Intelligent Energy Utilization Analysis Using IUA-SMD Model Based Optimization Technique for Smart Metering Data

Smart metering has gained considerable attention as a research focus due to its reliability and energy-efficient nature compared to traditional electromechanical metering systems. Existing methods primarily focus on data management,rather than emphasizing efficiency. Accurate prediction of electricity consumption is crucial for enabling intelligent grid operations,including resource planning and demandsupply balancing. Smart metering solutions offer users the benefits of effectively interpreting their energy utilization and optimizing costs. Motivated by this,this paper presents an Intelligent Energy Utilization Analysis using Smart Metering Data(IUA-SMD)model to determine energy consumption patterns. The proposed IUA-SMD model comprises three major processes:data Pre-processing,feature extraction,and classification,with parameter optimization. We employ the extreme learning machine(ELM)based classification approach within the IUA-SMD model to derive optimal energy utilization labels. Additionally,we apply the shell game optimization(SGO)algorithm to enhance the classification efficiency of the ELM by optimizing its parameters. The effectiveness of the IUA-SMD model is evaluated using an extensive dataset of smart metering data,and the results are analyzed in terms of accuracy and mean square error(MSE). The proposed model demonstrates superior performance,achieving a maximum accuracy of65.917% and a minimum MSE of0.096. These results highlight the potential of the IUA-SMD model for enabling efficient energy utilization through intelligent analysis of smart metering data.

Design of Metering Device Key Parts of Pneumatic Grass Seeder

Based on the mechanical and physical properties study of forage grass seeds, multi-line with one-device type metering device was designed. It was composed of adjustable screw, stirrer, metering device housing and central metering sheave and so on. The sowing rate can be set by turning the screw to change the working length of the central metering sheave relative to the metering device housing. The stirrer inside of the sheave housing is used to prevent seeds overhead. And metering of different sizes of seed is adjusted by changing the position of internal components of the slot wheel mechanism. Innovative design on the structure of the central metering sheave was finished. According to the structure parameters and physical characteristic parameters, different seed sowing rate of per hectares was calculated. And then the working length scale of the central metering groove wheel was made. And there is a one-to-one correspondence between scale values and sowing quantity per hectare of different kinds of seed.

Discrete Particle Simulation of Gas-Solid Flow in Air-Blowing Seed Metering Device

In this paper,the gas and seed flow characters in the air-blowing seed metering device are investigated by using the coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method(CFD-DEM)in three dimensions(3D).The method of establishing boundary model based on the computer-aided design(CAD)drawing,has been used to build the boundary model of seed metering device.The 3D laser scanning technique and multi-element method are adopted to establish the particle model.Through a combined numerical and experimental effort,using 3D CFD-DEM software,which is based on the in-house codes,the mechanisms governing the gas and solid dynamic behaviors in the seed metering device have been studied.The gas velocity field and the effect of different rotational speeds and air pressures on the seeding performance and particle velocity have been studied,similar agreements between numerical and experimental results are gained.This reveals that the 3D CFD-DEM model established is able to predict the performance of the air-blowing seed metering device.It can be used to design and optimize the air-blowing seed metering device and other similar agriculture devices.

Investigation into the Independent Metering Control Performance of a Twin Spools Valve with Switching Technology-controlled Pilot Stage

In hydraulic area,independent metering control(IMC)technology is an effective approach to improve system efficiency and control flexibility.In addition,digital hydraulic technology(DHT)has been verified as a reasonable method to optimize system dynamic performance.Integrating these two technologies into one component can combine their advantages together.However,few works focused on it.In this paper,a twin spools valve with switching technologycontrolled pilot stage(TSVSP)is presented,which applied DHT into its pilot stage while appending IMC into its main stage.Based on this prototype valve,a series of numerical and experiment analysis of its IMC performance with both simulated load and excavator boom cylinder are carried out.Results showed fast and robust performance of pressure and flow compound control with acceptable fluctuation phenomenon caused by switching technology.Rising time of flow response in excavator cylinder can be controlled within 200 ms,meanwhile,the recovery time of rod chamber pressure under suddenly changed condition is optimized within 250 ms.IMC system based on TSVSP can improve both dynamic performance and robust characteristics of the target actuator so it is practical in valve-cylinder system and can be applied in mobile machineries.

