西方学术话语与东方史学脉络——以“Medieval”为例

中国史学语言已经非常西方化了。一些我们习以为常的概念,其实有复杂的西方学术背景,并不是中国学术固有的术语。将这些概念还原到其西方学术脉络中,还原到其传入中国学术的历史背景中去,有助于我们更好地理解这些概念的真实涵义,对于历史研究也有重要的意义。"medieval"或者"middleages"是欧洲史学家在17世纪开始构建出来的一个历史阶段,在此之前,欧洲主流的历史观是antiqui-moderni(古-今)模式。欧洲史学家之所以在"古"和"今"之间构建出一个"中世纪"阶段,有其深厚而复杂的文化历史背景。从17世纪末开始,ancient-medieval-modern这种三段式的历史观成为主流。而后,随着西方文化霸权在全球的扩张,自19世纪末开始,这一历史架构逐渐被欧洲文明之外的文化体,主动或者被动的接受为描述本国历史的主流模式。本文的目的在于探索其西方学术背景及其融入东方学术脉络的历史。

High resolution oxygen isotope and grayscale records of a medieval fossil giant clam(Tridacna gigas) in the South China Sea: physiological and paleoclimatic implications

Mollusks are well known for their detailed recording of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes in their carbonate shells. In this study, we constructed 18-year blue color intensity and oxygen isotope profiles of a14C dated （AD 990±40） fossil giant clam,Tridacna gigas, from Shidao Island, South China Sea. Theδ18O profile of theT. gigas specimen displayed regular annual cycles and was probably controlled by seasonal variations of the climatic parameters. The blue color intensity profile showed good agreement with theδ18O series, and both had 18 clear annual cycles in accordance with the 18 visually identified annual growth bands. The annual shell growth rate determined from the blue color intensity and oxygen isotope profiles indicated that the annual shell increment of theTridacna specimen was stable after the onset of sexual ma-turity. Spectral analysis of theδ18O and blue color intensity time series suggested that the El Ni？o-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） period observed in the instrumental temperature and precipitation records of the South China Sea during the past 50 years also existed in medieval times. Our results showed that fossil giant clams could provide a good archive of historical intra-seasonal to decadal climate variations.

Interannual Climate Variability Change during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age in PMIP3 Last Millennium Simulations

In this study, we analyzed numerical experiments undertaken by 10 climate models participating in PMIP3（Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3） to examine the changes in interannual temperature variability and coefficient of variation（CV） of interannual precipitation in the warm period of the Medieval Climate Anomaly（MCA） and the cold period of the Little Ice Age（LIA）. With respect to the past millennium period, the MCA temperature variability decreases by 2.0% on average over the globe, and most of the decreases occur in low latitudes. In the LIA, temperature variability increases by a global average of 0.6%, which occurs primarily in the high latitudes of Eurasia and the western Pacific. For the CV of interannual precipitation, regional-scale changes are more significant than changes at the global scale, with a pattern of increased（decreased） CV in the midlatitudes of Eurasia and the northwestern Pacific in the MCA（LIA）. The CV change ranges from-7.0% to 4.3%（from -6.3% to 5.4%）, with a global average of -0.5%（-0.07%） in the MCA（LIA）.Also, the variability changes are considerably larger in December–January–February with respect to both temperature and precipitation.

Causes for the Rise of Medieval European Universities: from the Perspective of Social Context

Social context is mainly classified into four types as generative context,cultural context,productive context and transportation context according to their different functions.This essay will discuss the causes for the rise of universities in medieval Europe from the four types of the social context in the Middle Times specifically.The social contexts are all unique to the medieval Europe,functioning as the necessary conditions and historical background of medieval universities.

Stories of Coping with Sickness:Illness Narratives in Early Medieval Chinese Anecdotal Literature

As basic facts of life,illness and healing occur frequently and in a variety of patterns in Chinese non-medical literature,starting from the earliest sources inscribed on oracle bones and continuing throughout literary history up to the present day.This article looks at illness narratives in early medieval anecdotal literature(3rd to 6th century CE)to understand how the experience of being sick or of attending to the sick was reflected in these socio-literary environments and what rhetorical and ideological roles these narratives played in their larger narrative contexts.By focusing on the experiences of the sick and those around them,this article aims at“Honoring the Stories of Illness,”in Rita Charon’s words,that are hiding in plain sight in much of Chinese non-medical literature.

