Industrial growth of yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia crystals by skull melting process

We reported the development of a Ф100 cm growth apparatus for skull melting growth of yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia(YSZ) crystals and more than 1000 kg crystals have been grown in the furnace each time.The growth conditions were optimized and the structure of the as-grown crystals was characterized by X-ray diffraction.The transmittance of 15 mol.% yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia crystal was nearly 80% in the range of 400–1600 nm.The refractive indices were measured and fitted the Sellmeier equation whi...

A review of C_1 chemistry synthesis using yttrium-stabilized zirconia catalyst

C1 chemistry based on synthesis gas, methane, and carbon dioxide offers many routes to industrial chemicals. The reactions related to the synthesis of gas can be classified into direct and indirect approach for making such products, such as acetic acid, dimethyl ether, and alcohol. Catalytic syngas processing is currently done at high temperatures and pressures, conditions that could be unfavorable for the life of the catalyst. Another issue of C1 chemistry is related to the methane-initiated process. It has been known that direct methane conversions are still suffering from low yields and selectivity of products resulting in unprofitable ways to produce products, such as higher hydrocarbons, methanol, and so on. However, many experts and researchers are still trying to find the best method to overcome these barriers, for example, by finding the best catalyst to reduce the high-energy barrier of the reactions and conduct only selective catalyst-surface reactions. The appli- cation of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia （YSZ） and its combination with other metals for catalyzing purposes are increasing. The existence of an interesting site that acts as oxygen store could be the main reason for it. Moreover, formation of intermediate species on the surface of YSZ also contributes significantly in increasing the production of some specific products. Understanding the phenomena happening inside could be necessary. In this article, the use of YSZ for some C1 chemistry reactions was discussed and reviewed.

SURFACE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF YTTRIA-PARTIALLY-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA IMPLANTED WITH ^(57) Fe IONS

Sintered plates of 5mol% yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia have been implanted at room temperature with 5 ×1015to 2 ×1017 Fe+ ions/cm2 at 140 KeV. Electrical measurement, Rutherford backscattering spec-troscopy(RBS), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelec-tron spectroscopy(XPS) have been used to study the surface electrical properties and the structure of the implanted layer before and after thermal annealing treatment in N2.

Degration of Partially Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics underan Applied Stress

Partially stabilized zirconia ceramics were sintered using fine powder of ZrO 2 3mol%Y 2O 3 prepared by the chemical co precipitation method.The tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation in ZrO 2 ceramics during the aging in boiling water and the effect of an applied stress of 100MPa were mainly investigated.The degradation of ZrO 2 ceramics is considered to be caused by the reaction between Y 2O 3 and H 2O,which leads to a decreasing in the stability of tetragonal phase of ZrO 2.It is found that the tensile stress improves the driving force of the phase transformation and accelerates the degradation while the compressive stress has no obvious effect on the degradation.

Surface integrity and flexural strength improvement in grinding partially stabilized zirconia

Zirconia has been used in medical applications since last few years and an optimum and cost-effective condition in grinding zirconia has drawn industrial attention.This paper aimed to improve and control the surface integrity,flexural strength and grinding cost in grinding partially stabilized zirconia(PSZ)using a diamond grinding wheel.The phase transition and grindability of PSZ were also evaluated.Ground surfaces analysis shows that all samples subjected to the grinding presented an increase in surface integrity,and the subsurface damages 100 m below the surface were reduced from 3.4%to 0.9%.The flexural strength using 3 point bending test(3PB)shows that grinding increased the flexural strength more than 29%which is the result of higher surface integrity.The ground surfaces were analyzed using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and the results shows that T-M phase transition trend is in accordance with the surface integrity.In other words,XRD analyses prove that T-M phase transition results in higher flexural strength and surface integrity.It was also observed that in the best condition,the grinding cost was reduced by 72%.It can be concluded that controlling the grinding condition in grinding PSZ will result in the increase of the surface integrity and flexural strength.A mathematical model was created to find an optimum condition using response surface method(RSM).It is observed that feed rate has greater effect on the outputs rather than depth of cut.

