Ga)in Scotland,and we find enrichments in authigenic N in the range of several tens of ppm in both units.The highest concentrations(ca.100 ppm on average)are found in the most desiccated red beds of the Stoer Group,concurrent with enrichments in potassium(K).We discuss similarities and differences between the two sets of rocks with regards to salinity,pH,biological productivity and K-metasomatism,and we conclude that the ideal mechanism for the preservation of biogenic N in red beds may be in-situ release of ammonium from microbial mats into the clay substrate,possibly facilitated by early diagenetic,biologically induced illitization.Illite and smectite have been observed on Mars,and experiments suggest that Martian waters contained moderate amounts of dissolved K.Hence,it is conceivable that a similar K and N enrichment process could have occurred as to what we document for the Proterozoic,preserving evidence of life that may have survived to the modern day.

Quantifying the chemical composition of weathering products of Hainan basalts with reflectance spectroscopy and its implications for Mars

With the development of the hyperspectral remote sensing technique,extensive chemical weathering profiles have been identified on Mars.These weathering sequences,formed through precipitation-driven leaching processes,can reflect the paleoenvironments and paleoclimates during pedogenic processes.The specific composition and stratigraphic profiles mirror the mineralogical and chemical trends observed in weathered basalts on Hainan Island in south China.In this study,we investigated the laboratory reflectance spectra of a 53-m-long drilling core of a thick basaltic weathering profile collected from Hainan Island.We established a quantitative spectral model by combining the genetic algorithm and partial least squares regression(GA-PLSR)to predict the chemical properties(SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3)and index of laterization(IOL).The entire sample set was divided into a calibration set of 25 samples and a validation set of 12 samples.Specifically,the GA was used to select the spectral subsets for each composition,which were then input into the PLSR model to derive the chemical concentration.The coefficient of determination(R2)values on the validation set for SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,and the IOL were greater than 0.9.In addition,the effects of various spectral preprocessing techniques on the model accuracy were evaluated.We found that the spectral derivative treatment boosted the prediction accuracy of the GA-PLSR model.The improvement achieved with the second derivative was more pronounced than when using the first derivative.The quantitative model developed in this work has the potential to estimate the contents of similar weathering basalt products,and thus infer the degree of alteration and provide insights into paleoclimatic conditions.Moreover,the informative bands selected by the GA can serve as a guideline for designing spectral channels for the next generation of spectrometers.

Response of InSight resonance modes to environmental factors on Mars

The InSight(Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations,Geodesy,and Heat Transport)mission has recorded continuous ambient noise signals with many spectral peaks since its landing in 2018.The majority of these peaks are modes produced by instrumental vibrations and are associated with environmental factors,such as temperature and wind energy fluctuations.Understanding how these modes react under various conditions is crucial because it aids in identifying their origins.In this study,we analyzed the three-component spectra of InSight recordings from sols 184–738 and obtained the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR,also known as H/V)curves for different time intervals.The primary modes,such as those at 3.3 and 4.1 Hz,exhibited different behaviors,suggesting diverse origins.Some modes were sensitive to low temperature and some were sensitive to high temperature.Additionally,we investigated the influence of wind and temperature on the H/V curve.The peak frequency was mainly affected by temperature,whereas the H/V value was not associated with the temperature or wind only.Characterizing these modes and elucidating their origins are significant for processing signals from InSight and can provide valuable guidance for designing future planetary seismometers.

基于MARS及其组合模型的安徽省碳达峰的预测研究

该文基于安徽省1991-2022年的碳排放量数据,研究安徽省碳排放影响因素和预测碳达峰的时间。结果显示,在多种单一机器学习模型中,多元自适应回归样条(MARS)模型的拟合效果最佳,在测试集上的拟合效果较优,且具有较好的鲁棒性,影响安徽省碳排放量的因素重要性排名为:单位GDP能耗>人口城镇化率>人均GDP>农业生产技术>二产比重>人口总数,即经济和技术因素是影响安徽省碳排放量的重要因素;采用加权平均方法(WA)和多元线性回归组合方法(Regression)进一步提高拟合精度,发现Re⁃gression组合方法精度高于WA法和单一MARS模型法;采用情景分析法,设置基准模式、粗放模式和低碳模式预测安徽省碳排放量,结果显示,在基准模式和粗放模式下安徽省碳排放量仍然呈现增加趋势,而在低碳模式下可以在2030年实现碳达峰。为促进安徽省能源转型和经济高质量发展,推动中国“双碳”目标的实现,该文提出了转变经济发展模式,提升人均GDP、加快技术进步特别是农业生产技术的发展,降低能源强度,优化能源消费结构等对策。