Figures of Speech in Medieval English Mystics

The aim of this paper is to examine metaphors and similes as figures of speech in the language of medieval English mystics.We will focus on three contemplative 14th-century mystics in East Midland;Walter Hilton;the Cloud author;and Julian of Norwich.Metaphors are figures of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily denotes one thing is used to designate another;thus making an implicit comparison;as in“a sea of troubles”.For theoretical background;we adapt Lakoff and Johnson’s subcategorization of metaphors into ontological;orientational;and structural metaphors.Lakoff and Johnson significantly remarked that in everyday life;metaphors are pervasive in not only language but also thought and action.As another device of a figure of speech;we will consider similes whereby two concepts are imaginatively and descriptively compared.The use of figurative speech among the medieval mystics is not random but an effective measure in terms of which we can conceptualize their experience.Metaphors and similes used in mystical discourse cannot help but try and construct what cannot be comprehended by acting on embodying the abstract.Numerous figures of speech found in devotional prose;though some noted earlier in biblical works;are novel in their use.In trying to make the ancient teachings of the Christ accessible for the lay public;the prose observed in this study uses figurative language in association with their writings.

How to Ensure Food Supply to the Population of the Medieval Village of Loule (1384-1488)

Located in the centre of the Algarve,in the South of Portugal,the ancient village of Louléhas its origins in a Muslim medieval medina(8th Century).After the Christian Conquest of the South and namely of the Louléterritory in 1249,the Christian Administration,based on the city councils meetings,composed of good men,will have to reconcile the social and religious dynamics of the populations who stayed in the territory,formed by Jews,Muslims and Christians.Besides this social,cultural and religious scenario,local administration will also assure the management of production,distribution and sale of food needed to ensure the survival and the settlement of the populations in the territory.Part of that distribution included cereals,olive oil,wine,meat and fish,all of them representing the Mediterranean food basis of the populations from the South of the Iberian Peninsula.It is about this daily concern with food distribution and consumption,in a religious and culturally tripartite society that we intend to present this article,focusing the analysis on three types of food:cereals(“bread”),meat and fish.We intend to demonstrate how the medieval council of Loulémanaged the production of the food and how the population was fed,using the Councillor Minutes of the LouléCity Council in the medieval Christian period.Since the documentation allows us to propose an interpretation for the consecrated trilogy of bread,olive oil and wine,we choose to underline three fundamental areas of the economy of the Algarve region:cattle raising and the supply of meat to the populations,the shortage of cereals with which the“bread”supply was ensured and the commercialization of fish.The provision of meat,cereals and fish ensured that the population was well fed,but the most interesting is that,the way the food distribution was made,allows us to understand the capacity to accept a tripartite society between“Christians”,“Moors”and“Jews”.

Ayla-Axum Amphorae Through the Red Sea Regions and the Arabian Peninsula During the Medieval Age

The aim of the paper is to present a repertory of all archaeological data about the Ayla-Axum amphorae and its content. The study of these class of material will also highlight some aspects of the Early Medieval trade, a period in which sensible political changes occurred after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Ayla-Axum amphorae, found in several Red Sea＇s sites, are significant indicators of trading activities in the region, whose production, transport and diffusion are far from having been thoroughly investigated up to now. Although most scholars think it was used to transport date wine, at least judging on some tituli picti found in these containers, in recent years Parker and Dolinka have suggested that they might have carried garum or a similar fish-sauce produced at Ayla-AqabaI.

The Treasure： Women, Halakha1 and Jewelry in Medieval Northern France and Germany2

The Colmar treasure display in Cluny Museum in Paris was missing with one of its most important items, a key, made of silver. This key was rediscovered in June 2014. This paper describes its rediscover and the reason of its importance. Based on medieval Jewish sources, it appears to be a unique key-jewel, a key that was exclusively designed and worn by Jewish women on Shabbat （Saturday）. By that women changed the Jewish rule, to date. The Colmar key is the only tangible sample of a key converted into Shabbat jewelry piece; the story of the key also reveals the special relations between Jewish women and Jewish sages and between Jewish women and Christian women in medieval northern France and Germany.

