Single-station microtremor surveys for site characterization:A case study in Erzurum city,eastern Turkey

The single-station microtremor method is one of the fastest,most reliable,and cheapest methods used to identify dynamic soil properties.This study utilizes 49 single-station microtremor measurements to identify the dynamic soil properties of the Hilalkent quarter of the Yakutiye district in Erzurum.Soil dominant frequency and the amplification factor were calculated by using the Nakamura horizontal/vertical spectral ratio(H/V)method.While the soil dominant frequency values varied between 0.4 Hz and 10 Hz,the soil amplification factor changed between 1 and 10.Higher H/V values were acquired with lower frequency values.The vulnerability index(K_(g))and shear strain parameters that are utilized to estimate the damage that may be caused by an earthquake were mapped.Especially in the west side of the study area,higher K_(g) values were observed.The shear strain map was created with 0.25 g,0.50 g and 0.75 g bedrock accelerations,and soil types that lost elasticity during an earthquake were identified.The average shear wave velocity for the first 30 m(V_(s30))was calculated.Finally,it was observed that the western part of the study area,which resulted in a higher period and higher H/V,higher K_(g) and lower V_(s30) values,presents a higher risk of damage during an earthquake.

Spatial structural characteristics of the Deda ancient landslide in the eastern Tibetan Plateau:Insights from Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics and the Microtremor Survey Method

It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

Microtremor-based analysis of the dynamic response characteristics of a site containing grouped earth fissures

In this study,the Beibu earth fissure site in the northeastern part of Weihe Basin,which contains four nearly parallel earth fissures,was studied.A long straight microtremor measuring line,containing 49 measuring points across four earth fissures,was established to investigate the dynamic response of this site using Fourier spectrum,response acceleration spectrum,Arias intensity,and HVSR analyses.The main results are as follows:(1)The fundamental frequencies of 44 measuring points obtained from HVSR analysis are concentrated within 1.67 Hz-2.25 Hz,and the existence of the earth fissures has little effect on the fundamental frequency changes.(2)There is an amplification effect near a single earth fissure.The dynamic responses are large at the measuring points near the earth fissure,and the values decrease with increasing distance from the earth fissure.In areas between two adjacent earth fissures,these values decrease and are even lower than those in sites without amplification effects.(3)In this earth fissure site,the general area(or less affected area)and affected areas were delineated based on the amplification effect.In engineering applications,construction design should avoid these affected areas and existing structures should be reinforced to satisfy the seismic fortification requirements.

Characteristics of long period microtremor and validation of microtremor array measurements in inland areas of China

To study the characteristics of long period microtremor and applicability of microtremor survey,we have made microtremor observations using long period seismometers of the China's mainland from coastal cities like Shanghai and Tianjin through Beijing,Xi'an,to the far inland cities of Lanzhou and Tianshui.The observation shows that the level of power spectrum of long period microtremors reduced rapidly from the coast to the inland area.However,the energy of long period microtremors in Beijing,Xi'an,Lanzhou and Tianshui area are only approximately ten-thousandth to thousandth of that in Shanghai.Aiming at the complexity of the underground structure in the far inland,a series of underground structure models with different distributions were assessed using three-dimensional,dynamic finite element method(FEM) analyses.The results were used to evaluate microtremor survey methods and their limitations with regard to aggregate variability and thickness determinations.Multiple-wave reflections between layers with the change of underground structure distribution occurred,which have significant effect on the performance of the different field approaches.Information over a broad spectrum from which velocity-depth profiles were produced via inversion approaches.Neither the thickness nor the shear waveVelocity V of the subsurface layer inversion results appeared over a large evaluation with increasing slope angle.In particular,when the angle of the model reached 45°,it could not be accurately evaluated using one-dimensional inversion methods.Finally,the array microtremor survey(AMS) was carried out in Shanghai City,China.Although AMS techniques do not have the layer sensitivity or accuracy(velocity and layer thickness) of borehole techniques,the obtained shear wave velocity structure is especially useful for earthquake disaster prevention and seismic analysis.