Advanced Ramming Mix Based on Fused Zirconia Stabilized by Com-bined Additives of CaO and MgO for Lining of Carbon Black Production Reactor

Fused materials from ZrO2 stabilized by CaO or MgO, or the combined additive consisting of CaO and MgO are made. With using chemical, petrographic, X-ray phase and electron microscopic researches the main characteristics of these materials are determined. It is shown that, the materials of all compositions have low water absorption; they are characterized by equal struc-ture. The materials stabilized by the combined additive consisting of CaO and MgO are presented by generally the cubic phase and a small amount of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 phases. Depending on CaO： MgO ratio in the materials the tetragonal ZrO2 phase settles down in a cubic matrix in the form of separate grains, and sites of net like structure in the form of a ＂woven＂ interlacing （2.9% of CaO and 2. 6% of MgO ）. An influence of the above mentioned fused stabilized ZrO2 materials and quantity of monoclinic zirconia, on the forming of zirconia mix on a phosphate bond and properties of＂ .fired samples is studied. The samples from mix based on ZrO2 stabilized by the combined additive consisting of 2.9% CaO and 2.6% MgO with 20% of monoclinic Zr02 are characterized by the highest properties： after .firing at 1 580 ~C open porosity of 14. 3% - 14. 8%, apparent density of 4. 67 -4. 69 g · cm^-5, cold crushing strength of 62 - 68 MPa, thermal shock resistance （ 1 300℃←→air） of 15 thermal cycles, linear growth of 0. 2%. The manufacturing technology of powders mix-ture for ramming mix based on the new fused material .from ZrO2 stabilized by the combined additive is developed and its production is mastered. From this mixture the large-size, shaped products on the phosphate bond are made at one carbon black production plant, which are installed in the combustion chamber of the carbon black production reactor.

Resistive Switching in Stabilized Zirconia Films Studied by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy

We have applied Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (CAFM) to study the microscopic mechanism of resistive switching in the ultrathin (3 - 5 nm) yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films. Using CAFM, we were able to trace the growth of the individual conductive filaments, which are considered now to be responsible for the resistive switching effect in the transition metal oxides. The growth of the filaments has been proven to be initiated by the defects in the film material including the ones, which are the concentrators of the electric field, in particular, by the roughness (hillocks) of the film/substrate interface. The electron transport via individual filaments has been studied. Besides the butterfly-type hysteresis in the current-voltage (I-V) curves of the probe- to-sample contact typical for the bipolar resistive switching, we have observed the I-V curves with resonant peaks attributed to the resonant electron tunneling via the localized electron states in the filaments.

Sintering and Phase Transformation of 7wt% Calcia-stabilized Zirconia Ceramics

Calcia stabilized zirconia（CSZ） ceramics were prepared with 7wt% calcia-stabilized zirconia powder by pressureless sintering technology. The crystal phases of the sintered samples were studied by X-ray diffraction（XRD） and Raman spectroscopy techniques, and the microstructures of the fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron spectroscopy（SEM）. The phase compositions and the lattice parameters of cubic calcia-stabilized zirconia were calculated by XRD patterns. As the sintering temperature increasing from 1400℃ to 1600℃, the monoclinic zirconia content decreases gradually, finally all monoclinic phase transforms to cubic calcia-stabilized zirconia, which is deter- mined to be Ca0.134Zr0.866O1.866. It is revealed that monoclinic zirconia is the main factor causing minute cracks on the surface of sintered samples, and the combination of the XRD patterns and Raman spectra is an effective way to research the phase transformations of zirconia.

Preparation of alumina-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia nanopowders by microwave-assisted peroxyl-complex coprecipitation

Alumina-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia (ADYSZ) nanopowders were prepared by microwave-assisted peroxyl-complex coprecipitation (MAPCC) using ZrOCl2·8H2O, Y2O3 and AlCl3·6H2O as starting materials, NH3·H2O as precipitant and H2O2 as complexant. The effects of adding H2O2 and microwave drying on the preparation and properties of ADYSZ were investigated. The precursors and nanopowders were studied by EDX, XRD, SEM and TEM techniques. The results show that the uniformity of component distribution within ADYSZ nanopowders is improved by adding appropriate dosage of H2O2. Complexing reaction between H2O2 and Zr4+ ion restrains the hydrolyzation and precipitation of Zr4+ ion. With the addition of H2O2, Al3+, Y3+ and Zr4+ ions can be precipitated synchronously in a relatively narrow range of pH value. H2O2 also improves the filterability of the wet precipitate. The highly hydrophilic precipitates can be quickly and effectively separated from aqueous solution. During microwave drying process, the moisture of wet precursors is selectively heated. Quick expansion of steam vapor within the wet colloidal particles causes the aggregations burst into numerous tiny lumps. Compared with oven drying, microwave drying can not only shorten drying time but also reduce aggregation intensity of the resultant ADYSZ nanopowders.

Effects of the precipitation of stabilizers on the mechanism of grain fracturing in a zirconia metering nozzle

The mechanism of grain fracturing in a zirconia metering nozzle used in the continuous casting process was studied. The phase composition, microstructure, and chemical composition of the residual samples were studied using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer, scanning electron microscope, and electron probe. Results revealed that the composition, structure, and mineral phase of the original layer, transition layer, and affected layer of the metering nozzle differed because of stabilizer precipitation and steel slag permeation. The stabilizer MgO formed low-melting phases with steel slag and impure SiO2 on the boundaries（pores） of zirconia grains; consequently, grain fracturing occurred and accelerated damage to the metering nozzle was observed.