Robust Non-fragile PID Controller Design for the Stroke Regulation of Metering Pumps

This job focuses on the stroke regulation of a class of high-precision metering pumps.A parametertuning method of robust non-fragile PID（proportional-integral-derivative）controllers is proposed with the assumption that a PID controller has additive gain perturbations.An H-infinite robust PID controller can be obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality.This approach can guarantee that the closed-loop control systems is asymptotically stable and the H-infinite norm of the transfer function from the disturbance to the output of a controlled system is less than a given constant to attenuate disturbances.The simulation case shows that the control performance of the proposed strategy is significantly better than the traditional PID approach in the situation with perturbations of controller parameters.

Iterative learning control approach for ramp metering

An iterative learning control scheme is developed to the traffic densitycontrol in a macroscopic level freeway environment. With rigorous analysis, the proposed intelligentcontrol scheme guarantees the asymptotic convergence of the traffic density to the desired one. Thecontrol scheme is applied to a freeway model, and simulation results confirm the efficacy of theproposed approach.

Residential PV capacity estimation and power disaggregation using net metering measurements

As the intermittency and uncertainty of photovoltaic(PV)power generation poses considerable challenges to the power system operation,accurate PV generation estimates are critical for the distribution operation,maintenance,and demand response program implementation because of the increasing usage of distributed PVs.Currently,most residential PVs are installed behind the meter,with only the net load available to the utilities.Therefore,a method for disaggregating the residential PV generation from the net load data is needed to enhance the grid-edge observability.In this study,an unsupervised PV capacity estimation method based on net metering data is proposed,for estimating the PV capacity in the customer’s premise based on the distribution characteristics of nocturnal and diurnal net load extremes.Then,the PV generation disaggregation method is presented.Based on the analysis of the correlation between the nocturnal and diurnal actual loads and the correlation between the PV capacity and their actual PV generation,the PV generation of customers is estimated by applying linear fitting of multiple typical solar exemplars and then disaggregating them into hourly-resolution power profiles.Finally,the anomalies of disaggregated PV power are calibrated and corrected using the estimated capacity.Experiment results on a real-world hourly dataset involving 260 customers show that the proposed PV capacity estimation method achieves good accuracy because of the advantages of robustness and low complexity.Compared with the state-of-the-art PV disaggregation algorithm,the proposed method exhibits a reduction of over 15%for the mean absolute percentage error and over 20%for the root mean square error.

Embedded TLS 1.2 Implementation for Smart Metering & Smart Grid Applications

Digital networked communications are the key to all Internet-of-things applications, but especially to smart metering systems and the smart grid. In order to ensure a safe operation of systems and the privacy of users, the transport layer security （TLS） protocol, a mature and well standardized solution for secure communications, may be used. We implemented the TLS protocol in its latest version in a way suitable for embedded and resource-constrained systems. This paper outlines the challenges and opportunities of deploying TLS in smart metering and smart grid applications and presents performance results of our TLS implementation. Our analysis shows that given an appropriate implementation and configuration, deploying TLS in constrained smart metering systems is possible with acceptable overhead.

Ratio K: a New Way of Metering and Evaluating the Risk and Return of Stock Investment

Although widely used, both the Markowitz model and VAR (Value at Risk) model have some limitations in evaluating the risk and return of stock investment. By the analysis of the conceptions of risk and return, together with the three hypotheses of technological analysis, a novelty model of metering and evaluating the risk and return of stock investment is established. The major indicator of this model , risk-return ratio K, combines the characteristic indicators of risk and return. Regardless of the form of the risk-return probability density functions, this indicator K can always reflect the risk-return performances of the invested stocks clearly and accurately. How to use the model to make optimum investment and how to make portfolio combined with clustering analysis is also explained.

A Prepaid Smart Metering Scheme Based on WiMAX Prepaid Accounting Model

Prepaid energy meters have been widely adopted by utilities in different countries across the world as an innovative solution to the problem of affordability and consumption management. However, the present smart card based systems have some inherent problems like added cost, low availability and lack of security. In the future Smart Grid paradigm, use of smart meters can completely overhaul these prepaid systems by introducing centralized accounting, monitoring and credit-control functions using state-of-the-art telecommunication technologies like WiMAX. In this paper we pro-pose a prepaid smart metering scheme for Smart Grid application based on centralized authentication and charging using the WiMAX prepaid accounting model. We then discuss its specific application to Demand Response and Roam-ing of Electrical Vehicles.