The Role of the Forest in German Literature： From the Medieval Forest to the Griines Band

This paper demonstrates how much the forest was used by medieval writers as a symbolic space where critical events take place deeply affecting their protagonists. The forest motif can be found in the works of St. Augustine as well as in Dante＇s Divina Commedia （ca. 1308-1321）, and then in a plethora of other texts. Here the author examines more closely the symbolic meaning of the forest as a mysterious, dangerous, yet also spiritual location in Wolfram von Eschenbach＇s Titurel （ca. 1220） and then in two 15th-century prose novels： Thtiring von Ringoltingen＇s Melusine （1456） and the anonymous Fortunatus （1509）. Each time we recognize how much the poets placed their central figures one in the forest where their life takes a major turn. Recognizing this intriguing function of the forest as a metaphor and symbol, we can employ the modern interest in and fascination with the forest as a refuge from the destruction of the natural environment through modem civilization as segue to attract students to the study of medieval literature once again.

Perspectives on Poverty in Some Medieval French Literary Works

In the sense of destitution, human wretchedness, and powerlessness, poverty is a permanent feature of medieval society, inescapable for many men and women. Some virtuous, self-denying people voluntarily chose a life of poverty, usually with a sense of advancing in Christian spirituality. Often associated in moral writing with covetousness, poverty figures among the vices to avoid. In literary works, some instances of poverty and its victims have acquired exemplary value, as is the case of Yvain＇s encounter with three hundred women silk workers in Chr6tien de Troyes＇s 12th-century romance Le Chevalier au lion and its socio-economic implications. Two particular literary contexts are studied here： firstly, where poverty is a temporary condition, susceptible to change, that is improvement, by virtue of courtly-chivalrous action; and secondly, where poverty provides an effective means of disguise, despite possible dangers. While serving the narrative purpose, an ever-present aspect of reality was thus impressed on the audience

Affectus ＆ Intellectus： A Medieval Point of View

To put the ongoing debate in the philosophy of emotions in a wider context, access to medieval philosophy could turn out to be useful. Huxley＇s ＂Brave New World＂ is a world without history and without strong emotions--so let＇s plea for both. The medieval complementarity of intellectus and affectus is an example of the central role of the emotive powers in medieval anthropology. It could be worth discussing even today, as well as the notion ofscientia affectiva. By the way, a Franciscan thinker of the 13th century, Olivi, seems to explain better than Descartes the depths of subjectivity： I think, therefore I am--but I feel, therefore I am I.

Medieval Towns, Traffic and Urban Planning Half a Century since the First Pedestrian Zone in Siena, Italy

The Italian town is known as a collection of wails, gates, towers, palaces and cathedrals. The lanes and the squares were created in the Middle Ages, with an urban fabric suitable for horses and carriages, not for motor cars. At the beginning of the 1960s, it was no longer possible to delay a solution to the problem of traffic and the first ＂pedestrian isle＂ was realized in the centre of Siena in 1965. Other towns in a few years followed this virtuous example. Acts against traffic avoided the building of urban motorways and the demolition of ancient buildings that would have given the ＂coup de grace＂ to several important historic centres.

Non-Feudal Elements of Medieval England Feudal Society

Medieval European feudal society laid the foundation for the development of modern western society and it is also a historic organic body full of complexity and contradiction. Overall research shows that feudalism didn't have monopoly on medieval England society; the non-feudal elements coexisted with the feudal elements in one united body and occupied an important place in the social structure.

Research and Comparative Analysis on Curricula Content of the Ancient Chinese Academies and Medieval European Universities

The ancient Chinese academies and medieval European universities are different higher educational systems with distinctive features,and in history they both have had a profound and lasting impact on modern higher education in China and Europe.Due to different social,economic and cultural backgrounds,the curricula of the ancient Chinese academies and medieval European universities have their own distinctive features and are significantly different from each other.By adopting qualitative research method,including literature review and comparative analysis,the thesis studied and compared the curricula content of two education systems.

Chinese Research in Medieval Philosophy： Retrospects and Prospects

The Chinese study of medieval philosophy has undergone an extraordinary historical process, and it has made great advances in the last 40 years. This paper provides a retrospective analysis of the pioneering Chinese scholars, both traditional and modern, who have played significant roles in the establishment and development of this historical field of inquiry. It pays particular attention to the important scholars, their works, methodologies, and findings over the course of the last forty years, and it also looks to the challenges currently facing this area of study and addresses the current state of the field and its future prospects. Although Chinese scholarship on medieval philosophy has already achieved great accomplishments, compared with the level of international research in the field abroad, there is still a huge gap to be remedied and therefore, we must recognize that there are great opportunities for Chinese scholars who will undertake the study of medieval philosophy with all due seriousness.