Gas separation using sol–gel derived microporous zirconia membranes with high hydrothermal stability

A microporous zirconia membrane with hydrogen permeance about 5 × 10-8mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1, H2/CO2 permselectivity of ca. 14, and excellent hydrothermal stability under steam pressure of 100 k Pa was fabricated via polymeric sol–gel process. The effect of calcination temperature on single gas permeance of sol–gel derived zirconia membranes was investigated. Zirconia membranes calcined at 350 °C and 400 °C showed similar single gas permeance, with permselectivities of hydrogen towards other gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and sulfur hexa fluoride, around Knudsen values. A much lower CO2permeance（3.7 × 10-9mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1）was observed due to the interaction between CO2 molecules and pore wall of membrane. Higher calcination temperature, 500 °C, led to the formation of mesoporous structure and, hence, the membrane lost its molecular sieving property towards hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The stability of zirconia membrane in the presence of hot steam was also investigated. Exposed to 100 k Pa steam for 400 h, the membrane performance kept unchanged in comparison with freshly prepared one, with hydrogen and carbon dioxide permeances of 4.7 × 10-8and ~ 3 × 10-9mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1, respectively. Both H2 and CO2permeances of the zirconia membrane decreased with exposure time to 100 k Pa steam. With a total exposure time of 1250 h, the membrane presented hydrogen permeance of 2.4 × 10-8mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1and H2/CO2 permselectivity of 28, indicating that the membrane retains its microporous structure.

Theoretical Aspects on Doped-Zirconia for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells:from Structure to Conductivity

Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)are regarded to be a key clean energy system to convert chemical energy(e.g.H_(2) and O_(2))into electrical energy with high efficiency,low carbon footprint,and fuel flexibility.The electrolyte,typically doped zirconia,is the"state of the heart"of the fuel cell technologies,determining the performance and the operating temperature of the overall cells.Yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ)have been widely used in SOFC due to its excellent oxide ion conductivity at high temperature.The composition and temperature dependence of the conductivity has been hotly studied in experiment and,more recently,by theoretical simulations.The characterization of the atomic structure for the mixed oxide system with different compositions is the key for elucidating the conductivity behavior,which,however,is of great challenge to both experiment and theory.This review presents recent theoretical progress on the structure and conductivity of YSZ electrolyte.We compare different theoretical methods and their results,outlining the merits and deficiencies of the methods.We highlight the recent results achieved by using stochastic surface walking global optimization with global neural network potential(SSW-NN)method,which appear to agree with available experimental data.The advent of machine-learning atomic simulation provides an affordable,efficient and accurate way to understand the complex material phenomena as encountered in solid electrolyte.The future research directions for design better electrolytes are also discussed.

Mechanical Behaviors of ZrO_2-Al_2O_3 Ceramic Composites with Y_2O_3 as Stabilizer

The ZrO2-Al2O3 ceramic composites were prepared by appropriate techniques with commercial ZrO2 and Al2O3 powders as raw materials and Y2O3 as stabilizer. The results indicate that with the introduction of Al2O3 into the ZrO2 matrix where the quantity of additive Y2O3 is 3.5% (mole fraction), the growth of ZrO2 grains is efficiently inhibited, which helps the ZrO2 grains exist in a metastable tetragonal manner; thus higher strength and toughness are acquired. When the content of alumina is 20% (mass fraction), the bending strength and fracture toughness of the composites are 676.7 MPa and 10 MPa·m1/2 respectively, the mechanical behaviors are close to those prepared with ZrO2 and Al2O3 powders synthesized through wet chemical approach. The mechanical behaviors of the composites are well improved owing to the dispersion toughening of alumina grains and phase transformation toughening of zirconia grains.

Effect of Processing Route on the Stability of Aqueous ZrO_2 Suspensions

The relationship between processing route and suspension stability in ZrO2-H2O-PANH4 system was investigated through rheology study. The work showed that two suspensions with identical PAN H4 concentration and final solution condition but prepared by different routes differed greatly in stability. This behavior is attributed to their different distribution state of PANH4 on ZrO2 surface that is determined by the adsorption affinity depending on pH condition in solution. High affinity at pH 5.0 induces a nonuniform distribution of soluble PAA- （polyacrylicacid） on particle surface, which can flocculate the suspension strongly, while low affinity at pH 9.0 induces an uniform distribution of polymer so that the higher stabilization can be achieved. A simple mathematical model was used to account for the observed results.