Child Neurodevelopment on Mars

This review article aims to gather differences and similarities between planet Mars and planet Earth to determine the necessities for the proper growth and development of the neonatal brain. Factors such as Environmental, Nutritional, Social, Stress, and Education are juxtaposed to understand the difference between pediatric neurodevelopment on both planets. The variation between each factor was analyzed to determine how significant the impact is on neurodevelopment for children. The factors to be discussed were generated based on extensive research on what is most important for proper early neurodevelopment. The five factors are the main categories branched out into subcategories to delve into more detail regarding neurodevelopment. Factors may vary based on the location on each planet, but the best average was cultivated to create a fair evaluation of the differences. Although each factor influences a different part of the brain, each factor (Environmental, Nutritional, Social, Stress, and Education) is equally vital for development anatomy and physiology of the brain.

能谱CT结合MARs技术对不同材质义齿伪影去除的临床价值

目的研究能谱CT单能量成像及单能量+多伪影去除系统(MARs)去除义齿周围伪影的临床价值,并比较不同材质义齿对影像质量的影响。方法纳入100例有义齿植入的患者,义齿种类包括镍铬合金(30例)、烤瓷(30例)、胶托+不锈钢托(40例)。在相同CT扫描参数条件下进行能谱成像技术(GSI)扫描,获得混合能量(QC)影像、70~140 keV的单能量影像及单能量+MARs影像。在每例患者义齿伪影最严重层面和邻近无伪影的软组织区域划定2个感兴趣区(ROI):ROI1选取在同层无伪影的头夹肌处;ROI2选取在口腔中部舌部软组织明暗相间伪影区,ROI面积150~200 mm^(2),分别测量噪声(SD)、CT平均值,并计算伪影指数(AI),以SD和AI作为客观评价参数。由2名高年资放射科医师对各组影像质量进行主观评分。结果镍铬合金、烤瓷、胶托+不锈钢托3种材质义齿邻近组织的SD、AI随着管电压的增加而降低,在90 keV及以上时明显低于QC影像;单能量+MARs影像的SD和AI均明显低于同参数单能量影像;随着管电压的增加,口腔软组织的对比度明显降低,在110 keV+MARs时对比度最佳,主观评分最高。镍铬合金、烤瓷、胶托+不锈钢托3种材质义齿最佳成像参数比较,烤瓷的SD和AI最小。结论能谱扫描联合MARs技术能有效减少镍铬合金、烤瓷、胶托+不锈钢托的金属伪影,可作为去除口腔修复体伪影的有效方法。

基于Mars2000的船舶中剖面通用快速优化方法

[目的]船舶中剖面优化具有设计变量多、约束条件复杂的特点。相关研究多采用智能优化算法直接嵌套规范校核软件(如Mars2000)的优化方法,计算量较大。为此,提出基于敏度排序的中剖面快速优化方法。[方法]首先计算各个约束特征量关于各设计变量的敏度,根据敏度信息得到各特征量不满足约束时的设计变量调整次序,并判断各特征量是否只与局部构件相关。优化迭代时,根据当前方案的约束不满足情况,结合敏度信息做变量调整,并进行周期性的敏度更新。最后引入基于坐标轮换法的小范围调整方法进一步提升优化效果。[结果]某油船中剖面算例优化结果表明,所提方法可实现结构减重5.195%。[结论]与直接嵌套Mars2000的智能优化算法相比,本方法在优化效果相当的情况下,计算量仅为前者的5.58%左右,成本优势明显。

Determining the moment of inertia of triaxial Mars with updated global gravity models

The principal moments of inertia(PMIs)with the principal axes are usually taken as the dynamic figure parameters of Mars;they can be deduced from satellite-observed degree-two gravitational potentials in recent global gravity models and from the dynamic ellipticities resulting from precession observations.These PMIs are natural and significant for the geodetic,geophysical,and geodynamic problems of Mars,which are functions of internal density distributions.In this study,a closed and concise formula for determining the PMIs of the entire planet and its core was developed based on the second invariants of gravity and a multipole expansion.We deduced the polar oblateness J^(2)and the equatorial ellipticity J_(22)of Mars to be 1.9566×10^(−3)and 6.3106×10^(−5),respectively.The preferred principal moments of inertia of Mars are A=2.66589×1036 kg·m^(2),B=2.66775×10^(36)kg·m^(2),and C=2.68125×10^(36)kg·m^(2).These values indicate that Mar is slightly triaxial.The equatorial principal moment of inertia of the Martian core is 1.46008×10^(35)kg·m^(2),accounting for~5.47%of the planet’s PMI;this result is critical for investigating the density and size of the core of Mars,and the planet’s free core nutation.