Multi-scale temperature variations and their regional differences in China during the Medieval Climate Anomaly

The Medieval Climate Anomaly(MCA,AD950-1250)is the most recent warm period lasting for several hundred years and is regarded as a reference scenario when studying the impact of and adaptation to global and regional warming.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of temperature variations on decadal-centennial scales during the MCA for four regions(Northeast,Northwest,Central-east,and Tibetan Plateau)in China,based on high-resolution temperature reconstructions and related warm-cold records from historical documents.The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method is used to analyze the time series.The results showed that for China as a whole,the longest warm period during the last 2000 years occurred in the 10th-13th centuries,although there were multi-decadal cold intervals in the middle to late 12th century.However,in the beginning and ending decades,warm peaks and phases on the decadal scale of the MCA for different regions were not consistent with each other.On the inter-decadal scale,regional temperature variations were similar from 950 to 1130;moreover,their amplitudes became smaller,and the phases did not agree well from 1130 to 1250.On the multi-decadal to centennial scale,all four regions began to warm in the early 10th century and experienced two cold intervals during the MCA.However,the Northwest and Central-east China were in step with each other while the warm periods in the Northeast China and Tibetan Plateau ended about 40-50 years earlier.On the multi-centennial scale,the mean temperature difference between the MCA and Little Ice Age was significant in Northeast and Central-east China but not in the Northwest China and Tibetan Plateau.Compared to the mean temperature of the 20th century,a comparable warmth in the MCA was found in the Central-east China,but there was a little cooling in Northeast China;meanwhile,there were significantly lower temperatures in Northwest China and Tibetan Plateau.

Medieval mausoleums of Kazakhstan: Genesis, architectural features, major centres

This article details the origin and development of one of the core groups of the Central Asian (Kazakhstani) medieval architecture - i.e. domed mausoleums;also it identifies the original traits of the medieval Kazakhstani mausoleums and their major locations centres. As determined by the authors so called "dual code' was used as per building of medieval Central Asian mausoleums one of which corresponded to the generalized image of domed tomb as per the new ideology (Islam), and the second one matched the existing local forms and their decorative elements. Subsequently following several major compositional types of the Central Asian (Kazakhstan) mausoleums were formed and later on became standard i. e.- central, frontai, portal-domed ones. They served as the foundation for numerous architectural 'schools' in Kazakhstan which developed further specific building structures, their details,elements proportions,facades divisions, decor, etc. In accorda nee with this, the gen esis and main ways of forming the mausoleums on the territory of Kazakhstan was as follows - from singlechamber (central mausoleums,"facade" and portal ones) compositions up to multi-chamber ones, Also compositional features & specifics of the monuments of the main regional centres were revealed in the article.

Rabies in medieval Persian literature – the Canon of Avicenna (980–1037 AD)

Ibn Sina(980-1037 AD),known by his full name Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina and the Latin name‘Avicenna’,was a Persian scholar who is primarily remembered for his contributions to the science of medicine.He authored Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb(The Canon of Medicine).Sections of his work are devoted to detailed descriptions of a number of infectious illnesses,particularly rabies.Avicenna described rabies in humans and animals and explained its clinical manifestations,route of transmission,and treatment methods.In this article,our goal is to discuss Avicenna’s 11th-century points of view on rabies and compare them with modern medical knowledge.

Between Manuscript and Print： Literary Reception in Late Medieval France. The Case of the Songe de la Pucelle

Based on original archival and codicological research, this paper in- vestigates the transformations and negotiations between manuscript and printed versions of fifteenth-century poetry through the specific example of one surprisingly complex debate poem, Le Songe de la Pucelle （The Dream of the Virgin）. Our debate relates the choice that a female narrator must make between the respective appeals of two personifications, Love and Shame, who appear to her in a dream- vision. The manuscript tradition invariably collects the poem with other fifteenth- century debates and moral texts, while the early printed copies tended to have experienced a prior separate circulation and often remain as monotextual pamphlets. Manuscript and printed copies of the same poem seem, then, to target different audiences. My paper investigates this curious divergence in the transmission pattern of the manuscript and printed versions of the Songe and seeks possible answers in the very different sets of images accompanying the text in manuscript and printed versions.