A study of local amplification effect of soil layers on ground motion in the Kathmandu Valley using microtremor analysis

Past researchers have anticipated the occurrence of a great earthquake in the central Himalayas in the near future.This may cause serious damage in the Kathmandu Valley,which sits on an ancient lake bed zone,with lacustrine sediments of more than 500 m depth.In this study,the predominant frequency of ground motion is evaluated using the Horizontal-to-Vertical (H/V) spectral ratio technique and recordings of ambient noise.The results of the H/V ratio show two peaks in about 20 percent of the locations,which are distributed mainly in and around the center and northern part of the Kathmandu Valley.The predominant frequencies vary from 0.5 Hz to 8.9 Hz in the study area,whereas the second resonance fiequency varies from 4 Hz to 6 Hz in the center and northern part of the valley.This indicates that the center and northern part of the valley have a wide range of resonance frequency due to two levels of impedance contrast- one may be from the surface layer and the other may be from the layer undemeath.These two levels of resonance indicate the importance of considering the effects of surface and lower layers during the planning and designing of infrastructures in the Kathmandu Valley.

Estimation of damping ratio of soil sites using microtremor

It is widely known that the seismic response characteristics of a soil site depends heavily on several key dynamic properties of the soil stratum,such as predominant frequency and damping ratio.A widely used method for estimating the predominant frequency of a soil site by using microtremor records,proposed by Nakamura,is investigated to determine its effectiveness in estimating the damping ratio.The authors conducted some microtremor measurements of soil sites in Hong Kong and found that Nakamura's method might also be used to estimate the damping ratio of a soil site.Damping ratio data from several typical soil sites were obtained from both Nakamura's ratio curves using the half power point method and resonant column tests.Regression analysis indicates that there is a strong correlation between the damping ratios derived from these two different approaches.

Application of the microtremor measurements to a site effect study

Earthquake has left much life and property damages. The occurrence of such events necessitates the execution of plans for combating the earthquakes. One of the most important methods for combating earthquakes includes assessing dynamic characteristics of soil and site effect. One of the methods by which one can state dynamic characteristics of the soil of an area is the measurement of microtremors. Microtremors are small-scale vibrations that occur in the ground and have an amplitude range of about 0.1-1 microns. Microtremor measurement is fast, applica- ble, cost-effective. Microtremor measurements were taken at 15 stations in the Babol, north of Iran. Regarding H/V spectral ratio method, peak frequency and amplifica- tion factor were calculated for all microtremor stations. According to the analysis, the peak frequency varies from 0.67 to 8.10 Hz within the study area. Also, the authors investigated the validity of the results by comparing them with SESAME guidelines and geotechnical conditions of study area. The microtremor analysis results are consistent with SESAME guidelines and geotechnical condition of study area. The results show that the microtremor obser- vations are acceptable methods for assessing dynamic characteristics of soil and site effect in the Babol City.

Microtremor-based analysis of the dynamic response characteristics of earth-fissured sites in the Datong basin, China

This study conducted microtremor testing along six survey lines that cross three typical earth fissures in the Datong basin to determine the dynamic response characteristics of earth fissure sites with regard to the Fourier amplitude spectrum,response spectrum,and Arias intensity.The results show the following.(1)The predominant frequency of an earth fissure site is mainly affected by the thickness and the shear wave velocity of the soil layer and is minimally effected by the presence of an earth fissure.(2)Earth fissures have a pronounced amplification effect on dynamic response.Fourier amplitude,response acceleration,and Arias intensity are high near an earth fissure and decrease with an increase in distance from the earth fissure,tending toward stability at a distance of 20 m.(3)The area that is seriously affected by this amplification is within 6-8 m of an earth fissure,and the general affected area is farther out than this,to a distance of 25 m.(4)New construction should be avoided in an area affected by the amplification,and existing buildings in general and seriously affected areas need to be reinforced to increase their seismic fortification intensity.