The Mars orbiter magnetometer of Tianwen-1:in-flight performance and first science results

The Mars Orbiter MAGnetometer(MOMAG)is a scientific instrument onboard the orbiter of China’s first mission for Mars—Tianwen-1.Since November 13,2021,it has been recording magnetic field data from the solar wind to the magnetic pile-up region surrounding Mars.Here we present its in-flight performance and first science results,based on its first one and one-half months’data.Comparing these early MOMAG observations to the magnetic field data in the solar wind from NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN(MAVEN)mission,we report that the MOMAG magnetic field data are at the same level in magnitude,and describe the same magnetic structures with similar variations in three components.We recognize 158 clear bow shock(BS)crossings in these MOMAG data;their locations match well statistically with the modeled average BS.We also identify and compare five pairs of datasets collected when Tianwen-1’s orbiter and the MAVEN probe made simultaneous BS crossings.These BS crossings confirm the global shape of modeled BS,as well as the south-north asymmetry of the Martian BS.Two cases presented in this paper suggest that the BS is probably more dynamic at flank than near the nose.So far,MOMAG performs well,and provides accurate magnetic field vectors.MOMAG is continuously scanning the magnetic field surrounding Mars.Data from MOMAG’s measurements complement data from MAVEN and will undoubt edly advance our understanding of the plasma environment of Mars.

Proton pitch angle distributions in the Martian induced magnetosphere: A survey of Tianwen-1 Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer observations

The pitch angle distributions of ions and electrons can be affected by various processes;thus,they can serve as an important indicator of the physical mechanisms driving the dynamics of space plasmas.From observations from the Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer onboard the Tianwen-1 orbiter,we calculated the pitch angle distributions of protons in the Martian induced magnetosphere by using information from the magnetohydrodynamically simulated magnetic field,and we statistically analyzed the spatial occurrence pattern of different types of pitch angle distributions.Even though no symmetrical features were seen in the dataset,we found the dominance of the field-aligned distribution type over the energy range from 188 to 6232 eV.Maps of the occurrence rate showed the preferential presence of a trapped-like distribution at the lower altitudes of the surveyed nightside region.Although our results are more or less restricted by the adopted magnetic field,they indicate the complexity of the near-Mars proton pitch angle distributions and infer the possibility of wave–particle interactions in the Martian induced magnetosphere.

A Shape-Memory Deployable Subsystem with a Large Folding Ratio in China’s Tianwen-1 Mars Exploration Mission

Once China’s Tianwen-1 Mars probe arrived in a Mars orbit after a seven-month flight in the deep cold space environment,it would be urgently necessary to monitor its state and the surrounding environment.To address this issue,we developed a flexible deployable subsystem based on shape memory polymer composites(SMPC-FDS)with a large folding ratio,which incorporates a camera and two temperature telemetry points for monitoring the local state of the Mars orbiter and the deep space environment.Here,we report on the development,testing,and successful application of the SMPC-FDS.Before reaching its Mars remote-sensing orbit,the SMPC-FDS is designed to be in a folded state with high stiffness;after reaching orbit,it is in a deployed state with a large envelope.The transition from the folded state to the deployed state is achieved by electrically heating the shape memory polymer composites(SMPCs);during this process,the camera on the SMPC-FDS can capture the local state of the orbiter from multiple angles.Moreover,temperature telemetry points on the SMPC-FDS provide feedback on the environment temperature and the temperature change of the SMPCs during the energization process.By simulating a Mars on-orbit space environment,the engineering reliability of the SMPC-FDS was comprehensively verified in terms of the material properties,structural dynamic performance,and thermal vacuum deployment feasibility.Since the launch of Tianwen-1 on 23 July 2020,scientific data on the temperature environment around Tianwen-1 has been successfully acquired from the telemetry points on the SMPCFDS,and the local state of the orbiter has been photographed in orbit,showing the national flag of China fixed on the orbiter.