Effects of the precipitation of stabilizers on the mechanism of grain fracturing in a zirconia metering nozzle

The mechanism of grain fracturing in a zirconia metering nozzle used in the continuous casting process was studied. The phase composition, microstructure, and chemical composition of the residual samples were studied using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer, scanning electron microscope, and electron probe. Results revealed that the composition, structure, and mineral phase of the original layer, transition layer, and affected layer of the metering nozzle differed because of stabilizer precipitation and steel slag permeation. The stabilizer MgO formed low-melting phases with steel slag and impure SiO2 on the boundaries（pores） of zirconia grains; consequently, grain fracturing occurred and accelerated damage to the metering nozzle was observed.

Exploiting the Cellular Infrastructure for Data Transmission in Smart Metering Systems

To implement the access and backhaul networks for Smart Metering (SM) systems various technologies are combined with the existing communications infrastructure. This paper deals with data transmission in SM systems, focusing on how the existing cellular networks infrastructure is employed to implement SM access communication networks. The analysis aims at analyzing the role of the cellular communications infrastructure taking into account the spatial distribution and installation points of the smart meters, the urban and topological characteristics of the SM deployment areas and the common practice so far followed by the utilities. It is demonstrated that cellular communications, either exclusively or combined with power line communications, enable immediate and scalable deployment of SM access communication networks at low installation cost, thus constituting the basic option for the implementation of smart metering.

Effects of temperature-gradient-induced damage of zirconia metering nozzles

The effects of temperature-gradient-induced damage of zirconia metering nozzles were investigated through analysis of the phase composition and microstructure of nozzle samples. The analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy after the samples were subjected to a heat treatment based on the temperatures of the affected, transition, and original layers of zirconia metering nozzles during the continuous casting of steel. The results showed that, after heat treatment at 1540, 1410, or 1300A degrees C for a dwell time of 5 h, the monoclinic zirconia phase was gradually stabilized with increasing heat-treatment temperature. Moreover, a transformation to the cubic zirconia phase occurred, accompanied by grain growth, which illustrates that the temperature gradient in zirconia metering nozzles affects the mineral composition and microstructure of the nozzles and accelerates damage, thereby deteriorating the quality and service life of the nozzles.

Control performance and energy saving of multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control

Aiming at the problem of large energy consumption in hydraulic control system with large load and variable working conditions,based on the multi-level pressure switching control system(MPSCS),a multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control is proposed combined with the independent metering control technology.The configuration principle of the system is given,the mathematical model of this system is established,and the control strategy of the system under 4 different working quadrants is put forward.Finally,the control performance and energy saving characteristics of the system are tested.The test results show that the switching of high and low pressure power supply has a certain effect on the response of step position and ramp position under impedance working condition.The displacement curves show slow climbing or abrupt change of ramp position,and the position accuracy is less than 1 mm.The multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control can recover and store energy under the transcendence working conditions.The control accuracy is about 1 mm,and the energy recovery rate is about 70%~80%.

New Hybrid IoT LoRaWAN/IRC Sensors:SMARTWater Metering System

The massive development of internet of things(IoT)technologies is gaining momentum across all areas of their possible deployment—spanning from Industry 4.0 to eHealth,smart city,agriculture or waste management.This ongoing development is further pushed forward by the gradual deployment of 5G networks.With 5G capable smart devices,it will be possible to transfer more data with shorter latency thereby resulting in exciting new use cases such as Massive IoT.Massive-IoT(low-power wide area network-LPWAN)enables improved network coverage,long device operational lifetime and a high density of connections.Despite all the advantages of massive-IoT technology,there are certain cases where the original concept cannot be used.Among them are dangerous explosive environments or issues caused by subsurface deployment(operation during winter months or dense greenery).This article presents the concept of a hybrid solution of IoT LoRaWAN(long range wide area network)/IRC-VLC(infrared communication,visible light communication)technology,which combines advantages of both technologies according to the deployment scenario.