Fault detection using microtremor data (HVSR-based approach) and electrical resistivity survey

The faults and fractures are known as two of the most important parameters in earthquake occurrence.During the construction in urban areas, faults and fractures may be covered in depth and thus are not visible at the ground surface. In this context, non-invasive geophysical prospecting methods(microtremor and geoelectrical methods) and borehole data were used to detect subsurface geological structures(hidden faults) in a suburb of Shiraz in Iran. The horizontal to vertical spectral ratio(HVSR) method was used to obtain the dynamic parameters(predominant frequency and resonance amplitude) of the soil, to detect hidden faults. The results show that the abrupt changes in the sediment thickness and predominant frequencies at a specific direction(NW-SE) can be related to the displacement of a nearly vertical fault with NW-SE trend. In addition, the electrical resistivity method using continuous resistivity profiling(CRP) and Schlumberger arrays was employed to detect a hidden fault and the results were compared with previous data. The obtained results of both arrays illustrate the presence of a nearly vertical fault with NW-SE trend in the region. Comparison of all results shows that the detected faults by both methods are consistent with each other. Therefore, it can be conclusive that combination of the two methods is a useful and reliable approach to study and detect hidden faults.

Estimation of Shallow S-Wave Velocity Structure of Two Practical Sites from Microtremors Array Observation in Tangshan Area

Microtremors array observation for estimating S-wave velocity structure from phase velocities of Rayleigh and Love wave on two practical sites in Tangshan area by a China-US joint group are researched.The phase velocities of Rayleigh wave are estimated from vertical component records and those of Love wave are estimated from three-component records of microtremors array using modified spatial auto-correlation method.Haskell matrix method is used in calculating Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocities,and the shallow S-wave velocity structure of two practical sites are estimated by means of a hybrid approach of Genetic Algorithm and Simplex.The results are compared with the PS logging data of the two sites,showing it is feasible to estimate the shallow S-wave velocity structure of practical site from the observation of microtremor array.

Validity of the Refraction Microtremors (ReMi) Method for Determining Shear Wave Velocities for Different Soil Types in Egypt

The Refraction Microtremor (ReMi) method is being used around the world by the geotechnical and geophysical community to determine shear-wave velocities. This is due to its faster, less expensive and accurate determination of shear wave velocities, when compared to other methods used. Unlike standard crosshole and downhole techniques, ReMi does not require any drilling. It eliminates the problem of shear-wave source and quiet site that are pre-requisites for good seismic refraction surveys. In this paper we present refraction microtremors (ReMi) measurements done at sites underlain by different soil types in Egypt. The ReMi data were collected using standard refraction equipment employing 12, 24 or 48 channels. We used deep oceanographic noise and ambient noise including energy from power generators, pile drivers and traffic. The data were processed using the SeisOpt? ReMi? (? Optim, Inc.) software to reveal one-dimensional shear-wave velocity structures beneath the arrays. To access the validity of the method for the Egyptian soils, the shear-wave profiles obtained from the ReMi measurements were compared to downhole and crosshole data for different soils. Comparisons demonstrate the robustness of the ReMi technique for obtaining shear-wave velocities for different soil types in Egypt.

Surface Soil Effects Studies Based on HN Ratios of Microtremors at Kingston Metropolitan Area, Jamaica

The authors performed single mobile microtremor measurements at 218 sites at KMA （Kingston Metropolitan Area） with the objective of estimating the amplification effects due to the earthquake ground motion on the surface geology. The Fourier transform was applied to the most stationary parts of the triaxial wave motion recordings for each individual site and applied the traditional Nakamura technique, namely, the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio （H/V） to retrieve the predominant shear wave period of vibration of the soil profiles above the bedrock. The results yield predominant long periods of about 3.0-4.0 s in the port area and the waterfront, 1.0-2.0 s in the central part of Kingston, 0.3-1.0 s in Portmore and very stiff soil conditions in the surrounding area of the city. The results coincide fairly well with previous geological studies in the region, geotechnical data in boreholes, gravimetric measurements and strong motion recordings, suggesting a high degree of amplification of ground motion in the whole period range of engineering interest. Additionally, the authors obtained the liquefaction vulnerability factor Kg proposed by Nakamura based on the H/V ratio of microtremors. The results suggest that the port area, the waterfront and the Port Royal are highly susceptible to liquefaction. Finally, the authors obtained fundamental periods of vibration based on microtremor measurements on the roof and the basement of four important buildings in the KMA and indicated future lines of research employing ambient noise measurements on structures.