Observations and interpretations of geomorphologic features in the Tianwen-1 landing area on Mars by using orbital imagery data

China’s first Mars exploration mission,Tianwen-1,successfully landed in southern Utopia Planitia on Mars on May 15,2021.This work presents a detailed investigation of the geologic context of the landing area surface for this mission based on orbital remotesensing data.We constructed a geomorphologic map for the Tianwen-1 landing area.Results of our detailed geomorphologic map show several major landforms within the landing area,including rampart craters,mesas,troughs,cones,and ridges.Analysis of materials on the landing area surface indicates that most of the landing area is covered by Martian dust.Transverse aeolian ridges are widely distributed within the landing area,indicating the surface contexts were(and still are)modified by regional winds.In addition,a crater counting analysis indicates the landing area has an absolute model age of~3.3 Ga and that a later resurfacing event occurred at~1.6 Ga.Finally,we outline four formational scenarios to test the formation mechanisms for the geomorphologic features on the landing area surface.The most likely interpretation to explain the existence of the observed surface features can be summarized as follows:A thermal influence may have played an important role in the formation of the surface geomorphologic features;thus,igneous-related processes may have occurred in the landing area.Water ice may also have been involved in the construction of the primordial surface configuration.Subsequent resurfacing events and aeolian processes buried and modified the primordial surface.

MARS1基因变异所致间质性肺病及肝病1例

患儿,女,4个月9 d,因反复发热、咳嗽伴肝大1月余入院。患儿系健康足月儿,出生史正常,自生后2个月22 d出现反复发热、咳嗽,不能离氧,胸部影像学提示双肺弥漫性病变,纤维支气管镜检查示双肺间质样改变,考虑存在间质性肺病。患儿同时存在肝大、贫血、高脂血症、甲状腺功能减退、营养不良等。基因检测提示患儿存在MARS1基因复合杂合变异。该变异可致间质性肺病及肝病,是一种在婴儿期或幼儿期发病的严重罕见疾病,为常染色体隐性遗传,以婴儿或幼儿早期呼吸功能不全和肝病为特征。自2013年该病被首次报道以来,至2023年6月全球仅有38例相关病例报道。该文报道1例MARS1基因变异所致间质性肺病及肝病患儿的多学科诊疗。

Observation 20-s periodic signals on Mars from InSight,Sols 800-1,000

Seismometers of the InSight probe(Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigation,Geodesy and Heat Transport)currently operating on Mars have recorded not only seismic events but also high-frequency non-seismic periodic signals that appear to have been induced by variations in the Martian environment and the hardware.Here,we report an observation of a long-period signal with a dominant period of~20 s from Martian solar days(Sol)800 to Sol 1,000.This 20-s signal is detected mostly at quiet nighttime—from22:00 to 04:00 LMST(Local Mean Solar Time)—at the InSight landing site.The measurement of the particle motion suggests that this linearly polarized signal focuses on the horizontal plane with an angle of~30°from the north.By examining the temporal variation of the signal’s amplitude and polarization angle and its times of occurrence in relation to the planet’s atmospheric data,we suggest that this20-s signal may be relevant to wind and temperature variations on Mars.Furthermore,we study the possible influence of this 20-s signal on the noise autocorrelation and find that the stacked autocorrelograms can be quite different when the 20-s signal is present.

Ground calibration of the Mars orbiter magnetometer onboard Tianwen-1

Ground calibration experiments of the Mars orbiter magnetometer(MOMAG)onboard the orbiter of Tianwen-1 were performed to determine the sensitivity,misalignment angle,and offset of the sensors.The linearity of the applied calibrated magnetic fields and the output from the sensors were confirmed to be better than 10^(-4),and the sensor axes were orthogonal to each other within 0.5 degrees.The temperature dependencies of the sensitivity and misalignment angle were examined,but no clear signatures of temperature dependencies could be seen.Sensor offset and the stability of sensor offset drift with a temperature change were also determined by the rotation method.The stability of the sensor offset drift was less than 0.01 nT/℃.The ground calibration of MOMAG determines all the calibration parameters of the sensors for accurate magnetic field measurements in orbit with the appropriate corrections.

Numerical Study on Low-Reynolds Compressible Flows around Mars Helicopter Rotor Blade Airfoil

High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the Cp distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.

Analyzing Whether a Space Shuttle Can Withstand a Perpendicular Launch from Mars

In the near future, humans will go to Mars. During these interplanetary journeys, astronaut safety will be paramount. This study aims to determine whether the astronauts will be able to launch safely from Mars in a space shuttle taking off perpendicularly. This study used kinematics along with equations for calculating atmospheric density and total force on the spacecraft to evaluate these values for each atmospheric layer. Approximations were made for the spacecraft’s dimensions to find the cross-sectional front-view area of the spacecraft and the drag coefficient where verifiable data was unavailable. Although there is data for the dimensions of the spacecraft’s front view, there isn’t any on its area. The total force was found to be significantly lower than 3Gs which ensures a safe take-off for the astronauts and reduces manufacturing costs for assembling new rockets.