氧化锆增强铝基复合材料的制备及性能研究

铝合金由于其强度高、质量轻、价格低等多重优势,在汽车制造、航空航天、水下装备等各个领域都极具应用前景。利用机械搅拌铸造方法制备了不同质量分数纳米氧化钇稳定氧化锆(yttrium oxide stabilized zirconia,YSZ)的Al-YSZ复合材料,研究纳米YSZ质量分数对铝基复合材料组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明,添加的纳米YSZ均匀分布在Al基体中,不与Al基体发生反应。同时能够作为异质形核剂细化晶粒,并通过Orowan强化机制提升复合材料的力学性能。添加质量分数为8%的纳米YSZ的复合材料具有较好的强度和塑性。同时,在受到外力作用时,纳米YSZ会发生从四方到单斜的相变,并产生一定的体积膨胀,在吸收能量的同时改善了复合材料内部的晶格畸变,从而提高了铸态复合材料的塑性。

含钇氧化锆材料在口腔临床应用中的研究进展

与其他稳定类型的氧化锆陶瓷相比,含钇氧化锆陶瓷具有良好的机械和生物学性能,现已广泛应用于口腔种植、修复领域。目前临床上使用的氧化锆陶瓷种类繁多,氧化钇稳定氧化锆陶瓷(yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal,Y-TZP)机械性能突出,氧化钇部分稳定氧化锆陶瓷(yttrium-partially stabilized zirconia,Y-PSZ)则具有更优的美学性能,了解不同含钇氧化锆陶瓷的理化性质,有助于医生在临床应用中作出正确选择。本文就不同含钇氧化锆陶瓷的理化性质和临床适应证进行综述,拟为含钇氧化锆陶瓷的研究和开发应用提供参考。

锆基陶瓷热障涂层的腐蚀研究进展

近年来随着航空与航海工业的迅速发展,具有耐高温、长寿命、耐腐蚀等优势的发动机叶片成为开发新一代航空发动机和涡轮发动机的重要一环。热障涂层(TBCs)作为常用的热防护技术,一方面可为发动机叶片部分金属基底提供隔热保护,使其免受高温气体的影响;但另一方面,更高的发动机工作温度使得叶片及其表面TBCs遭受严重的环境沉积物腐蚀,造成过早失效,腐蚀类型主要有热腐蚀、CMAS腐蚀、熔盐腐蚀等。腐蚀已成为限制TBCs工作温度和服役寿命的难题,抗腐蚀防护是目前TBCs领域研究的重点。本文首先简述了以氧化钇稳定氧化锆陶瓷(YSZ)为主的热障涂层材料的主要特性,再简述了TBCs的不同腐蚀的反应机理,重点从涂层的微观结构设计、梯度涂层的设计、涂层成分改性及掺杂改性等方面与涂层腐蚀过程之间的影响关系出发,阐述了TBCs改性方法与涂层腐蚀的特点。提出未来涂层改进与防护的几种方法,最后对TBCs的腐蚀防护发展方向进行了展望。

Composite ceramics thermal barrier coatings of yttria stabilized zirconia for aero-engines

Composite ceramics thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) are widely used in the aero-engines field due to their excellent thermal insulation, which improves the service life and durability of the inherent hot components. The most typical, successful and widely used TBCs material is yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ). In this paper, fabrication methods, coating structures, materials, failure mechanism and major challenges of YSZ TBCs are introduced and reviewed. The research tendency is put forward as well. This review provides a good understanding of the YSZ TBCs and inspires researchers to discover versatile ideas to improve the TBCs systems.

Microstructure and thermal cycling behavior of nanostructured yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings

Nanostructured yttria partially stabilized zirconia(YSZ) coatings were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying(APS) using the conglomeration made by zirconia nanoparticle as the raw materials.The measurement methods,which consisted of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and thermal cycling behavior,were used to character the morphology,composition and thermal oxidation behavior of the powder and the coatings.From the results,it was shown that the YSZ coating was the laminar structure,and the elements distribution in the bond and top coat were well-proportioned.The YSZ coatings were composed of fine grains with size ranging from 30 to 110 nm.The laminar layers with columnar grains were surrounded with unmelted parts of the nanostructured powder and some equiaxed grains.In the as-sprayed nanostructured zirconia coatings,there existed pores that were less than 1 μm.The cracks were observed on some of the crystal border.The cyclic oxidation experiment showed that the nanostructured coating had longer thermal cycling lifetime to exhibit the promising thermal cyclic oxidation resistance.The failure of the nanostructured TBC was similar to the failure of conventional APS TBC.