Site Effect Estimation Using Microtremor Measurements at New Luxor City Proposed Site, South Egypt*

The present study aims mainly at investigating the site effect at the new Luxor city, Egypt, using microtremor measurements. Accordingly, 41 ambient noise recordings were implemented covering the investigated area in a reasonable manner with spacing nearly 1 km between each measurement station. The data were analyzed using Nakamura’s technique. The results show that;the investigated area exhibits low fundamental frequency values ranging between 0.28 - 0.47 Hz and its corresponding amplification factor values vary between 2.3 and 6.8. Consequently, the studied site is characterized by the presence of thick soft sediments overlying a hard bed rock. The seismic vulnerability index (Kg) was estimated, relying on the estimated fundamental frequency (F0) and amplification factor (A0), through the range between 11 and 95 across the mapped area. The obtained Kg values were noticed to be compatible with amplification level results. The central part of the investigated area reflects the higher Kg and A0 values.

利用微动台阵初勘目标区断裂位置及地层分布情况——以滨海区评为例

在滨海某地震安全性评价项目中,针对目标区面积大、覆盖层厚度大、地下隐伏构造复杂等问题,采用微动勘探方法加密观测目标区,获得了界牌-滨淮农场断裂的空间位置、目标区三维S波速度结构;并将微动探测结果与主动源地震勘探、剪切波速测井展开对比分析。结果表明:(1)针对界牌-滨淮农场断裂,微动探测与主动源地震勘探两种方法所揭示的断裂特征较为一致,作为初勘成果具有较强的应用价值;(2)在100 m深度范围以内,微动探测与波速测井所获得的剪切波速度值相近,因此微动探测技术可用于场地类别的快速判定;(3)微动探测技术相比测井和主动源地震勘探,可更经济快速的探明深部地层的速度结构,为目标区地层三维建模提供拓展资料及修正依据。

复杂场地盾构区间隧道块石探查和处理技术

研究目的:覆盖层中存在的块石群对地铁区间盾构施工造成很大影响。采用常规的钻探或物探手段探查块石群的效果较差,选择合适的探查手段及清障技术是类似工程的主要难点。本文以杭州地铁7号线吴山广场站—江城路站区间为依托,系统介绍在复杂场地条件下覆盖层中块石的综合探查技术,分析基于超前注浆加固和爆破预处理的地铁盾构隧道块石清障相关技术。研究结论:(1)在大量既有地表建筑物的条件下,探查块石需要钻孔与物探结合的手段;(2)微动探测在覆盖层中探测块石具有比较明显的优势;(3)在有条件的场地采用爆破预处理,在不具备爆破场地条件下可能遇块石时采用超前注浆加固预处理,盾构掘进通过后采用长管注浆加固管片周围土体,必要时进行带压进仓清理;(4)本研究成果可为类似复杂场地条件下盾构隧道工程的勘察、设计与施工提供参考。

多源频率域地震勘探技术及应用

在城市地球物理勘探中,因受到城市中各种强电磁机械干扰和交通建筑阻隔,诸多地球物理勘探技术勘探效果不佳。本文基于瞬态面波、微动台阵和微动谱比,采用多点三分量低频传感器获取的多源频率域地震数据,综合提取两种特征曲线后进行联合反演,实现融合3种技术的多源频率域地震勘探。其中,提出了双源综合频散谱提取技术、双源特征曲线联合反演技术和基于非均匀介质的等效均匀介质正演技术,勘探成果的精度和效率均得到了提高,在工程实践中得到验证。