Vacuum and Air Flow for 2QXP-1 Vacuum Precision Seed Metering

Vacuum precision seed metering is the key part of vacuum seed planter. Planting performance of planter is affected by vacuum and air flow which are important parameters for choosing fan. Effects of qualification percent and miss percent on air chamber vacuum 3, 4, 5 and 6 kPa were studied at different operating speeds. The results showed that operating performance of the seed metering was excellent when air chamber vacuum was 5 and 6 kPa, which air flow was 7.4-8.0 m3·s-1 and 8.0-8.8 m3·s-1 , respectively.

A new method of electric energy metering considering harmonic responsibility

Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing electric energy metering method,combining with the harmonic responsibility analysis model based on the reference impedance method and the idea of apparent power decomposition in IEEE Std 1459-2010 standard,two new metering indicators—billing active power and billing power factor are defined.A new electric energy metering method is proposed and its specific implementation steps are given.The simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink,and three different examples are set up.Using the simulation data,the various metering indicators need to be examined by the existing electric energy metering method and the new electric energy metering method are calculated.The calculation results show that the new electric energy metering method not only overcomes the shortcomings of the existing electric energy metering method,but also is very easy to be popularized and applied.

Analysis and Research on Low-Cost and Non-Intrusive Power Metering Chip

Metering technology is one of the core technologies of the smart power grid. The overall metering solution and related products have a wide market space in the whole process of power production, which bring new opportunities for power distribution development from automation to intelligentialize, and provide technical supports for the power metering system platform. Because of the importance of metering products and their market demand, this paper focuses on the design of a simple power metering chip with low-cost, low-precision and non-invasive, so as to lay the foundation for the development and practical technology accumulation of power metering products. The design achieves low cost by reducing the acquisition accuracy, simplifying the collection and sampling methods. This paper studies the chip accuracy, sampling methods, collection methods, and the inference of the chip characteristics requirements.

Determination of Some Design Parameters for Roller Type Seed Metering Device

There are many design parameters in precision planters to be considered such as cell diameter, peripheral speed of roller, number of cells, manner of feeding seeds into cell and travel speed. In precision planters each cell must contain only one seed. Therefore, sliding the seed to the cell is important and depends on several parameters such as seed repose angle, seed dimensions and physics of cell. To help the seed to repose in the cell, making a groove on the roller would be very useful. Dimensions of this groove are very important and are considered as basic design parameters. This research was performed to determine some design parameters such as roller speed, travel speed, length and depth of groove for tomato seeds precision planting. In this regard, seeds with a diameter of 4 mm were used. The range of variation was based on calculations obtained. A roller with 42 mm width, 118 mm diameter and 15 cells on the surface was used in the experiment. For each cell, a triangular groove was created on the roller. The groove depth varied from zero at the beginning to the maximum value where the groove connected to the cell. The test unit had a continued and wide belt with 1 l m length. In each replication, planter worked for 20 s to reach a stable state. Thereafter, seeds were allowed to drop on the grease belt. Number of seeds and their spacing were measured on the 4.5 m of the belt. Results showed that the roller speed of 41.5 rpm, the planter travel speed of approximately 1 km/h, groove length of 6-8 mm and groove depth of 1.5 mm can improve planter performance for tomato pelleted seed.

Secure Communication Networks in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of Smart Grid

In this paper, a security protocol for the advanced metering infrastructure （AMI） in smart grid is proposed. Through the AMI, customers and the service provider achieve two-way communication. Real-time monitoring and demand response can be applied because of the information exchanged. Since the information contains much privacy of the customer, and the control messages need to be authenticated, security needs to be ensured for the communication in the AM1. Due to the complicated network structure of the AMI, the asymmetric communications, and various security requirements, existing security protocols for other networks can hardly be applied into the AMI directly. Therefore, a security protocol specifically for the AMI to meet the security requirements is proposed. Our proposed security protocol includes initial authentication, secure uplink data aggregation, secure downlink data transmission, and domain secrets update. Compared with existing researches in related areas, our proposed security protocol takes the asymmetric communications of the AMI and various security requirements in smart grid into consideration.