一种可模态分离的高分辨率频率-波数法及其工程应用

高分辨率频率-波数法是通过计算F-K谱从能量角度获取主导表面波频散信息的一种常用方法。然而,由于高模态瑞利波的能量通常低于基阶波的能量,因此难以分离多模态频散信息。本文通过建立多模态瑞利波模型,并讨论其相速度、波数和能量特性,提出一种可模态分离的高分辨率频率-波数法。通过增强F-K谱上的高模态能量,提取其多模态能量的局部极值,进而得到相速度点,对所有相速度点进行概率分布并拟合,得到多模态频散曲线。工程应用表明,改进的高分辨率频率-波数法能够较好地还原多模态瑞利波信息,通过对提取的多模态频散曲线进行联合反演,可以得到与工程钻孔结果匹配较好的剪切波速度结构。

Application of geophysical methods in fine detection of urban concealed karst:A case study of Wuhan City,China

The construction of modern livable cities faces challenges in karst areas,including ground collapse and engineering problems.Wuhan,with a population of 13.74×10^(6) and approximately 1161 km^(2)of soluble rocks in the urban area of 8569.15 km^(2),predominantly consists of concealed karst areas where occasional ground collapse events occur,posing significant threats to underground engineering projects.To address these challenges,a comprehensive geological survey was conducted in Wuhan,focusing on major karstrelated issues.Geophysical methods offer advantages over drilling in detecting concealed karst areas due to their efficiency,non-destructiveness,and flexibility.This paper reviewed the karst geological characteristics in Wuhan and the geophysical exploration methods for karst,selected eight effective geophysical methods for field experimentation,evaluated their suitability,and proposed method combinations for different karst scenarios.The results show that different geophysical methods have varying applicability for karst detection in Wuhan,and combining multiple methods enhances detection effectiveness.The specific recommendations for method combinations provided in this study serve as a valuable reference for karst detection in Wuhan.

Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio inversion method based on multimodal forest optimization algorithm

The exploration of urban underground spaces is of great significance to urban planning,geological disaster prevention,resource exploration and environmental monitoring.However,due to the existing of severe interferences,conventional seismic methods cannot adapt to the complex urban environment well.Since adopting the single-node data acquisition method and taking the seismic ambient noise as the signal,the microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR)method can effectively avoid the strong interference problems caused by the complex urban environment,which could obtain information such as S-wave velocity and thickness of underground formations by fitting the microtremor HVSR curve.Nevertheless,HVSR curve inversion is a multi-parameter curve fitting process.And conventional inversion methods can easily converge to the local minimum,which will directly affect the reliability of the inversion results.Thus,the authors propose a HVSR inversion method based on the multimodal forest optimization algorithm,which uses the efficient clustering technique and locates the global optimum quickly.Tests on synthetic data show that the inversion results of the proposed method are consistent with the forward model.Both the adaption and stability to the abnormal layer velocity model are demonstrated.The results of the real field data are also verified by the drilling information.

高密度电法和微动法在海南岛西部矿山超采区勘察中的应用

许多地区矿山开采后会回填采坑,掩盖超深超采行为,不仅对国有矿产资源造成破坏,也对自然环境造成了严重的损害。地球物理作为探测矿山超采规模的重要手段,面对地质条件复杂、背景干扰等不利因素,单一物探方法会出现探测结果的多解性,难以实现对超采回填区的精细探测。本次研究首先采用高密度电法准确识别出回填体的分布范围,然后采用微动探测方法对回填体埋深进行综合探测。通过比对微动探测与钻孔成果,结果显示对岩性界面的探测精度在2.30%~3.22%;结合微动探测的成果对高密度电法数据进行再解译,与地质钻孔揭示的回填体底界深度误差在0.3 m以内。本次研究表明,采用综合物探方法可以有效识别并准确揭示超采回填区的规模,为今后查明超采违法行为提供了强有力的科学依据和技术支持。